博士英语讲座.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit two Addition and Omission,2011.9,Addition,Addition(amplification)which means adding some necessary words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original for semantic completion and syntactic completion to make the version smoother and more idiomatic.,English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background.Therefore,many ideas,idiomatic expressions and shorthand words,etc.that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad.In this case,it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration and consequently amplification is adopted in dealing with such occasions.,Addition in English-Chinese Translation,1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original,Electricity is produced if acids react more with one metal than the other.,如果酸与一种金属的反应比与另一种金属的,反应,强烈,则产生电流,.,As we know,all matter consists of molecules,and molecules of atoms.,众所周知,一切物质由分子组成,而分子由原子,组成,.,I was,and remain,grateful for the part he played in my release.,我获释了，这是他成全的，对此我,过去很感激，现在仍然很感激,。,Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.,无知是钦佩的,根源,，也是恐惧的,根源,。,I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.,我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备,出故障,，就是引擎,出故障,，或两者都,出故障,。,2.Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives,Other liquids being too light,a barometer uses mercury.,其他液体太轻,因此,气压表使用水银,.,Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,因为空气具有重量,所以,处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。,3.Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality,You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.,在使用这种仪器前,必须弄清楚它的,各种,性能。,It has come a long way from the first objects made out of a native metal.,从用天然金属制造出第,一批,物品以来，已经过了一个漫长的过程。,4.Amplification by Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear,Some abstract nouns in English,literally translated,would be obscure and inaccurate to the TL readers,so the addition of“,情况,”“,作用,”“,现象,”“,性,”“,效应,”“,方法,”“,过程,”“,装置,”“,设计,”,or“,变化,”,etc.are necessary.,Solution to the heating problem of the electric machine was ultimately found.,电机发热问题的解决,方法,终于找到了,.,From the viewpoint of conductivity,aluminum is a good material to be used for electric wires.,从,导电性,的观点来看,铝是做导线的好材料,.,From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.,从水的蒸发,现象,人们得知液体在一定的条件下能转化为气体,.,5.Amplification for Logic,Air pressure decreases with altitude.,气压随海拔高度,的增加,而下降。,According to scientists,it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.,根据科学家们,的看法,，自然界要用,500,年,的时间,才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。,This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.,这表明，导体电阻,的大小,与导体横切面,的大小,成反比。,There are three basic ways of producing or storing electricity:by generator,by battery,or by accumulator.,电的生产和储存基本有三种方法,:,一种,是用发电机,;,一种,是用电池,;,一种,是用蓄电池,.,Omission in Chinese-English Translation,1.Omission of the Unnecessary Repetition,质子带正电荷，电子带负电荷，而中子既不带,正电荷,，也不带,负电荷,。,A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative one,but a neutron has neither.,他想停止这项试验，但我想还是,不停,为好。,He wants to stop this test but I prefer not to.,2.Omission of the Unnecessary Abstract Nouns Standing for Category,如果用电子计算机，这个计算,过程,一小时后便可以完成。,If electronic computer is used,the computation will be finished in an hour.,正在测试这种金属的磁化,强度,。,The magnetization of this metal is being tested.,3.Omission of Chinese Verbs by Using Prepositions or Prepositional Phrases,晚上在,参加,宴会、,出席,音乐会、,观看,乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,In the evening,after the banquet,the concert and the table tennis exhibition,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.,这片辽阔的土地,拥有,大量肥沃的田地，给我们提供衣食之源，这里,生长着,广袤的森林，,储藏了,丰富的矿产。,On this vast land,large areas of fertile fields provide us with food and clothing,extensive forest and rich mineral deposits.,Omission,Omission is a technique opposite to amplification.It is the way to have the meaning of the text clearly expressed and guarantees the brevity of the TL version by omitting.,In fact,one of the marked difference in syntax between English and Chinese is the disparity in wording.What is regarded as a natural or indispensable element in one language may be regarded as superfluous or even“a stumbling block”in the other.e.g.,The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.,电子表比机械表准确得多。,A comparison between the Chinese version with the English original shows that many of the“redundant”English words have been omitted in the Chinese translation,otherwise,the Chinese sentence would sound wordy and unnatural.Therefore,a manipulation of the technique“omission”is always called for in English-Chinese translation.,1.Omission of the Pronoun,Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese.Therefore,when translated into Chinese,many English pronouns may be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.,1.1 Omission of Personal Pronoun,Gas leakage will cause a fire,hence,you,have to take care.,煤气泄漏会引起火灾,因此千万要小心,.,Since the airplane mass is not given,we,can find it by using this formula.,飞机的质量并未给出,但可用该公式求出,.,This formula makes,it,easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.,这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单。,It,is common knowledge that bodies are lighter in water than in air.,众所周知,物体在水中比在空气中轻,.,It,is this molecular motion that we call heat.,我们称之为热的正是这种分子运动,.,Outside,it,was pitch dark and,it,was raining cats and dogs.,外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,1.2 Omission of the Reflexive Pronoun,Friction always manifests,itself,as a force that opposes motion.,摩擦总是表现为一种阻碍运动的力,.,How do atoms arrange,themselves,in a solid?,原子在固体中是如何排列的呢,?,1.3 Omission of the Possessive Pronoun,The use of silver as a conductor is very limited because of,its,cost.,由于成本高,很少用银作导线,.,Plants obtain,their,energy from sunlight.,植物从阳光中获取能量,.,1.4 Omission of the Demonstrative Pronoun,Iron combines easily with oxygen.,That,is why it is never found pure in nature.,铁很容易氧化,因此在自然界不曾见纯铁,.,Series circuits do have the advantage of increasing resistance to reduce current when,this,is desirable.,串联电路的确有这样的优点,:,在需要时可以增加电阻来减少电流,.,1.5 Omission of the Relative Pronoun,The energy,that,has to be supplied by the generator in order to overcome the opposition is transformed into heat within the conductor.,发电机为克服阻力所付出的能量在导体中转变为热能,.,The rate at,which,the electricity flows is measured in amperes.,电流的大小用安培度量,.,2.Omission of the Article,The article is the hallmark of English nouns.When translated into Chinese,it is usually omitted except when the indefinite article is intended to indicate the numeral“one”,or“a certain”.,A,transistor is,a,device controlling,the,flow of electricity in,a,circuit.,晶体管是电路中控制电流的器件,.,The,physical form of,the,product is dependent on,the,drying temperature.,产品的具体形态取决于干燥时的温度,.,3.Omission of the preposition,Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appears less frequently in Chinese than in English,and therefore omission of prepositions is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.,Smoking is prohibited,in,public places.,公共场所禁止吸烟。,Concrete itself is only good,at,resisting compression,but it fails under tension.,水泥本身仅抗压,并不抗拉,.,The difference,between,the two machines consists in power.,这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。,Hydrogen is the lightest element,with,an atomic weight of 1.0008.,氢是最轻的元素，原子量为,1.0008,。,4.Omission of the Conjunction,Chinese is considered an analytic language and many conjunctions that are indispensable in English may seem redundant in Chinese.Therefore,omission of the conjunction is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.,Telephone communication is now widespread,and,efficient.,现在的电讯通信广泛高效,.,As,the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.,温度升高,水的体积就增大,.,5.Omission of the Verb,As Chinese is a language of parataxis,its grammar is not so strict as that of English,and predictive verbs in Chinese sometimes may also be omitted.,These developing countries,cover,vast territories,encompass,a large population and,abound in,natural resources.,这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。（地大物博，人口众多）,Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases,do,.,如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。,When the pressure,gets,low,the boiling point,becomes,low.,气压低，沸点就低。,For this reason television signals,have,a short range.,因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。,6.Omission of the clause,University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference,over those who had not.,在报考大学的人中，有工作经验者优先录取。,Addition in Chinese-English Translation,1.Addition of Conjunction and Preposition,润滑油的浓度必须适当,太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用,太稠则流不到需要润滑的所有零件,.,The lubricant must be of the correct thickness;,if,it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication;,on the contrary,it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.,笔记本自带蓄电池,.,The notebook computer carried,with it,the storage battery,of itself,.,2.Addition of Necessary Pronouns,导线的直径和长度,不是影响电阻的仅有因素,.,The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence,its,resistance.,气体均匀地分布在整个容器中,.,The gas distributes,itself,uniformly throughout a container.,五乘五得廿五,.,Multiplying five by five,you,get twenty-five.,3.Addition of Necessary Articles,化学反应的速度与反应物的浓度成正比,.,The,rate of,a,chemical reaction is proportional to,the,concentration of,the,reacting substance.,光年是计量距离的最大单位,.,A,light year is,the,greatest unit of measurement for distance.,Exercises,The wiring of portable appliances,such as electric fires,irons,or kettles,needs particular care.,An object is said to be hot if its temperature is much higher than that of our bodies,or cold if its temperature is much lower.,对于每个作用，都有一个大小相等，方向相反的反作用。,虽然常温的水银在空气中是稳定的，但若受热便会与氧化合。,声音的频率、波长和速度三者之间是密切相关的。,便携式电器,如电炉、电熨斗、或电热水壶的布线要格外小心。,如果物体温度比我们体温高得多，我们就说它热；反之，我们就说它冷。,For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.,Being stable in air at ordinary temperature,mercury combines with oxygen if heated.,The frequency,wavelength,and speed of sound are closely related.,