四级讲座作文.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,备考,1,、在规定的时间内做近年的真题，熟悉真题的难度，检验自身的水平，了解自己的弱项，确定恰当的备战目标。,2,、以真题和模拟题为最主要的备考资料，认真听讲，熟记方法，仔细揣摩，反复练习（尤其是听力和阅读）。,3,、树立必胜的信心。四级考试并没有想象中那么难以通过。只要方法得当、练习适度、词汇量足，定能顺利甚至高分通过,4,、要有恒心。只依赖技巧，不做任何准备和练习的考试是不会成功的。,1,1,Writing,（写作）,给定作文题目，至少,120,个单词,30 min,15%,（,106.5,分）,2,Listening Comprehension,（听力理解）,News reports,（,3,段，,7,题）,Long Conversions,（,2,段，,8,题）,Passages,（,3,段，,10,题）,30 min,35,%,（,248.5,分）,3,Reading in depth/Reading Comprehension,（阅读理解,/,深度阅读）,Section A,快速阅读（,10,题）,Section B,篇章词汇阅读（,1,篇，,15,个选项中选,10,个填空）,Section C,篇章阅读理解（,2,篇，,10,题）,35 min,35%,（,248.5,分）,4,Translation,（翻译）,中翻英,30 min,15%,（,106.5,分）,2,考试时间,2016,年,6,月,18,号（周六）,CET4,：,9:00,11:20 am.,CET6:15:00-17:20 pm.,注意：,四级上午,8,：,45,开始入场，即上午,9,：,00,以后禁止入场。在考试全过程中，严禁离场,3,试卷结构,1.,写作,2.,听力,3.,阅读,4.,翻译,做在答题卡,1,上,做在答题卡,2,上,4,考试流程,8,：,50-9,：,00,：试音寻台时间,9,：,00-9,：,10,：发放考卷（答题卡,I,，,II,）；填写姓名考号,9,：,10-9:40,：作文考试,9,：,40-9,：,45,：收答题卡,I,；准备听力考试、试音,9,：,45,10,：,05:,听力考试,10:05-11:10,：听力结束，完成剩余考题。,11,：,10,：考试结束，收答题卡,II,和试题册，,切勿带出,5,四级作文,6,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,可以互相讨论下，但要小声点,7,新题型解析,从,13,年,12,月开始，全国大学英语四级实行新题型改革，写作也在改革题型之中，但变化不大。,首先,，字数上由原来的,120-150,增加至,120-180,。,其次,，,文章由半命题或命题式作文改为开放命 题式作文。,最后,，也是最重要的变化，将原来用汉语给出的文章内容提示，全部由引用的英文名句或寓意深刻的句子搭配图片出现，即写作中所有提示内容均以英文给出，需要考生认真揣摩信息，准确把握文章主旨。,8,四级写作评分标准,作文考试目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。作文考试时间为,30,分钟,要求写出,不少于,120,个词,的短文。,出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。,对作文的要求：,切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误,。,9,作文评分原则,CET,作文题采用,总体评分,（,Global Scoring,）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出,奖励分,（,Reward Scores,）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。,从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文,是否切题，是否充分表达思想,，也要考虑,是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括,0,分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,10,2,分：条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,5,分：基本切题。思想表达不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。,8,分：基本切题。有些地方思想表达不清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。,11,分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误,14,分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,*,阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如,8,分）相似，即定为该分数（即,8,分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可酌情加或减分,.,写作评分标准,11,几点说明,1.,作文写多少字好？字数不够或超过规定,会扣分么？,根据教学大纲规定，六级作文规定为不少于,120,个词。考试评分标准明确规定如果,字数不够，会酌情扣分,。但是如果字数超过规定，并不扣分。,事实上，要真正写出一篇好文章，,120,词是远远不够的。据统计，评分样卷作文平均字数是,150,词左右，因此建议大家在考试中，可以写,150-180,个词左右，这样就能充分阐述作文主题，给阅卷人留下良好而深刻的印象。,12,2.,写作时文章是否分段？分几段好？,写作时文章一定要分段！一是方便阅读；二是方便考生在写作时有条理，有层次。,典型的英文作文都可以分为三部分：,引言（,introduction,）、正文（,main body,）和结尾（,conclusion,）。这三部分不一定写成三个自然段。引言段可以写成一段；正文一般可写一到两段，而结尾部分可以写成一段。文章一般写,三到四段最合适,！,13,3.,写作时用什么句子好？简单句还是复合句？,在写作中，长句和短句、简单句和复合句应交替使用，句子有长有短，句型有简单句，有复合句，文章才会生动流畅。,一般来说，在写,topic sentence,时一般写简单句，句子比较短；在写展开句时，句子一般为复合句，句子也比较长。在平时训练时应有意识地多写一些复合句，增添作文,亮点,，注意多用,关联词,，养成些复合句的习惯。,14,4.,写作时使用什么词汇好？简单词还是难词？,一篇文章的好坏，不是用简单词还是用难词的问题，而是看用词是否符合两点原则：,1,）用词地道、表达清楚,2,）避免重复（,avoid repetition,）,用词有变化（,variety,），用词变化不仅体现在,用词,不同上，也可以体现在,词性,的变化上。,大学英语四级写作,30,个最经典的替换词,.doc,15,写作解题时间为,30,分钟，分为三步：,3-5,分钟审题和构思，,20-25,分钟写作，,3-5,分钟检查可能犯的错误。,下面分步骤说明。,（一）写作前：,审题,+,拟题纲,A.,审题的必要性：,拿到题目第一件事是审题，而不是为了抢时间马上动笔。因为四级考试对写作内容要求相当严格，规定很细，考生在审题时应特别注意,directions,！,写作方法,16,Directions,：,For this part,，,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay.You should start your essay with,a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big.,You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.,17,For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled,Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will,by,commenting,on the humorous saying,Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world.Ive done it hundreds of times.You should write at least,120,words but no more than,180,words.(2011.12),18,As we have read from above,quitting-smoking seems easy,but in reality it is rarely achieved.,There is something provoking and interesting in this paradox,just because sword does not wear the stone as dripping water does.,The ability to do something over and over again in a short time may imply its easiness,but in a long run,a lifetime maybe,things turn out to be quite the opposite.,Also,as is often the case,one may have obtained all the tools and opportunities to achieve something,but in the end they still fail due to the will shortage.,So how could we avoid the dilemma?Here is the prime condition of success:will and perseverance.,Concentrate you energy,thought and mind exclusively on the business in which you are engaged,hang on in there and be patient,for,as Emerson put it,no one can cheat you out of your ultimate success but yourself.,19,许多同学认为,30,分钟时间非常有限，没有必要先拟题纲。但是，许多考生发现如果不假思索写下去，写到后面时，要么脑里空空没有什么东西可写，只得停下笔来苦苦思索，想一句写一句；要么发现前面写好的东西不理想或者有点跑题，但也无法重写。写好的文章往往不连贯，观点也不鲜明，因此，动笔之前先列一个简单的提纲是非常有必要的。,拟题纲的必要性,20,拟提纲不是打草稿,。并不建议学生练习写作时养成打草稿的习惯。因为考场上时间有限，打完草稿再誊写很可能来不及。另外，更重要的原因是考场上不发草稿纸，一般也不允许往里带纸，难以找到打草稿的地方。考生只要花三五分钟做一下构思即可，即想一下每段大致写什么，可以,记几个关键词,(,比如在准考证空白的地方,),提示自己，在接下来的二十分钟里面按照这几个关键词提示的内容扩展就行。,拟题纲的必要性,21,任何一篇考试作文都可以写成三部分：,introduction,，,main body,conclusion,.,Introduction:,摆出现象，提出问题,Main body:,分析问题,Conclusion,:,解决问题，得出结论,如何拟提纲,22,Examples:,Title:Attend Your Classes Regularly.,1.,现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象,2.,保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性,3.,作为一个大学生应该怎样做,Title:Should Fireworks Be Banned?,1.,有人认为放鞭炮是件好事；,2.,有人认为放鞭炮是件坏事；,3.,我的看法,23,提纲：,I:,Should fireworks be banned?,Different people have different opinions.,B1:,Some people,are in favor of,the idea of setting off fireworks.,1)always the way to,celebrate,the new years,2)bring,good luck,in the coming year,3)add to happy atmosphere,B2:,Others consider it,harmful,to set off fireworks.,1)a,threat,to peoples life and property,2)pollute the,environment,C:,In my opinion,it,should be banned,.,24,写作原则,内容简单化,结构模式化（,main body:,主题句,-,分论点,-,总结）,语言要包装,错误要回避,25,看图说话类作文,对于图画作文，基本可以认为是我们小学时练习的,看图说话,。虽然题目不会给出提纲，但是基本的写作思路是固定的：,描述图片、阐明观点、给出建议。,26,第一段，重点描述图画内容。这点在题干中也有强调,(,with a brief description of the picture,),。对图画内容的描述可以,引,用图画中人物的对话。简要描述即可，,不用发散或挖掘,。,所以审题尤其重要！,27,第二段，,阐明观点,。,图画作文的观点一般在题干中都会清楚地给出来，考生在写作中除了需要看懂图画中的对话还要仔细审清题干，在写作过程中，考生阐明观点之后的思路与一般的六级英语作文提纲型写作一致，针对作文的观点可以先举例说明现象、然后再探讨导致现象的,原因,以及该现象可能导致的后果等；还可结合数字、研究、名言等材料对这个观点进行论证和深层探讨。总之，这一段就是要考生来,发散和深挖内容。,Main body!,28,末段，除了,总结观点,外，一般还可以,提出建议,。这段的写法无论是图画、图表还是提纲写作、甚至格言谚语型写作，都差别不大。,(,书信类除外,),29,1,读懂图表,对图表进行描写和讨论，首先要看懂图表，弄清它所反映的问题和现象。主要注意以下两点：,1,）熟悉图表的各种类型，了解他们的特点和作用。,图表一般包括四种：,table,line graph,bar graph,（,histogram,）和,pie chart,30,1,）,Table/Chart:,表格,适用于表示多种事物相互间的关系。,2)Line graph(diagram):,折线图，适用于一种事物的上升趋势或下降趋势。,31,3)bar graph/bar chart,（,histogram,）,:,柱状图，一般用来比较集中事物在同一时期上升或下降的情况。,4)pie graph/pie chart:,饼状图，多数用来表示各种事物在总数中所占的各自比例。,32,2),从众多数字中抓住主要问题,所给的图表和数字并不是只进行简单的描写，而是要求通过图表上的数字抓住所反映的社会问题进行评论。因此，,从数字中看出主要问题和发展趋势至关重要。,33,2,、描绘图表适应具体注意以下问题：,1),在描写中，对数字的运用要有针对性，不要把图表中的数字全部描写出来。图表和数字只是说明问题的材料，通过它们抓住了问题，并能够把问题表达出来，并不一定非要把数字列出来。,2),所得出的结论可以放在段首，也可以放在段尾。,3),熟悉描绘图表常用的表达法：,34,描述图表的内容和结论：,*,According to the figures shown in the table/graph,we can see/conclude that,*The graph shows/tells us/reveals/illustrates that,*As is shown/can be seen in the chart,*It can be seen from the statistics that,*After considering the information in the graph we might conclude that,*Therefore,we can see clearly that,35,描述增减变化,*,Compared with the number of 1986,，,it still increased by+,数字,/with an increasing proportion of+,百分数,*,The number of grew/rose fromto,*The amount of will rise/show a tendency to increase.,*is on the increase/decrease/rise/decline,36,描述时间,*,over the period from 1996 to 2006,*during the past half century,*in the 3 years spanning from 2002 to 2004,between 2001 and 2009,in the first half of this year,描述倍数和百分比,*,The figure/percentage/number/population has nearly/almost/more than doubled/tripled,compared with that of last year.,*The number/percentage is twice/half as much as that of 2008.,*It has reached/approached/risen to 50%in the past few years.,37,Direction:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic:,Cell Phones.,You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:,1.,描述上图所示的手机用户数的变化情况,2.,出现这种情况的原因,3.,对此现象作出评价,38,无论哪种考法，最核心的仍然是：,仔细审题、清晰思路、不要犯错。,四、六级一贯会在写作题干中包含重要信息甚至观点，因此审题必不可少,;,各种考法的文章展开方式、各段写法有类似之处，我们,，以及文章只要没有犯语言错误，即便遣词造句不那么漂亮，分数也不会低。,39,40,41,42,43,44,Cell Phones,As is shown in the chart,cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China.In 1999,the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million,but in 2002,the number reaches 5 million.And in the year 2005,the number has suddenly soared to 9 million.,There are many factors contributing to this development.Firstly,a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily.,Secondly,a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news,games,music and chat through sending short messages.,Thirdly,the drop in price and the simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.,45,The wide use of cell phones has made them more and more indispensable in people,s daily life.The many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separate themselves from their cell phone.,46,How People Spend Their Holidays,As is clearly shown in the table that,there was a dramatic change in the way people spent their holidays between 1990 and 2000.Especially,in 1990,63%of people spent their holidays at home,while the figure decreased considerably to 24%in 2000.,There are three reasons for this phenomenon.,To begin with,with the development of market-oriented economy,people earn by far more money than they used to,making it possible for them to afford traveling expenses.,In addition,people realize the importance of getting well-informed about the outside world in this modern era to develop their potential.For example,a traveler may encounter or talk with someone of a different cultural background so as to broaden his vision.,Last but not least,by traveling outside,people are close to nature,which is not only beneficial to both their health and peace of mind.In short,more and more people take the occasion of holiday to travel outside and relax themselves.,47,As far as I am concerned,I prefer to go traveling instead of staying at home during holidays.,On the one hand,I love meeting different people and take in some fresh ideas.,On the other hand,it is agreed that the world is becoming a global village.No one could confine himself within his small circle of families or relatives.,In brief,I have benefited a lot and will benefit more from traveling during the holidays.,48,书信题,题型特点：写书信,历年真题：,2001.6,；,2002.1,书信题写作五点基本结构,开门见山说意图,咨询建议一二三,不同内容可分段,感谢客气不可少,期盼回信成老套,49,1,、称呼,(1),机构,A,、不认识收信人,Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir/Madam,To whom it may concern,B,、认识相关人,Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor(Michael)Wang,(2),个人,A,、关系不亲密：,Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor Wang,B,、关系亲密：,Dear Michael,50,2,、落款,(1),祝福语,Best wishes!/The best regards!,(2),签名,Yours sincerely,Li Ming,51,Dear Sir/Madam,June 2,2009,I am writing this letter today to,.,Thanks a lot for your time and consideration.,Best wishes!,Sincerely yours,Zhang Weiwei/Zhang Wei,四级作文书信模板,.doc,52,5.,谚语格言题文章逻辑结构：,Paragraph I:,（,1,）点明要阐释的谚语或名言,(general),（,2,）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻辑,(specific),。,Paragraph II:,（,1,）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；,（,2,）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；,（,3,）本段总结（可以省略）。,Paragraph III:,（,1,）总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。,53,Haste Makes Waste,An English proverb says/One of the great men once,remarked,“Haste Makes Waste”.,Nearly every civilization has its own equivalent to the,proverb:It means that In other words,History/Our society abounds with the examples of,“Haste Makes Waste”.On the other hand/On the,contrary,.,For us college students,the saying/proverb has a,profound and realistic significance:.,54,作文完成后，如有时间，检查一下作文十分必要。主要检查两方面的内容：,拼写和语法错误,。,1,、拼写错误很容易造成理解上的误解，影响阅卷人对考生的印象得分。特别是文章开头，主题句和结尾部分要特别注意！,2,、考生尤其需要检查的是,是否有重大语法错误。,如果出现重大语法错误，无论用词多美，还是会被认为不具备基本的写作能力，成绩会因此很低，因此要特别注意！,写作后,55,检查语法错误应着重注意以下容易出错的语法点,1),时态语态；,2),名词单复数；,3),主谓一致；,4),词；,5),介词搭配；,6),冠词的用法；,7),标点和大小写的使用,注意,：要改的是一些语法或拼写错误，而不是作内容上的大的改动，换言之，是改一些词或词组，而不是改整个句子或段落，因为那样会造成卷面混乱，导致低分。,56,卷面：,分段要清楚，每段要空出四个字母的位置；,标点要规范；,大小写要准确；,字迹要清楚,57,58,59,60,写作中常见的错误有哪些？,1,、串句错误,一个复合句中无连词连接从句，只使用逗号连接，这就是串句错误。,如：,Mary decided to stop smoking,she didnt want to die of lung cancer.,说明：,逗号不能连接两个句子，应加连词。,61,2,、破句错误,一个句子没有结束，又开始新的一句，结果造成句子结构不全，成为破句。如：,1),We must protect our,environment.Because/Since the earth is the only place human beings can live in.,注：,although,because,if,since,等词引导的是从句，不能独立成句，只能依附于主句。,62,2)Nuclear power has some distinct advantages.Such as it is clean and cheap.(such as cleanness and cheapness.)(For example,it is clean and cheap.),注：,such as,是介词，后面只能接名词成分不能独立成句。,For,example/instance,引导独立句子时，前面应用句号，后面用逗号再接句子。若不是引导独立句子时，则前后都用逗号。,Eg.:,There are many ways to improve city traffic.For example,we may widen the streets,build subways and so on.,(),There are many ways to improve city traffic,for example,widening the streets,building subways and so on.,(),63,3,、词性错误,许多同学对有些常用词的词性不清楚，因此不能确切得表达思想。如：,1)Education helps promote the growth of,economic,.,2)With the development of our,social,3)We should use our natural resources in an,economic,way.,4)We should take measures to control,environment,pollution.,5)We will,success,finally.,64,4,、,There be,结构错误,There are many people have different opinions.,(X),There have many people who have different opinions.,(X),There are many people who have different opinions.,(),There are many people having different opinions.,(),5,、,“众所周知”的句型错误,As is known to all that,China has the largest population in the world.,(X),As is known to all,China has the largest population in the world.,(),It is known to all that,China has the largest population in the world.,(),We all know that,66,With the develp of economy and science and technology.The mobiles have many functions and make the life more convenient.,The statistic showed there are more than 50 million cell phones in the first half of 2007.,The picture implicitly raises the phenomenon of the number of cell phones is increasing.,67,6,、人称问题,注意人称应尽量保持一致，最好多使用第一人称：,we,our,us,ourselves,As university student,we should,68,字迹清楚，段落明朗,(clear),内容完整，紧扣提纲,(complete),首保正确，再求闪光,(correct),先总后分，连词用上,(coherent),语言简练，论据得当,(concise),范文背诵,69,快速阅读的特点和解题策略,70,一、快速阅读的特点：,1.,英语快速阅读文章行文特点,（,1,）一般来说，文章的首尾段是全文的中心段，表明全文的主要内容。,（,2,）具体到每一段来说，每一段的首尾句通常是段落中心句，起到点名段落主旨的作用。其它的句子是支持句（又叫扩展句），起到解释、说明、扩展中心句的作用。,71,2.,快速阅读的题目特点,Skimming,略读,scanning,扫描，粗略地看,与仔细阅读不同，快速阅读对阅读速度有更高的要求，对阅读的深度和层次要求较低。它主要考查两个方面：,（,1,）略读，考查学生对文章或段落整体结构、主题等全局性的理解。,（,2,）寻读，考查学生对具体细节、事实等局部性信息的理解。,72,二、快速阅读的解题策略,1,、,基本原则：先看题后看文章，粗读文章细读题,73,2,、具体方法：,（,1,）仔细读题，明确题目要求，确定题目中的关键词，根据关键词到文章中定位相关段落,常见的关键词有：,a.,数字,b.,日期,c.,专有名词（人名、地名、国名等首字母大写的单词或词组）,d.,生词、长词（尤其是带连字符的单词）,e.,比较级、最高级等,74,（,2,）出题顺序即为文章行文顺序，因此可依次根据题目对文章进行自上而下的查读。,（,3,）答案有时是原文中的词句；有时原文中的词句是错误答案，正确答案是原文的同意替换，需警惕。,（,4,）实在定位不到答案时，可重点阅读每段的首句和尾句，这些句子一般是段落的中心句，也是题目的答案所在。,75,（,5,）巧妙利用小标题（如果有的话）。先扫一眼全文的大标题和各段的小标题，对全文和各段的大体内容做到心中有数，方面查读。,（,6,）大多数情况下，一段只包含一个问题的答案。而一个问题的答案通常在一段中就可以找到，不会跨段。,76,（,7,）学会跳读，重点阅读核心内容，次要内容略读或不读。,属于可以略读或不读的次要内容有：,a.,紧接中心句的扩展句（如举例子等）,b.,对于人物身份或某一地点的具体介绍,c.,插入语（一般是括号里或者两个破折号中间的内容）,/,定语从句,/,补语,d.,消息源（如紧接,ac