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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,名词的分类,1.1 名词的分类表,名词是表示人、物以及抽象概念名称的词类。英语中的名词按其意义及语法特征可作如下分类:,专有名词,Henry,the Great Wall,the United Nations,普通名词 door,bed,bus,可数名词 cup,desk,不可数名词 water,air,个体名词,lawyer,novel,city,集体名词,committee,people,staff,team,equipment,物质名词,iron,fire,air,cotton,抽象名词,luck,goodness,enthusiasm,information,集体名词有的可数(如,committee,team),,有的不可数(,equipment,machinery,poetry,furniture),。,1,1.2,英语名词的跨类现象,有些名词在不同的上下文中可以属于不同的类别。例如:,Frank is the owner of three businesses.,(business,表示,“,企业,商行,商店,”,,是个体名词,可数),We do a lot of business with Italian companies.,(business,表示,“,买卖,业务,生意,商业,”,,是抽象名词,不可数),The shop has sold five televisions today.,(television,表示,“,电视机,”,,可数),Do you watch much television?,(television,表示,“,电视节目,”,,是集体名词,不可数),2,2.名词的数,2.1,名词复数的构成,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,复数形式又分为规则和不规则两种。,3,2.1.1,名词复数的规则变化,(1)大多数名词加-s构成复数形式,如 car,cars,letter,letters,rose,roses等。,(2)以-s,-sh,-ch,-x等结尾的名词,加-es,如:bus,buses,brush,brushes,church,churches,box,boxes;但如果-ch结尾的名词发音为/,则只加-s,如stomach,stomachs,epoch,epochs等,(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词先把y变为i再加-es,如 party,parties,university,universities;,以元音字母加-y结尾的名词直接加-s 如:guy,guys,boy,boys;,以-y结尾的专有名词直接加-s,如,two Kennedys,the Henrys,4,(4)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数形式时多数是把-f或 -fe变为-ves,如:,half,halves,knife,knives,leaf,leaves,life,lives,loaf,loaves(面包),但也有一些以-f(e)结尾的名词直接加-s构成复数,如:,cliff,cliffs belief,beliefs,safe,safes roof,roofs,proof,proofs grief,griefs,还有几个以-f(e)结尾的名词上述两种变法均可,如:,beef,beefs/beeves(牛肉),scarf,scarfs/scarves,5,(5)以-o结尾的名词:以-o结尾且o之前是元音,以及大部分o之前是辅音的名词,加-s,如:,radio,radios,video,videos,zoo,zoos,少数几个以-o结尾且o之前是辅音的名词,加-es,如,potato,potatoes,hero,heroes,tomato,tomatoes,mosquito,mosquitoes(蚊子);,少数以-o结尾的名词,加-s或-es均可,如,buffalo,buffaloes/buffalosmotto,mottoes/mottos(箴言)volcano,volcanoes/volcanos,6,大家有疑问的,可以询问和交流,可以互相讨论下,但要小声点,7,(6)字母、数字和缩略词亦有复数形式,其复数常加-s或-s构成。例如,:,Watch your ps and qs.注意你的言行。,the 1980s/1980s 20世纪80年代,two VIPs/VIPs两个重要人物,three PhDs/PhDs三个博士,8,2.1.2,名词复数的不规则变化,(,1,)改变内部元音来构成复数,如,foot,feet,man,men,goose,geese,tooth,teeth,louse,lice,mouse,mice,(,2,)在词尾加-,en,变为复数,如,child,children,ox,oxen,(公牛),9,(3)有些名词单、复数同形,这种情况称为零位 复数。这类名词包括:,a.某些动物、鸟类和鱼类的名称,如sheep(羊),deer(鹿),cod(鳕鱼)等,。,This sheep is from Australia.这只羊产自澳大利亚。,These sheep are from Australia.这些羊产自澳大利亚。,b.craft(船只),aircraft(飞机),hovercraft(气垫船),spacecraft(宇宙飞船)。,The craft was sunk.那只船沉了。,All the craft were sunk.所有的船都沉了。,c.某些表示国籍的名词,如Chinese(中国人),Swiss(瑞士人),Japanese(日本人),She is a Vietnamese.她是越南人。,The Vietnamese are noted for their cookery.越南人的烹饪技术是出了名的。,10,d.一些汉语音译的数量名称,如li(里),yuan(元),jin(斤)。three li(3里)fifty yuan(50元),e.其他名词,如means(手段,方式),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂),barracks(营房),headquarters(司令部)等。,There are thousands of species of butterflies.,有成千上万种蝴蝶。,All possible means have been tried.所有可能的,方法都试过了。,11,(4),外来词的复数形式。例如:,analysis,analyses(分析),basis,bases(基础),thesis,theses(论文),bacterium,bacteria(细菌),medium,media(媒介),curriculum,curricula(课程),hypothesis,hypotheses(假设),agendum,agenda(议事日程),,symposium,symposiums(或symposia)(研讨会),criterion,criteria(标准),,phenomenon,phenomena(现象),【注】有的外来词有两种复数形式,表示不同的意义。例如:,index,indexes(索引),indices(指数)appendix,appendixes(阑尾),appendices(附录),12,2.1.3,复合名词的复数形式,(,1,)复合名词构成复数时,一般将主体词变为复数。例如,looker(s),-,on,(旁观者),mother(s),-,in,law,(岳母,婆婆),bridegroom(s),-,to,-,be,(即将做新郎的人),,fortune,-,teller(s),(算命者),poet(s),-,laureate(,桂冠诗人),,court(s),-,martial(,军事法庭),,nothing,-,to,-,do,-,fellow(s),(无所事事者),13,(2)如无主体词,则在最后一个词上加复数词尾。例如:,grown-up(s)(成年人),go-between(s)(中间人),get-together(s)(聚会),forget-me-not(s)(勿忘我),good-for-nothing(s)(无用的人,饭桶,),(3)由man和woman构成的复合名词,两个成分都要变为复数。例如:,man student,men students(男生),woman driver,women drivers(女司机),14,2.2,集体名词的数,2.2.1,有复数形式的集体名词,有些集体名词是可数名词,有复数形式,如,audience(,观众),,group,(组),class,(班级),club,(俱乐部),committee,(委员会),company,(公司),crew,(机组人员),staff(,全体人员),family,(家庭),team(,队伍),government,(政府),army,(军队)等。这些集体名词本身既可表示单数,又可表示复数意义。例如:,Our football team is the best in this season.,句中,team,看做一种非人格的东西,即当作一个整体,用作单数意义,Our team are all wearing their new jerseys.,句中,team,人格化时,即看成构成队伍的若干个人时,用作复数意义,15,2.2.2,无复数形式的集体名词,(,1,)有些集体名词只有单数形式(常与定冠词连用),其后可跟单数动词或复数动词,如,the public(,公众),,the majority,(多数),the minority,(少数),,the elite,(精英),the youth of today(,今天的年轻人)。例如:,Give the public what it wants/they want.,The youth of today is/are better off than we used to be.,(,2,)以下集体名词只有单数形式,但要用复数动词,如,cattle,(牛),,poultry,(家禽),vermin,(害虫),the police,(警察),,the military,(军方)。例如:,The police/military have surrounded the building.,All the cattle are grazing quietly.,16,2.3 物质名词的数,(,1,)物质名词一般是不可数的,无单、复数之分,但有些物质名词又可以有复数形式,表示不同意义。如,sand(,沙子),sands,(大面积沙滩),,water(,水),waters,(茫茫的水域),,wine,(葡萄酒),wines,(各式葡萄酒),food,(食物),foods(,多种食品),coffee(,咖啡),two coffees,(两杯咖啡)。例如:,They are playing on the sands.,他们正在沙滩上玩耍。,One beer,please!,(,one beer=a glass of beer),请来杯啤酒。,17,(,2,)有些名词既可作不可数的物质名词,又可用作可数名词,这取决于这些名词用于何种意义。如,lamb(,羊羔肉),lambs,(羔羊),brick,(砖料),bricks,(一块块砖头),chicken,(鸡肉),chickens,(小鸡),,iron,(铁),irons,(镣铐,熨斗),,paper,(纸),papers,(论文,报纸,文件)。例如:,Can you give me a sheet of paper?,给我一张纸好吗?,She has subscribed to three papers.,她订了三份报纸。,Tyres are made of rubber.,轮胎是用橡胶做的。,I,d like a pair of rubbers.,我想要一双胶鞋。,18,2.4,抽象名词的数,(,1,)抽象名词一般是不可数的,没有复数形式。如,advice,bravery,courage,democracy,equality,honesty,,,information,knowledge,patience,warmth,等。,(,2,)有些抽象名词转化为可数名词时,意义也改变了。如,air,(空气),airs,(姿态,神气),authority(,权威),authorities,(当局),brain,(脑子),brains,(智能,脑力),manner(,方式),manners,(礼貌),experience(,经验),experiences,(经历),content,(内容),contents,(目录),force,(力量),forces,(军队),supply,(供应),supplies,(供给品),She was in great pain.,她处于极大的痛苦之中。,He spared no pains to bring up his child.,他不辞辛劳地养育孩子。,19,(,3,)有些抽象名词具体化时,可有复数形式。,如,discovery,发现,discoveries,具体的发现,kindness,好意,kindnesses,具体的善行,remark,话语,remarks,具体的话,situation,状况,situations,具体的处境,relation,关系,relations,具体的关系,superstition,迷信,superstitions,具体的迷信,pleasure,快乐,pleasures,令人快乐的事,virtue,美德,virtues,具体的美德,例如:,I find some difficulty in learning French.,We will face many difficulties in the future.,20,(,4,)有些抽象名词转化为可数名词时,包含有,“,种类,”,之意,且常常有修饰语。如,education,教育,a good education,良好的教育,knowledge,知识,a good knowledge of English,对英语的通晓,friendliness,友好,a friendliness that was,uncommon in such circles,在这种圈子里少见的一种友好,例如:,A good education is expensive.,They have a hatred of bad workmanship.,We have a great admiration for her courage.,21,2.5,以-,s,结尾名词的数,(,1,)常以复数形式出现,且谓语动词一般要用复数形式的名词。,a.由两部分构成的物品的名称,,scissors,(剪刀),trousers,(裤子),shorts,(短裤),pliers,(钳子),sunglasses,(太阳镜),compasses,(圆规),chopsticks,(筷子),binoculars,(双筒望远镜),scales,(天平)。例如:,Where are my spectacles?,My trousers are torn.,22,b.,一些以,ings,结尾的名词,如,belongings,(所有物),lodgings,(住处),surroundings(,环境),savings,(储蓄),findings,(调查结果),earnings,(收益),doings,(行为)。例如:,All my belongings are in this bag.,After a week,s work my earnings are,50.,c.,其他名词,如,ashes,(灰烬),commons,(平民),fireworks,(烟火),remains,(遗骸),goods,(货物),riches,(财富),congratulations,(祝贺),means,(财产),greens,(蔬菜),wages,(工资),bowels,(肠子),His ashes,(骨灰),were scattered over the sea.,All her riches are no good to her if she is so ill.,23,(,2,)形式上是复数而意义上却是单数,且多与单数谓语 动词连用的名词。,a.,以-,ics,结尾表示,“,学科,”,的名词,如,economics,(经济学),electronics,(电子学),athletics(,体育),ethics,(伦理学),genetics,(遗传学),statistics,(统计学),aesthetics,(美学),mathematics,(数学),physics,(物理学),,politics,(政治学),,logistics,(后勤学)。例如:,Mathematics is a compulsory subject at school.,b.,一些表示游戏名称、疾病名称的名词,如,billiards,(台球),bowls,(保龄球),darts,(投镖),cards,(纸牌),diabetes,(糖尿病),measles,(麻疹),mumps,(腮腺炎),rickets,(软骨病,佝偻病),arthritis,(关节炎)。例如:,Measles is an infectious disease often found in,children.,24,c.,以-,s,结尾的专有名词,如,Athens,(雅典),,Brussels,(布鲁塞尔),the Thames,(泰晤士河),the Philippines(,菲律宾共和国),the United States,(美国)。例如:,Athens has grown rapidly in the past decade.,The Thames is the most famous river in Britain.,25,2.6,习惯用语中复数名词的使用,有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。例如,:,give one,s regards to(,向,问好),make friends with(,和,交朋友),hurt sb.,s feelings,(伤害某人的感情),,be on good terms with(,与,关系很好),in other words(,换言之),be in high spirits,(情绪高昂),take turns,(轮流),make arrangements for,(为,作安排),take/make notes,(记笔记),26,2.7,不可数名词的计数问题,不可数名词一般没有复数形式,在表示其数量时,常借助,“,单位词,”,。英语的单位词大体有以下几类:,(,1,)一般性的单位词有,piece,bit,item,article,等,可与大量的不可数名词连用。例如:,a piece of advice/meat/,furniture,an item of news,(一则新闻),a bit of advice,(一点建议),two articles of furniture,(,2,)以形状表示个数的单位词。例如:,a bar of chocolate(,一条巧克力),a loaf of bread,(一条面包),a cake of soap(,一块肥皂),a ball of string,(一团线),a drop of water,(一滴水),27,(3),以容器、度量表示的单位词。例如:,a bottle of ink(,一瓶墨水),a glass of beer(,一杯啤酒),a bag of flour,(一袋面粉),a tube of toothpaste,(一支牙膏),two spoonfuls of cough mixture,(两勺咳嗽药水),(,4,)表示动态的单位词。例如:,a fit of anger(,一阵怒气),a burst of applause(,一阵鼓掌),a flash of lightening,(电光一闪),a display of courage(,一次勇气的展示),28,3,.名词所有格,3.1,名词所有格的构成,(,1,)单数名词和不以,s,结尾的复数名词通常加,“,s,”,。如:,Mike,s new job(,迈克的新工作),the dog,s kennel,(狗窝),children,s games,(孩子们的游戏),the workmen,s wives,(工人们的妻子),(,2,)以-,s,结尾的复数名词通常只加,“,”,。例如:,a teachers,college,(师范学院),my friends,luggage,(我朋友们的行李),(3),以-,s,结尾的一些人名,既可以加,“,s,”,,也可以只加,“,s,”,。例如:,Dickens/Dickens,s works,(狄更斯的作品),St.Thomas/St.Thomas,s Hospital,(圣汤姆斯医院),Burn,s,/Burn,s poem,(彭斯的诗歌),29,(,4,)复合名词和作为一个整体看待的名词词组,在最后一个词的词尾加,“,-,s,”,。例如:,my sister-in-law,s father(,我嫂子的父亲),,his brothers-in-law,s company,(他姐夫们的公司),an hour and a half,s talk(,一个半小时的谈话),somebody else,s opinion,(他人的观点),a week or two,s time(,一两周时间),(,5,)并列的名词表示各自的所有关系时,要在各个名词之后加,“,-,s,”,;如果指两个共有的,则在后一个名词上加,“,-,s,”,。例如:,Tom,s and Peter,s rooms,(汤姆的房间和彼得的房间),Tom and Peter,s room,(汤姆和彼得共用的房间),30,3.2,名词所有格的用法,(,1,)名词所有格多用于表示有生命物体的名词,但也用于表示时间、地点、机构、度量、价值、天体名称的名词。例如:,the teacher,s requirements,(老师的要求),man,s future,(人类的未来),the horse,s stable,(马厩),today,s newspapers,(今日的报纸),an hour,s delay(,一小时的耽搁),three days journey,(三天的旅程),Hong Kong,s future,(香港的未来),,China,s higher education,(中国的高等教育),31,(,2,)名词所有格用于一些固定说法中。例如:,for health,s sake,(为了健康起见),to one,s heart,s content,(尽情),at one,s wit,s end,(智穷计竭),a stone,s throw,(一箭之遥),at/within arm,s length,(在伸手可及之处),journey,s end,(目的地),a bird,s eye view,(鸟瞰),,in one,s mind,s eye,(在记忆中,在脑海中),,at death,s door(,病入膏肓,行将就木),32,3.3,名词所有格的意义,除了表示所有关系外,名词所有格还可以有其他作用:,(,1,)表示主谓关系:,the teacher,s praise,(老师的表扬),,mother,s love for children,(母亲对孩子们的爱),(2),表示动宾关系:,women,s liberation,(妇女解放),the prisoner,s release(,释放这名犯人),,children,s education,(儿童教育),(,3,)表示类别关系:,a man,s work,(男人干的活),a doctor,s degree,(博士学位),s salary,(一个月的薪水),(,5,)表示来源:,a customer,s letter,(顾客来信),Shakespeare,s dramas(,莎士比亚戏剧),33,3.4,名词所有格后面名词的省略,(,1,)所含的名词不言而喻。例如:,I,ll go in Peter,s car and you can go in Alan,s.,We need a ladder.We can borrow our neighbour,s.,(,2,)表示住所、教堂、商店、诊所等。例如:,She,s staying at her uncle,s.,You can see St.Paul,s from here.,I had a decaying tooth extracted at the dentist,s.,34,3.5,名词所有格与,of,结构的比较,(,1,),of,短语主要用于表示无生命物体的名词。例如:,the shade of a tree(,树荫),,the title of the film,(这部影片的名字),,the legs of the table(,桌子腿),the cost of living,(生活费用),(,2,),of,短语可以表示同位关系,而所有格一般不能。例如:,the city of Nanjing(,南京市),the gift of music book(,音乐盒作为礼物),(,3,),of,短语常用于名词化的形容词或分词。例如:,the wish of the dying(,将死的人的愿望),the livelihood of the poor(,穷人的生计),the resistance of the oppressed,(被压迫者的反抗),35,3.6,名词所有格和,of,短语结合使用,这种结构主要用于以下两种情况:,(,1,),of,短语前的名词有不定冠词或数词修饰。例如:,He is a friend of my father,s.,It,s a new scheme of the Prime Minister,s.,I have only read three books of Dickens,s.,(,2),of,短语前的名词带,this,,,that,等指示代词,表示一定的感情色彩。例如:,This dog of Nancy,s has torn my trousers.,That wife of Mr.Brow,s is constantly complaining.,36,4,.名词短语的句法功能,4.1,名词短语常充当的成分,名词短语在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、,介词宾语、定语、状语和同位语等成分。例如:,The girl is my younger sister.【,主语,表语,】,Frank sent an e-mail from Paris this morning.【,宾语,】,We made him our monitor.【,宾语补足语,】,I,r,ead about the news in the paper.【,介词宾语,】,He called an emergence meeting of the governors.【,定语,】,Wait a moment.【,状语,】,My new partner,an American woman,knows a lot about China.【,同位语,】,37,4.2,名词作定语的情况,(,1,)名词作定语一般要用单数形式。例如:,food industry,(食品工业),cotton goods,(棉织品),country road(,乡村路),kitchen table,(厨房的桌子),blood pressure,(血压),family business(,家族企业),love story,(爱情故事),winter vacation(,寒假),photo album(,相片册),business management(,企业管理),38,(,2,)有些情况下习惯用名词复数形式。例如:,arms expansion,(扩军),sports shirt,(运动衫),sales manager(,销售部经理),commodities fair,(商品交易会),savings bank(,储蓄银行),glasses case,(眼镜盒),humanities course,(人文课程),examinations board(,考试委员会),39,(,3,)一些名词与其同根形容词作定语有区别。例如:,beauty shop,(美容院),beautiful shop,(漂亮的商店),economy measure(,节约措施),economic measure(,经济,措施),efficient manager,(工作效率高的经理),heart disease(,心脏病),hearty welcome(,热忱的欢迎),silk stockings,(丝袜),silky hair(,柔软光洁的头发),40,练习答案与解析,1.A information 为不可数名词,all 放在,“,the+,名词,”,前面表示,“,所有的.,”,。,2.D fun是不可数名词,表示,“,乐趣,娱乐,”,。前半句,意为,“,研究地名很有意思,”,。,3.C news为不可数名词;todays newspaper今,天的报纸。,4.B 以-y结尾的专有名词变复数,在名词后面直接,加-s,two Marys意为两位叫Mary 的人。,5.B 第一个exercise为不可数名词,意思是,“,运动,,,锻炼,”,;,第二个exercise为可数名词,意为,“,练习,作业,”,。,。,41,6.A advice为不可数名词。,7.A practice在本句中为不可数名词。,8.A,“,man enough,”,是习惯用法,意为,“,足够男子汉气概的,”,。,9.C 当man和woman用于名词前作定语时,若其后被修饰的名词为复数,则man和woman也要用复数:man nursemen nurses;woman doctorwomen doctors。,10.B leave word with sb.,“,留言给某人,”,。,42,11.B,“,a dollars worth of candy,”,,意为,“,价格为一,美元的,糖果,”,。,12.C 数词+副词+形容词+名词。以-y结尾的专有,名词变复数,在名词后面直接加-s。,13.B anyone elses后省略了composition。,14.C 数词做定语修饰名词time,two weeks 的所,有格为two weeks。,15.D damage表示,“,破坏,损失,”,为不可数名词。,16.C 这种动物有着大小和人类相似的大脑。in size,表示,“,在大小上,”,;mens后省略了brain。,43,17.B burst into loud laughter,“,突然大笑,”,,,laughter 不可数。,18.A 本题考查名词所有格和of短语结合使用。of短,语前的名词有数词修饰,数词修饰可数名词,poem,fifteen poems放在所有格前面.,19.A equipment不可数。,20.C muscle表肌肉时可数,表体力、力量时不可,数,此处表肌肉可数。Leg muscles意为,“,腿部,肌肉,”,,leg做定语。,44,21.B 复合名词构成复数时,一般将主体词变,为复数。,22.C 一些职业的所有格可以表示其所在的环境,表示住所、教堂、商店、诊所等,如at the bakers 在蛋糕店,at the butchers在肉店,at my mothers 在我妈妈家。the chemists 意为,“,药店,”,。,23.A a college education,“,大学教育,”,;,有些抽象名词转化为可数名词时,包含有,“,种类,”,之意,且常常有修饰语。,24.C 尽管她看起来很少学习,但她考试总得优。,25.D of短语前的名词带this,that等指示代词,表示一定的感情色彩。此题That silly uncle of John s 带有厌烦的情绪。,45,26.A the 加形容词表示一类人,the,unemployed 意为,”,失业的人,”,。,“,the,livelihood of the unemployed,”,表示,“,失业,人的生计问题,”,。,27.B two slices of toast意为,“,两片烤面包,”,28.B an eye specialist 一个眼科专家。,29.C dos and donts为固定短语,意为,“,行为准则,”,。,30.D spacecraft单复数同形;主语为复,数data,所以谓语动词用复数。,46,
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