翻译常用的八种技巧.pdf

翻译常用的八种技巧常用的翻译技巧1.重复法(repetition)2.增译法(Amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转换法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.正说反译、反说正译法(negation)7.分译法(Division)8.语态变换法(the change of the voices)1.重复法(repetition)1.汉语重复，英译时也重复；2.根据两种语言各自的习惯用法，以不同的表 达方式进行重复，这种重复通常是为了传达 原文的生动性.Whichever you want is yours.We have to analyze and solve problems.*Rain or shine,I will go there.:英语的重复时为了修辞需要。一般重复重要词或表 示强势的关系副词。We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind.We have before us many,many months of struggle and suffering.To those-to those who would tear the world down:we will defeat you.To those who seek peace and security:we support you,And to all those who have wondered if Americas beacon still burns as bright:tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth,but from the enduring power of our ideals:democracy,liberty,opportunity,and unyielding hope.:重复时汉语的一个显著特点，主要是为了表 达意念和修辞效果。一、用于修辞效果的重复用于修辞效果的重复是指为加强语气而 重复某词或词组。英文中分别用重复重要词或用表示强势 的关系副词来取得修辞效果。汉译时我 们常重复该词。(1)Long,long time ago,there lived in England a wise and good king whose name was Alfred.很久很久以前,英国有个名叫艾尔弗雷 德的英明国王。(2)What we want,first and foremost,is to learn,to learn and to learn.我们首先需要的是：学习，学习，再学 习。(3)Whichever you want is yours.你想要哪一个，哪一个就归你。二、用于使表达更明确的重复 英文中省略或被代替的词在汉译时要补上或 复原。(1)We have to analyze and solve problems.我们必须分析问题,解决问题。(2)Courage in excess becomes hoolhardiness,Affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇之过度则为蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过 度则为贪。(原文affection 和 thrift 省略了定语in excess 和谓语becomes,汉译时要补上。)(3)I kept going back to it at odd times during the day,then at night when I was being put to bed.我白天不时想到它,晚上临睡时也会想着它。(I kept going back to it 要三、用于使译文生动的重复 He had met with great difficulty in writing his term paper.他在写学期论文时，遇到重重困难。If you go to Beijing,dont forget to see my younger brother.你要是去北京的话，别忘记去看一看我弟弟。EXERCISES 1 Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations.2 Gentlemen may cry,peace,peace-but there is no peace.3 Nels had it all written out neatly.4这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。5.大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。6,天苍苍,野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。7青青河边草,郁郁园中柳。8,寻寻;觅觅，冷冷清请，凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时 侯,最难将息。THE KEY TO EXERCISES We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。Gentlemen may cry,peace,peace-but there is no peace.先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和 平。Nels had it all written out neatly.纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。1.这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。What are they after?They are after name,after position,and they want to cut smart figure.2.大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。A large family has its difficulties.3.天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。The sky is blue,blue;And the steppe wide,wide;Over grass that the wind has battered low;Sheep and oxen roam.4.寻寻觅觅，冷冷清请，凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时 侯，最难将息。（译文 1）Seek,seek;search,search;Cold,cold;bare,bare;Grief,grief;cruel,cruel grief.Now warm,then like the autumn cold again,How hard to calm the heart!（译文2）I seek but seek in vain,I search and search again;I feel so sad,so drear,So lonely,without cheer.（许渊冲译）5.青青河边草,郁郁园中柳。Green grows the grass upon the bank,The willow shoots are long and lank.青青河边草翻译陈述:常用的翻译技巧2.增译法(Amplification)。为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格，并 使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加词语，这就叫增 译法.:增词义增加虚词为多，或酌量增加实词。:英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。:从增补功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义 增补和修辞增补。、意义增补(1)My grandparents believed you were honest or you werent.There was no in between.我的祖父母认为，你要么诚实，要么不诚实，没有中间道路 可选(或：不可能介于两者之间)。(2)For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid.几个月以来，我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。如按原文字而意思译为“小报上的照片”，不够通顺,加上“剪下的”表达了文中所含的意义。(3)This was the Angle of History!We felt its wings flutter through the room.这真是历史的天使降临了!我们感到她在我们的房间里振翅鼓翼的声音。由于后面是感叹号,译者加了副词“真”，原 文并无“降临”，可却无疑是天使只能“降 临”。原文没有“声音”，可是翅膀flutter 后我们不是能感到(felt)声音吗.(4)lf you want General Gehlen sent to a lunatic asylum then you had better have me certified as well.如果你要把盖伦将军关进疯人院，最好让医生证明 我也是疯子吧。Have sb.done句式的意思是“使某被.”“证明”的主语不是you,句子的意思是指“医生”，这样不但符合原意,而且还减少了歧义。(5)This was the greatest Russian of the war.Stalin was throwing in 180 divisions,a surprisingly large part of them armored,in Poland and East Prussia alone,There was no stopping them.这是大战以来俄国发动的最大攻势。仅在波兰和东普 鲁士两地，斯大林就投入了一百八十个师的兵力，其 中装甲部队所占比例大得惊人。他们锐不可挡，势如 破竹。War,战争,指二次世界大战,加上“大”字,正好符合汉语 说法,“发动的”、“兵力”、”势如破竹”则都是按照原文 语义,根据汉语习惯补充进来,使译文更符合原意。(6)A professor of mine once said:.教过我的一位老师曾说过：(7)Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.人们要掌握科学知识,必须做出巨大的努力并表现 出无限的热忱。英语以名词见长,而汉语则以动词表意,故在“努力”前面补出“做出”，在“热忱”前补出“表现出”。(8)He said hed come to the discussion.他说他要来参加讨论。(9)The sports meet is scheduled for April 16.运动会定于四月十六日过。二、语法增补英语的时间概念通过动词词形变化表示；汉语动词没有词形变化，其时间概念主要 靠副词表示。因此，把英语动词译成汉语时，有时应增 力.有关副词。如：“现在”、“过去”、“曾经”、“原（先）”、“当初”、“刚才”等等。(1)They are leading a happy life.他们现在过着幸福的生活。(2)He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.他过去是已故总统的化身，而现在是 即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。(3)First of all,it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity.He is skeptical-he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.首先，成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。他习 惯工怀疑-除非是建立在现在有的充分论据之上的论 述，他才接受。原文中两个is都是一般现在时,表示现在反复发生的或习惯性 的动作,所以译为汉语时加“总是”和“习惯于”。(4)Since the industrial revolution began,the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific movement.自从工业革命以来，物理学总的说来二直处于科学运动 的前列。(5)Then the whole course of my life might have been different.如果真是那样的话,我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。原文是虚拟语气，在句首增加“如果真是那样的话”，表示说话人其 实并未走上另一道路。(6)We see its(Venus)quiet light in the morning as well as in the evening.我们不但在黄昏可以看见它(金星)静谧的光芒，在早晨 也可以看见。英语忌重复，多省略，而汉语中词的重复现象却多见，并且 许多重复也是必要的。(7)He said so to Essex,ul didnJt think you would hold me for political ransom.So nakedly,anyway.”他照直对埃塞克斯说：“想不到你居然对我搞政治绑票,至少是想不到你会干得这样赤裸裸。”“居然”是根据语义和语气添加的；“想不到你会干得”则 是对语法上省略掉的内容的补充。三、修辞增补英语中的一些典故(allusion)或成语(idiom),因为文化背景的关系，有时对某些词句稍加 解释是必要的。但这种解释性译法不可滥用，否则就不是翻 译，而是编译或改写了。(1).，this hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid.这个很有希望的年轻人就扮成机器讨人喜欢的插着翅膀的爱神丘比特。(狄更斯：艰难时势全增嘏译)Cupid是希腊神话中的爱神,形象为手挽金箭,长着双翅 的美少年。译文在保持形象的基础上略加解释,既完整地 表达了原意,也增强了修辞效果。(2).that the female Boundby,instead of being the Gorgon he had expected,was young and remarkably pretty.(狄更斯：(艰难时势全增嘏译)那位叫庞得贝的女人，并不是他所想象的那样，是一个看谁一眼就会把谁变成石头的女妖高根，而是一个年轻的绝妙美人儿。(3)Can the leopard change his spots?豹子改不了身上的斑纹，这叫本性难移。“狗改不了吃屎”用于贬义，而原文是中性。Quiz(1)Day after day he came to his work 一一 sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.(2)Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking.(3)Stephen looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life.(1)他每天来干活一扫地，擦地板,收拾房间。(2)直到今天母亲还坚持说，她当时以为我只 是开开玩笑罢工。(3)史提芬看起来比他实际的年龄要老一些，因为他曾经经历过很艰苦的生活。Assignments 1 I am looking forward to the holidays.2 Much of our morality is customary.3 Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.4 Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.1.没有调查研究就没有发言权。2.子曰:“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”3.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。4.交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要 修改的地方.这样你才能把工作做好。5.只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。6.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。The Key to Assignments I am looking forward to the holidays.:我们等待假日的到来。Much of our morality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.:读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.:读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科 学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善 辩。1.没有调查研究就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.(No investigation,no right to speak.)2.子曰:“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”Confucius said:He who learns without thinking is lost.He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.”3.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.4.交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改 的地方.这样你才能把工作做好。Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.Only thus can you do your work well.5.只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。.The magistrate are free to bum down houses,while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.(One man may steal a horse,while another may not look over the hedge.)6.班门弄斧Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.7.三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combinedequal Zhuge Liang the master mind.8.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood.常用的翻译技巧3.减译法(omission)。增译法的反面减译法指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因 为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或在译文中是 不言而喻的。:省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省 译分为结构省译和精炼压缩。结构省译是由于英汉句子结构上的差异造成 的。在英译汉时经常省略的词有代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行词等。作主语和定 语的人称代词以及做定语的物主代词均可省 译。如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那 么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显,后者隐晦。词的疝唯*语法角度上的省略指翻译时把原文中只起语法作用的 词省去，或者把那些既起语法作用也有 一定意义，但从汉语的角度看是多余的 或没有必要的词省去。意义角度上的省略指在能用汉语完全表达原文的意义时 对原文某些词的省略,但不可对原文的 内容任意删减。语法角度上的省略:1.A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼的力气远不如大象。（省略不定冠词）indefinite articles2.The earth is round.地球是圆的。（省略定冠词）3.The flowers are beautiful.这些花很美。（省略系动词copula）4.As it is late,youd better go home.时间不早了，你该回家了。（省译原因的 从属连词as）5.Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.金属热胀冷缩。（省译从属连词when）6 I wont go if you are not going.你不去，我也不去。（省译连词if）英语连词让句子呈形合关系，而汉语句子结 构则多靠时间顺序和逻辑关系排列。在英译汉时,许多并列复合句或从属复合句中的连词往往省译。7.I help him and he helps me.我帮助他，他帮助我。（省译and）8.Because I dont complain,people think Im satisfied.我不发怨言，人们就以为我满意了。（省略从属连词Because）在英译汉时，除非必要，英语中的代词可不译。9.It was very quiet at the moment.当时很安静。（省译it）10.Dont put your hands in your rocket.别把手放在口袋里。（省译物主代词nassesiue pronouns）.P.TT Those who are m favor please hold up their hands.赞成的巧举手。（省译指示代词、关系代 词 和物王代词）demonstrative pronoun、interrogative pronoun and possessive pronoun英语介词用的比汉语多，译成汉语时可 译成相应的介词或转译成动词，或者不译。12.Suddenly,there came a knock at the door.突然响起了敲门声。（省译介词办）13.Im warning you for the last time.我最后一次警告你。（省译介词向/）.14.Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。（省略地点介词in）二、意义或修辞角度上的省唯意义角度上的省译是指在能用汉语 完全表达原文的意义时对原文某些词的 省略，但不能对原文的内容任意删减。英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉 时可按情况作适当省略。1.It has been three years since he began to smoke.他抽烟三年了。自从他开始抽烟以来已经有三年了。2.Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me,everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而 是老老少少各式各样的人。(如加上“打我并且使我挨饿”就不能够精练。)(the first sentence is brief and clear while the second one is clumsy and redundant.)3.It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals.机器需要定期维修。（It is required的意 思在汉语中已暗含，译出反显累赘。）4.Williams Sidney Porter,who is known under his pen name,0.Henry,is one of the best known writers of America.威廉悉尼波特尔，笔名欧享利，是美国 最著名的作家之一,。（省略who is known）It isnt rum for a woman to want her old husband back,for respectability,though for a man to want his old wife back-well,perhaps it is funny,rather!（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她 的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣 的事。:女人为了体面而要前夫回来，这并不奇怪，虽然男人要前妻回来，也许是很有趣的事。EXERCISES1我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。2,郭沫若同志曾说:“中国人历来是勇于探索、勇 于创造、勇于革命的。”3 他们为国家做的事，比我们所做的多得多。4 A book is useful.5 The earth goes around the sun.6 On Sundays we have no school.7 If you write him,the response would be absolute silence and void.8 A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.THE KEY TO EXERCISES A book is useful.书（是）有用（的）。The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。On Sundays we have no school.礼拜天我们不上学。If you write him,the response would be absolute silence and void.你写信给他，总是石沉大海。一 A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。It isnt rum for a woman to want her old husband back,for respectability,though for a man to want his old wife back-well,perhaps it is funny,rather!（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她 的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣 的事。:女人为了体面而要前夫回来，这并不奇怪，虽然男人要前妻回来，也许是很有趣的事。1.我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.2.郭沫若同志曾说:“中国人历来是勇于探索、勇 于创造、勇于革命的。”Comrade Guo Moro once said:The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things,to make inventions and to make revolution.3.他们为国家做的事，比我们所做的多得多。They have done much more for the state than we have.常用的翻译技巧4.词类转换法(conversion)英译汉时词类转换的核心是，根据需要将动 作性名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示 概念的动词转换为汉语名词。汉译英时则反其道而行之。She is a beautiful girl.她是个漂亮的女孩.He is a liar.他是个说谎的人。他爱说谎。He took his students to the factory for a visit.他带学生到工厂去参观。Noun/preposition/adjective verbVerb/adjective nounNoun/adverb adjectiveAdjective-adverbConversion into Chinese verbEnglish subject-predicate structure is featured with more nouns,especially abstract nouns used to express the changes in forms of words.However,in Chinese verbs are focus,by auxiliary verbs to express meaning in time sequence or in logic.1.noun into verb Some English nouns expressing motions or transformed form verbs usually can be translate into Chinese verbs.(1)They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase.他们举行罢工,要求工资增加40%.(2)Give me liberty,or give me death.不白山，毋宁死.(3)He is an enemy to reform.他反对改革.(4)Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation.国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作.(5)l am afraid I can5t teach you English.I think my daughter is a better teacher than I.恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好.2.English preposition into Chinese verb.English preposition,called functional word,is used to express the relationship.Chinese verbs can works as any part in a sentence,so many English prepositions can be translated into Chinese verbs.(1)The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路.(2)He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.他在公园散步，手里室着一把伞.(3)lt is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困.3.adjective into verb(l)lntergrity means you do what you do because ifs right and not just fashionable or politically correct.诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政 治上不出错.(2)Don5t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明 的人.4.adverb into verbwhen English adverbs as predicative or objective complement,they are often translated into verbs.(1)What film w川 be on this evening?今晚放映什么影片？(2)That book w川 be out pretty soon.那本书不久就要出版了.(3)ln those years the Republicans were in.那些年是共和党执政.Conversion into noun1.verb into noun The book did not impress me at all.那本书没有给我留下什么且至 Harry aims to become a computer expert.哈里的目标是成为计算机专家.Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail.你工作的毛痘是不注意细节（或粗心大意）根据中文习惯，增补动词.(1)The youths always dream fondly of their future.年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想.(2)lndependent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.有独立见解的观察家们对你样在这方面所取得 的成就给予了很高的评价.2.English adjectives into Chinese nouns.。The day was cloudy but the sun was trying to come through.天上有云，不过太阳就要破云而出.Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.服从命令是军人的天职.The+adjective/participle-referring to a kind of people。The young 年轻人The old 老人。The rich 富人*The unemployed 失业者Other Conversion(1)You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be.你比我所想象得还要傻。(nounadjective)Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad.我国政府十分关心海处华侨.(adverbadjective)His address impressed me deeply.他的讲话给我留下很深的印象(adverb-adjective)From the front,back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemv.我们在前后