苏教版高一英语语法.doc

高中英语语法大全
（一）词类、句子成分和构词法：
A、词类：英语词类分十种，如下：
1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
B、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：_________(格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：_____________________________________________(杰克每天打扫房间)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。
如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：___________________________________________(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：___________________________________
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：_______________ 
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：________________ 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom __________ .
The teacher wanted _____________________.(老师要我自学法语)
8、 同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
C、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or  ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed
 ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
练习一
(一) 用下划线标出下列句中主语的中心词。
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

(二) 选出下列句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't         B. like                C. picture       D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get           B. longer            C. days   D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do         B. usually            C. go        D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be     B. meeting          C. the library  D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did        B. twins              C. have   D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom     B. didn't             C. do      D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want     B. to tell             C. you     D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We      B. had                C. send   D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is       B. interested       C. in         D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give     B. did                  C. whom D. book

(三) 用下划线标出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas"  really is.

 (四) 用下划线标出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

 (五) 用下划线标出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 用下划线标出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

 (七) 用下划线标出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

 (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

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