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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法,词法,句法,第1页,第1页,词法,词类,副词,名词,代词,动词,数词,形容词,构词法,名词、冠词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、连词,可数名词、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词单复数、专有名词,人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、批示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、互相代词,基数词、序数词、分数、百分数,比较级、最高级,比较级、最高级,合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,时态、语态、助动词、情态动词、非谓语、语调,第2页,第2页,1,指一类人或事，相称于a kind of,A plane is a machine that can fly.,2,第一次提及某人某物，非特指,A boy is waiting for you.,3,表示“每一”相称于every，one,We study eight hours a day.,4,表示“相同”相称于the same,We are nearly of an age.,5,用于人名前，表示不结识此人或与某名人有类似性质人或事,A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out,That boy is rather a Lei Feng.,6,用于固定词组中,A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time,7,用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后,This room is rather a big one.,8,用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后,She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.,冠词,（一）不定冠词使用办法：,第3页,第3页,1,表示某一类人或物,The horse is a useful animal.,2,用于世上独一无二事物名词前,the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean,3,表示说话双方都理解或上文提到过人或事,Would you mind opening the door?,4,用于乐器前面,play the violin,play the guitar,5,用于形容词和分词前表示一类人,the reach,the living,the wounded,6,表示“一家人”或“夫妇”,the Greens,the Wangs,7,用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前,He is the taller of the two children.,8,用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛名词前,the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French,9,用于表示创造物单数名词前,The compass was invented in China.,10,在逢十复数数词之前，指世纪某个年代,in the 1990s,11,用于表示单位名词前,I hired the car by the hour.,12,用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间词组前,He patted me on the shoulder.,（二）不定冠词使用办法,第4页,第4页,（三）零冠词使用办法,：,1,专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前,Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air,2,名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制,I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?,3,季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前,March,Sunday,National Day,spring,4,表示职位，身份，头衔名词前,Lincoln was made President of America.,5,学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前,He likes playing football/chess.,6,与by连用表示交通工具名词前,by train,by air,by land,7,以and连接两个相正确名词并用时,husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night,8,表示泛指复数名词前,Horses are useful animals.,第5页,第5页,1,表示时间in,on,at,at表示半晌时间，in表示一段时间，on总是与日子相关,2,表示时间since,from,since 指从过去到现在一段时间，和完毕时连用，from指从时间某一点开始,3,表示时间in,after,in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时一段时间中,4,表示地理位置in,on,to,in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外,5,表示“在上”on,in,on只表示在某物表面上，in表示占去某物一部分,6,表示“穿过”through,across,through表示从内部通过，与in相关，across表示在表面上通过，与on相关,7,表示“关于”about,on,about指涉及到，on指专门叙述,8,between与among区别,between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上中间,9,besides与except区别,besides指“除了尚有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首,10,表示“用”in,with,with表示详细工具，in表示材料，方式，办法，度量，单位，语言，声音,11,as与like区别,as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象同样”，指情形相同,12,in与into区别,in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置,惯用介词区别,第6页,第6页,形容词和副词比较等级：,形容词和副词比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。,同级比较时经常用 asas以及not so(as)as,如：I am not so good a player as you are.,2.可以修饰比较级词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal。,3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。,如：The harder you work,the more progress you will make.,4.用比较级来表达最高级意思。,如：I have never spent a more worrying day.,5.表示倍数比较级有如下几种句型：,Our school is three times larger than yours.,Our school is four times as large as yours,Our school is four times the size of yours.,6.表示“最高程度“形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。,第7页,第7页,动词,动词基本形式,非谓语动词,动词时态,普通现在时、普通过去时、普通未来时、过去未来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完毕时、过去完毕时、未来完毕时、现在完毕进行时、过去完毕进行时,动词语态,积极语态、被动语态,动词种类,系动词、助动词、情态动词、及物动词和不及物动词,不定式（时态与语态）,动名词（时态与语态）分词：现在分词（时态与语态）、过去分词,第8页,第8页,语态,时态,积极,普通现在时,普通过去时,普通未来时,过去未来时,过去完毕时,现在完毕时,未来完毕时,现在进行时,过去进行时,v./v.s,ved,will+v,would+v.,had+Vp.p,have/has+Vp.p,will have+Vp.p,am/is/are+Ving,was/were+Ving,第9页,第9页,动词时态：,1.现在完毕时与普通过去时区别：,1)现在完毕时表示过去发生动作或存在情况，但和现在有联系，强调是对现在造成影响或结果，它不能同表示过去时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，阐明现在。如：,I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已经看过，且理解这本书内容),2)普通过去时只表示过去发生动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：,I read the novel last month.(只阐明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住),I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只阐明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）,2.现在完毕时与现在完毕进行时区别：,两者都能够表示“从过去开始始终连续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作结果时，多用现在完毕时，如着重表示动作始终在进行，即动作延续性时，则多用现在完毕进行时。普通不能用于进行时动词也不能用于现在完毕进行时。,I have read that book.我读过那本书了。,I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上始终在读那本书。,第10页,第10页,表示猜想情态动词使用办法,表示猜想是情态动词主要使用办法之一。,Can,could,may,might,will,would,should,ought to,must,是惯用表示猜想情态动词。,1.,惯用句式和意义,could,may,might,would,should,ought to,will,must,+,动词原型,现在,/,未来也许,想必现在,/,过去,;,或,现在,/,过去也许,.,表,示,未来一定,/,准会,现在,/,未来会,现在/未来一定/必定,1)现在或未来,第11页,第11页,have V-ed,could,may,might,would,should,ought to,must,本来也许做,但未做,过去一定,/,必定做,+,表,示,过去,应当做,但未做,愿意做,但没做,虚,假,语,气,could,can,need,should,ought to,一定没有做,+,not have V-ed,没有必要干某事,但多出干了,表示过去,不应当做某事,但做了,虚,假,语,气,第12页,第12页,普通式,被动式,进行式,完毕式,to do,(not)to do,(not)to be done,(not)to be doing,(not)to have done,V-ing,(not)doing,(not)being done,(not)having done,done,(not)done,主语,宾语,状语,定语,补足语,表语,插入语,to do,to make matters worse,to put it mildly,to tell,the truth,generally speaking,considering,allowing for,judging from,V-ing,done,形式,作用,非谓语动词,第13页,第13页,语法一致 原则,意义一致原则,就近一致原则,分类记忆规则联系语意解题,主 谓 一 致,重点难点,解题办法,分类,单个名词作主语,集体名词,以-s结尾学科名词,常见不可数 名词,复数名词,不可数名词详细化,并列主语,And连接名词表示一个人或物用单数，多个用复数；or,not onlybut,eitheror,not so muchas.,neithernor,notbut;every/each/no/many a/more than oneand every,量词做,主语,a quantity of,a kind of,a mountain of,a pile of,a box of,数词修 饰主语,much,an amount of,a great deal of,lots of,plenty of,the rest,the remaining,the majority of,第14页,第14页,强调句句型,（重难点）,句中加语调词,等词汇来强调,强,调,助动词do+V,助动词do形式随,主语和时态而改变,特殊疑问句式,特殊疑问词be+it+that?,普通疑问句式,（be动词放句首）,反意疑问句式,(必须和主句一致),强调句用在名词性从句中,surely,really,certainly,definitely,utter,sheer,such,so等,倒装句,a.强调句子主语时，要与强调句谓语动 词一致。,b.表语普通不能用这一句型进行强调,c.条件、让步状语从句不能强调,d.强调because引导原因状语从句，但强调原因状语不能用as，since来引导,e.可强调so that引导目的状语从句，但不能强调so that引导结果状语从句,f,.,对由until引起短语或从句，要注意否认前移,注,意,陈说句句式,It is/was that/who,第15页,第15页,种类,倒装条件,例句,完全倒装,here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头句子表示强调,Out rushed the children.,表示地点介词短语作状语位于句首,Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.,强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡,Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.,部分倒装,never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,not until,not等表示否认意义副词放于句首,Hardly did I know what had happened.,only和修饰状语放于句首,Only then did he realized the importance of English.,not onlybut also连接并列句子，前倒后不倒,Not only does he know French,but also he is expert at it.,neithernor连接并列句子，前后都倒装,Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.,sothat,suchthat中so或such及修饰成份放于句首时前倒后不倒,So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.,as引导让步状语,Child as he is,he has learned a lot.,so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适合用于另外人或事。,He can play the piano.So can i.,用于表示祝愿祈使句中,May you be in good health!,省略if虚拟条件,Were I you,I would not do it in this way.,第16页,第16页,If 从句,主句,1.与现在事实相反,过去式(be-were),Would/should/could+动词原形,2.与过去事实相反,过去完毕式,Would/should/could+现在完毕时,3.与未来事实相反,Were to do,should do,Would/should/could+动词原形,虚拟语调,第17页,第17页,4、有时，,虚拟条件句,中，结果主句和条件从句谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语调形式应作相应调整(混合时间),从句动作与过去事实相反，而主句动作与现在或现在正在发生事实不符,。,如：,If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.假如我在学校学习刻苦话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了,If they had informed us,we would not come here now.假如他们告知过我们话，我们现在就不会来这里了。,从句动作与现在事实相反，而主句动作与过去事实不符,。,如：,If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.假如他今天有空话，我们会已经派他去北京了。,If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他结识她话，他必定会去问候她了。,从句动作与过去发生情况相反，而主句动作与现在正在发生情况相反,。如：,If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.假如天不下太多雨话，庄家会长得更加好。,If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他工作始终努力话，他现在已进了办公室了。,第18页,第18页,虚拟语调其它使用办法,1、虚拟语调用在wish 后宾语从句,a、表示与现在事实相反愿望，谓语动词用过去式,eg.I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样头脑。(事实：我主线比不上你),b、表示与过去事实相反愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词）,eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我本来知道这件事真相。（事实：本来不知道）,c、表示未来难以实现愿望,谓语动词：,should/would+动词原形,eg.I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样机会。（事实：很难再有这样机会了）,(注：if only和as if/as though也有相同使用办法）,第19页,第19页,3、虚拟语调其它使用办法,1、一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(mand)四提议(advise.suggest.propose)五要求(demand.require.request.desire.insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句谓语动词都用,：“,should+动词原形”或只用“动词原形,”,。,在表示,提议、命令、要求等,含义,宾语从句,，谓语动词惯用虚拟语调，should动词原形构成，,should 可省略,。,如 He suggested that we(should)take the teachers advice,He insisted that we(should)take the teachers advice,He ordered that we(should)take the teachers advice,注：insist假如翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语调翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语调。,如：He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。,这个语句表示是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语调。,suggest意为“提议”才用虚拟语调，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语调。,如：His face suggests that he looks worried.他表情暗含着他很紧张。,这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语调。,表情绪.观点形容词或名词也要用虚拟语调.如:necessary.important.impossible.natural.strange.surprising.,funny.right.wrong.better.a pity等。,句型：It is.that 结构后,主语从句,，从句谓语动词都要用 should+原型 或只用动词原型。,第20页,第20页,句法,句子种类,句子成份,句子类型,直接引语与间接引语,简朴句,并列句,主从复合句,六个基本句型,宾语从句,表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句,状语从句,定语从句。,陈说句（必定式、否认式）、疑问句（普通、特殊、选择、反意）、祈使句、感慨句,主语、谓语、宾语、（直接宾语与间接宾语）表语、定语、状语,第21页,第21页,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,as引导,9种 时间、条件、原因、让步、目、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句,复 合 句,关系词,介词+关系词,介词+which/whom,介词+where/whose+n.,复合介词短语+which,介词+which=关系副词,as与which引导非限制性定语从句 区别,suchas/the same as,限制性与非限制性,关系副词,关系代词,陈说语序,引导词,从属接连词,that/whether,在句中不成份作,连接代词,what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,连接副词,when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语,分类,第22页,第22页,定语从句,定语从句起了形容词作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰词叫做先行词，引导定语从句词叫关系词，他作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成份，并与先行词保持数一致。,关系词,先行词,从句成份,例句,备注,关系代词,who,人,主语,Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?,whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常能够省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能够用that,whom,人,宾语,Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working,The boy(whom)she loved died in the war.,whose,人，物,定语,I like those books whose topics are about history.,The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.,that,人，物,主语，宾语,A plane is a machine that can fly.,She is the pop star(that)I want to see very much.,which,物,主语，宾语,The book(which)I gave you was worth$10.,The picture which was about the accident was terrible.,as,人，物,主语，宾语,He is such a person as is respected by all of us.,This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.,as做宾语普通不省略,关系副词,when,时间,时间状语,I will never forget the day when we met there.,可用on which,where,地点,地点状语,This is the house where I was born.,可用in which,why,原因,原因状语,I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.,可用for which,第23页,第23页,情况,使用办法阐明,例句,只用that情况,先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。,先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时,先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时,先行词既指人又指物时,先行词被the only,the very修饰时,句中已有who或which时，为了避免重复时,1.He told me everything that he knows.,2.All the books that you offered has been given out.,3.This is the best film that I have ever read.,4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.,5.He is the only man that I want to see.,6.Who is the man that is making a speech?,只用which,who,whom情况,在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人,在由“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。,先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。,He has a son,who has gone abroad for further study.,I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.,Those who respect others are usually respected by others.,that与which,who,whom使用办法区别：,第24页,第24页,定语从句,区别,例句,限制性定语从句中,名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which,He is not such a fool as he looks.,Dont read such books as you cant understand.,非限制性定语从句中,as和which都能够指代前面整个主句。假如有“正如，象”含义，并能够放在主句前，也能够放在后面，那么用as；而which引导从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”意思。,They won the game,as we had expected.,They won the game,which we hadnt expected.,As is well known,he is a famous film star in the 1980s.,as与which区别：,第25页,第25页,种类,作用,惯用关联词,例句,主语从句,在复合句中做主语，相称于名词，普通置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后,that,whether,if,as if,as though,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever,Whether he will come or not doesnt matter much.,Whoever comes here will be welcome.,表语从句,在复合句中做表语，相称于名词，位于系动词之后,It looks as if it is going to snow.,宾语从句,在复合句中做宾语，相称于名词,He asked me which team could win the game.,同位语从句,放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其详细内容,You have no idea how worried we are.,The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.,名词性从句,第26页,第26页,种类,连接词,注意点,时间状语,when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,by the time,as soon as,hardlywhen,no soonerthan,the moment,the minute,immediately,directly,instantly,主句表示未来意义时，从句须用普通现在时；while引导从句中动词普通是延续性；until用在必定句中主句动词是延续性，而否认句中主句动词为短暂性。,地点状语,where,wherever,原因状语,because,as,since,now that,because语调最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了原因，as又次之。,条件状语,if,unless,once,in case,as long as,on condition that,从句中动词时态不可用未来时，惯用普通时代替,目的状语,so that,in order that,for fear that,so that和in order that后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词,结果状语,sothat,suchthat,比较状语,than,asas,not so/asas,the morethe more,方式状语,as if,as though,as,as if 和as though引导从句普通用虚拟语调。,让步状语,though,although,even if,even though,as,no matter what,whatever,no matter who,whoever,no matter which,whichever,no matter how,however,no matter when,whenever,as在让步状语从句中惯用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用,第27页,第27页,类别,使用办法,例句,If引导条件从句,与现在事实相反,从句动词：过去式（be用were）,主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形,If he were here,he would help us.,与过去事实相反,从句动词：had+过去分词,主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词,If I had been free,I would have visited you.,与未来事实相反,从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式,主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形,If it should rain tomorrow,we would not go camping.,其它状语从句,as if引导状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完毕式,They are talking as if they had been friends for years.,in order that/so that引导状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形,Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.,宾语从句,demand,suggest,order,insist后接从句中动词为should+动词原形,He suggested that we not change our mind.,wish后从句中分别用过去式，过去完毕式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和未来情况相反,I wish I could be a pop singer.,主语从句,在It is necessary/important/strange that,It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形,It is strange that such a person should be our friends.,其它句型中,It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形,Its high time that we left.,would rather所接从句中动词用过去式或者过去完毕式,I would rather you stayed at home now.,If only句型中动词惯用过去式或者过去完毕式，表示强烈愿望,If only our dream had come true!,第28页,第28页,1.add to增长，增进,add to把加进,add up相加,add up to总计，所有这一切阐明,1)I dont think these facts will _ anything.,2)Fifty new books have been _ the library.,3)The music _ our enjoyment of the film.,4)You must have made a mistake when you _ the bill _.,(add up to,added to,add to,addedup),2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉,break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开,break off暂停，中断,break in强行进入，插话,break into闯入,break into pieces成为碎片,break out爆发,break up捣碎，驱散，崩溃，学期结束，拆散,break through突破,1)The criminal managed to break _ _ the police and ran into the woods.,2)When he heard the news,he broke _ and cried.,3)Dont break _ while others are speaking.,4)Why dont you break _ for a few minutes and have some coffee?,5)When does school break _?,6)After harvest we break _ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.,第29页,第29页,3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版,bring in引入，引进，挣钱bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下,1)The shopkeeper brought his price _ to only five dollars.,2)The school has brought _ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.,3)The song brought _ happy memories of our schooldays.,4)Do you know what brought _ this misunderstanding?,5)The kind old man agreed to bring _ the young orphan.,6)We decided to bring the matte
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