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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Unit 4,Too Many People,Too Much Traffic Jam Tomorrow?,1/58,Background Information,2/58,Background Information 1:Overpopulation,Overpopulation,:,a condition where an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its,habitat,.,In common parlance,the term often refers to the,relationship between the human population and its environment,the Earth,.,3/58,Overpopulation can result from:,an increase in births,a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances,an increase in immigration,an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources,4/58,The resources to be considered when evaluating whether an ecological niche is overpopulated include,clean water,clean air,food,shelter,warmth,and other resources necessary to sustain life.,If the quality of human life is addressed,there may be additional resources considered,such as,medical care,education,proper sewage treatment and waste disposal.,Overpopulation places competitive stress on the basic life sustaining resources,leading to,a diminished quality of life,.,5/58,Background Information 2:Weather Forecast,Weather forecasting,is the application of science and technology to,predict the state of the atmosphere,for a future time and a given location.,Weather forecasts are made by collecting,quantitative data,about the current state of the atmosphere and using,scientific understanding,of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.,6/58,Uses of Weather Forecasts,Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used,to protect life and property,.,Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to,agriculture,and therefore to,traders,within commodity markets.,On an everyday basis,people use weather forecasts to,determine what to wear,on a given day.Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain,snow and the wind chill,forecasts can be used to,plan activities,around these events,and to plan ahead and survive them.,7/58,Background Information 3:Traffic Jam/Traffic Congestion,Traffic congestion,is a condition on networks that occurs as use of,vehicles increases,and is characterized by,slower speeds,longer trip times,and increased queueing,.,When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time,this is colloquially known as a,traffic jam,.,8/58,Pre-reading Questions 3:Some suggestions on how to improve current traffic condition,1.Develop the,transportation system,:,2.Widen or build,more roads,to provide better traffic conditions,3.Identify,bottlenecks,and try to fix or avoid them,4.Make it more convenient for people to use,public transportations,rather than cars restrict car uses in certain periods or roads,5.Promote,traffic rules and regulations,among people,increase awareness of security,9/58,Background Information 4:,Fahrenheit and Celsius,Fahrenheit,is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by,and named after,the German physicist,Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit,(16861736).Today,the temperature scale has been replaced by the,Celsius,scale in most countries.It is still in use in the,United States and a few other nations,.,10/58,Celsius,(known until 1948 as,centigrade,)is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer,Anders Celsius,(17011744),who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death.The,degree Celsius,(C),can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale.,11/58,Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion Formulae,C=(F32)59,F=C95+32,12/58,Words Study,13/58,1.accurate,:adj.,准确，精密,accurately:adv.,a,ccuracy n.,We hope to,become more,accurate,in,predicting earthquakes so that there would be less loss for our mankind.,It would,be,accurate,to,say that the wedding ceremony of prince William and Kate on April 29,th,was perfect.,同义词：,correct,（正确无错），,exact,（丝毫不差），,precise,（精密无缝）,14/58,2.,artery,:,动脉，（道路，铁路等）干线,扩展：,vein,静脉,a major,artery,For those whose routes take them along but,a single traffic,artery,the interpretation would be simple.(,本课例句,),15/58,3.,congestion,:n.,拥塞，堵塞,e.g.nasal congestion,鼻塞,Determining the extent to which,traffic,congestion,will delay that journey is,however,less straightforward.(,本课例句,),扩展：,congest vt.congested adj.,近义词：,jam,16/58,4.,crucial,:a.,决定性，关键性，至关主要,be crucial for/to,e.g.,a,crucial,moment,in the negotiations,Success or failure here would,be,crucial,for/to,his future prospects.,It is,crucial,that,this matter(should)remain secret.,Admittedly,predicting tomorrows traffic temperature differs from predicting tomorrows air temperature,in a,crucial,respect,.(,本课例句,),17/58,5.,current,n.,水流，气流，电流，时尚,a.,流行,当前,e.g.,current,events/,current,affairs,时事,current,prices,时价,current,fashion,时尚,current,account,活期存款帐户,a,current,of cold air,一股冷空气,the warm,currents,in the Pacific Ocean,太平洋暖流,go with the,current,of the times,顺应时尚,扩展：,currency n.,流通，流行；货币，通货,18/58,6.disperse,:v.,分散，扩散，散开，驱散,e.g.,The clouds have,dispersed,from the sky.,天开云散。,The wind,dispersed,the fog.,风把雾吹散了。,The lips of the wise,disperse,knowledge,;of the foolish,rumor,.,智者传输知识，愚者散布谣言。,The children went through the crowd,dispersing,handbills.,孩子们在人群中散发传单。,近义词：,scatter,v.,散播，播撒,;,分散，离散,scatter the fields with seeds,or:scatter seeds on the field,The birds scattered at the sound of the gun.,19/58,7.incorporate v.包含，吸收，并入，合并,（in,into,with）;把纳入,Her photo was incorporated into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.,她照片被插进新肥皂广告中.,The CEO refused to incorporate his proposals into the new project.,老总拒绝把他提议纳入新项目中去。,原福建农业大学和福建林学院于合并为现在福建农林大学。,The former Fujian Agricultural University incorporated with Fujian Forestry University in to be the current FAFU.,20/58,构词法：,in-corpor-ate:,in-:into,;,corpor:body,;,ate:v.,结成一体,inc.(,abbr.),incorporated,（美）股份,(,企业,),Field Service Co.,Inc.,菲德尔服务股份企业,（,Co.=company,）,扩展：,corps,军团，团体,corporation,企业，法人,corpus,主体，本金,corporal,身体,21/58,8.occupancy:,n.(,正式,),（对土地，房产等）占有，占用期,e.g.70 years,occupancy,A publishing firm has,taken over the,occupancy,.,一家出版商已占用了该房子。,the level of hotel,occupancy,(,本课例句,),扩展：,occupy v.occupation n.,占有，占领，职业，工作,e.g.a well-paid occupation,That farm has been in the occupation of the same family for over a hundred years.,22/58,9.precise,a.,精密，准确，确切 准确,扩展：,precision preciseness n.,precise,instruments,精密仪器,precise,calculations,准确计算,the,precise,location,准确位置,the,precise,moment,正当初,The,precise,nature of the disease has not yet been established.,疾病确实切性质还未确定。,A lawyer needs,a,precise,mind,.,律师需要有严谨头脑。,He,was very,precise,in,his manner.,他说话做事有板有眼。,What is needed is a way of specifying traffic congestion,with greater,precision,.,(,本课例句,),23/58,10.specify,v.,详细指定，明确说明,学校各项规章制度明确要求，任何人不得无故迟到或缺席。,The school rules and regulations,specify,that on one should be late for or absent from classes for no reasons.,Did you,specify,where the new office furniture was to be put?,你是否指定新办公家俱摆放位置？,What is needed is a way of,specifying,traffic congestion with greater precision.,(,本课例句,),扩展：,specific,确切，详细,specification,清单，详细说明书,special,尤其,specialize,专业化,specialty(,美,)=speciality,（英）专业，专长,24/58,11.vary,v.,改变,Houses,vary,in,sizes and prices in this residency.,The weather,varies,from,hour,to,hour.,He encouraged firms to,vary,the working pattern.,Slightly longer-term forecasts will also draw on historical data about how the flow of traffic,varies,with the day of the week.(,本课例句,).,伴随一周七天不一样而改变,扩展：,varied a.,改变，不一样,various,各种各样,variety,（生物）品种,a variety of,variable a.,可变，易变,n.,变量,dependent variables,因变量,independent variables,自变量,25/58,12.but(Para.5),:,adv,.:merely,only,She is,but,a child.,Since that day,my mood has changed,but,a little.,but:,conjunction,except(for),excluding.,I have no choice,but,to leave.,I want,nothing,but,my Barbie.,26/58,Phrases&Expressions,27/58,Paragraph 1,set off,开始,启程,;,引发,for,work:,出门上班,;,for,a journey,：出门去旅行,They,set off,for,the journey,to Qingdao,in a brilliant sunshine.,The senators statement,set off,a lively debate,.,For most people,checking the weather,before,setting off,for work in the morning is simply a matter of switching on the radio or television.(,本课例句,),扩展：,set out,出发,28/58,2.,to,an extent:to a certain degree,抵达一个程度,His statement is true,to a certain extent,.,他陈说多多少少有些真实。,to such an extent,that,中国食品安全问题已经严重到这种程度：普通老百姓天天都不知道该吃什么，该买什么。,The problem of food security in China is serious,to such an extent,that common people every day feel at a loss what to eat and what to buy.,to some extent,:,从某种程度上讲,To some extent she was right.,29/58,3.spy on/into,侦察，（暗中）监视,/,察,He is paid by the police to,spy on,the director of the bureau.,Why do they,spy into,our affairs?,Even those broadcasters who are able to afford helicopters to,spy on,the rush-hour cannot easily quantify their observation in the ways that meteorologists are able to do with rainfall(,本课例句,),30/58,Paragraph 3,convertinto:,changeinto,转变成,，转换成,The smart old man,converted,the room facing the street,into,a mini supermarket.,For the business trip to Australia,we,converted,our RMBs,into,Australian dollars.,How do you,convert,Fahrenheit into Celsius?,31/58,Paragraph 4,1.correspond to:be the same as,be equal to,相当于，类似于,The fins of a fish,correspond to,the wings of a bird.,鱼鳍相当于鸟翅膀。,A traffic temperature of 60,for example,might,correspond to,“no delay”along a route compared with the traffic conditions normally experienced on that route.(,本课例句,),A traffic temperature of 80 might then,correspond to,20 minutes delay,a temperature of 100 to 40minutes delay,and so on.(,本课例句,),扩展：,correspond with,与,一致，符合,;,通信,What he says doesnt,correspond with,what he does.,They keep,corresponding with,each other after the study sessions in FAFU are over.,32/58,2.stick to,坚持,stick to,the truth,Driving is simple if you,stick to,the rules.,He is keen for the resulting numbers to fall into a range familiar to Americans,who,stick,stubbornly,to,Fahrenheit.(,本课例句,),c.f.,sticking,a nose out of the window,(,本课例句,),把脸伸出窗外（试探气温）,33/58,Expressions about the Nose,stick/poke ones nose into,探听,Dont stick your nose into what doesnt concern you.,by a nose:,极小差距,The horse won the race by a nose.,follow ones nose:,一直往前走,Just follow your nose and youll get there.,get up sbs nose:,惹人生气,Her cheeky remarks really get up my nose.,have ones nose in a book,埋头读书,keep ones nose out of:,不干预,Ive already decided how to do it so you just keep your nose out of it.,keep ones nose to the grind stone,埋头苦干,Hes got to keep his nose to the grind stone to feed his wife and five children.,keep ones nose clean,安分守己，规规矩矩,If you keep your nose clean,the boss might promote you.,turn ones nose up at.:,对,嗤之以鼻,不屑一顾,She turned her nose up at my small donation.,under sbs nose,:,在某人眼皮底下,My classmates copy one anothers homework right under the professors nose!,34/58,Paragraph 7,6.draw on,利用，动用，凭借,draw on,ones past experience,凭借过去经验,Your expert knowledge will,be drawn upon,increasingly as the negotiations proceed.,谈判越进行下去就越要仰仗你专业知识了。,draw on,ones savings,动用存款,Slightly longer-term forecasts will also,draw on,historical data.(,本课例句,),35/58,Paragraph 9,7.Keep an eye on,亲密注意，照看,Keep an eye on,the baby while I go out hang out the washing.,我去晒衣服，请照看一下小孩。,You have to,keep an eye on,the pedestrians and cyclists while driving in China.,If traffic forecasting can be made to work,keeping an eye on,the traffic temperature should help drivers to keep their cool.(,本课例句,),36/58,Other Phrases and Expressions,1.sb.be familiar with sth.:对熟悉/sth.be familiar to sb.,2.be applied to:适用于,3.be caught in:遭遇到（某种不愉快事）the rain,the traffic jam,4.be in/into a tight corner：=be in a tough circumstance处于困境中,e.g.His lie got him into a tight corner.撒谎使他陷入困境。,We are certainly in a tight corner,but with perseverance we shall manage to get out of it.我们现在确实陷入困境，不过只要坚持努力，我们会走出困境。,37/58,5.switch on/off(the radio/TV/light,etc)=turn on/off,：打开,/,关掉,6.in terms of:,依据，依据,At present,China is undergoing an unprecedented process of urbanization and industrialization,in terms of,scale and range.,7.work out:,处理、算出,:a problem;a solution,8.enable sb to do sth:,使,能够,9.be keen on/for sth,to do sth:,对,感兴趣,38/58,10.fall into a range:,属于某一范围,11.vary with:be different with.,伴随,改变而不一样,12.keep ones cool:,保持冷静,保持自制力,13.take off:become popular,become successful,起飞,;,突然走俏，突然成功,Our plane,took off,at 4 oclock.,Computers games really began to,take off,many years ago.,39/58,Sentence Patterns,40/58,What is needed,is a way of specifying traffic congestion with great precision.(Para.2),A way of specifying traffic congestion with great precision is needed.,必须要做就是,更清楚准确地描述交通阻塞详细情况。,specify:to state in detail,with great precision:more clearly or accurately,句型：,what-,引导主语从句,41/58,句型：,what-,引导主语从句,What-,可用来引导,名词性从句,，如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。普通来说，,what,除引导从句外，还在从句中作成份，意为,“所,(,东西,)”,，在含义上等于,“名词,+that”,。,本句中,what,引导是主语从句，在整句中充当主语。,例句：,What (=The thing that)he said was true.,他所讲是事实。,What he had hoped at last came true.,他所希望事终于成为现实。,What he said is beneath contempt.,他所说话不值理会。,What he says is true,possibly.,或许他说是正确。,42/58,What,引导其它名词性从句,Im sorry for,what I said.,我为我说话表示歉意。,Thats,what I want to know,.,这是我想知道。,You had better hear,what I have to say,.,你最好听听我意见。,I managed to get,what I wanted,.,我设法得到了我要东西。,It was,what he meant,rather than,what he said,.,这是他原意而不是他原话。,Theres something in,what he says,.,他话有些道理。,Her interest was roused by,what he said,.,他话引发了她兴趣。,43/58,“what”&“that”,that,也可引导名词性从句，经常与,what,从句混同。,that,只起连接作用,，在从句中不作任何成份，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略。,That she lacks experience is obvious.,她缺乏经验,，,这是显然。,My idea is that you shouldnt have left the country.,我意见是你不应该离开那个国家。,44/58,Exercises on Page 63,45/58,Paragraph 4,A traffic temperature of 60,for example,might correspond to“no delay”along a route,compared with,the traffic conditions normally experienced on that route.,比如，某路段交通温度为,60,时，就意味着与其正常交通情况相比较，该路段不会出现交通滞留现象。,correspond to:be equal to,compared with/to,:To identify,either the similarities or the differences,between two things,use compare to.,To identify,both the similarities and the differences,use compare with.In comparing with something,one finds or discusses both things that are alike and things that are different.,P 63 Exercises,46/58,2.,compare with:,与,比较,Compared with other universities in Fuzhou,FAFU really has a breathtaking campus.,compare to:/,把,比作,The ancient Egyptians,compared,the rising of the sun,to,the beginning of life and the setting of the sun to the end of life,古代埃及人把日出比作生命开始，把日落比作生命结束。,47/58,Text Outline and Organization:,Exposition,48/58,Part One(Para.1):,Problem,:,Traffic congestion/jam,Part Two(Para.2-8):a proposal and two methods,Solution,:,Traffic temperature (idea)air temperature,Methods 1,1:Determine and broadcast current traffic temperatures,Benefit,:Help drivers to acquire a feel for the total duration the their trips would be able to allow extra time when necessary(,酌情考虑增加时间,).,49/58,Steps(Para.3-6),Gather data,by roadside cameras and induction-loops buried in the tarmac.,Convert the data into,a single number,.,Put the resulting numbers into,a range of Fahrenheit,.,Make,traffic-flow maps,(updated very five minutes and presented
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