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专项八 情态动词和虚拟语调,情态动词,一、情态动词,定义：情态动词是一个本身含有一定词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用词。它给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对相关行为或事物态度和见解，认为其也许、应当或必要等。,二、情态动词特点,情态动词无人称和数改变,情态动词后面跟动词需用原形,否认式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表示愈加客气,委婉语调,时态性不强,可用于过去，现在或未来。情态动词属于非及物动词，故没有被动语态。,第1页,第1页,三、情态动词语法特性,(1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生事情，只表示期待或预计某事发生。,(2）情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 不定式。,(3）情态动词没有些人称和数改变，即其第三人称单数不加s。,(4）情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式，分词形式，也没有相应动名词。,四、情态动词基本使用办法,情态动词,使用办法,例句,can和could,表示能力,He can speak English better than you.,表示请求,或允诺?,You can have the book when I have finished it.,Could you come again tomorrow?,表示客观也许性,Accidents can happen on such raing days.,表示猜想（惊讶、怀疑、不相信态度）,Can this green bike be Liu Dongs?,第2页,第2页,may和might,表示请求和允许,He may come if he likes.,表示猜想、也许性（不用于疑问句）,It may rain this evening.Youd better take an umbrella.,must,表示必须,She must come and look after the child.,否认式 must not(mustnt)表示“严禁”；neednt/dont have to 表示“不必”,Must we finish the work tomorrow?,No,you neednt(dont have to),but you must finish it in three days.,You mustnt touch the fire.,表示推测,They must have heard the news.,第3页,第3页,have to,表示必须，是一个客观需要,I had to give it up because of illness.,ought to,表示依据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事,Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.,表示推测(客观推测),He ought to be home by now.,dare,惯用于否认句，疑问句和条件从句中,Dared he break the traffic regulations again？,在疑问句或否认句中，可接带to或不带to不定式,She doesn,t dare to stay at home alone at night.,need,惯用于否认句和疑问句中,He needn,t worry about us now.,第4页,第4页,shall,用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、强制、威胁或允诺,He shall go first,whether he wants to or not.,用于第一人称，表示说话人征询对方意见或请求批示,Shall I open the door?,should,表示“提议”或“劝说”，有“应当”之意,You should learn from each other.,表示说话人对已经出现事态感到“惊奇、惊喜、怀疑”,I,m amazed that Mr.Harris should have said nothing about the matter.,第5页,第5页,will,表示意志决心,I have told him again and again to stop smoking,but he will not listen.,在疑问句中,用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或问询对方意愿,Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?,表示一个习惯性动作，含有“总是”或“会要”之意,Every morning he will have a walk along this river.,第6页,第6页,would,表示意志和决心,He promised he would never smoke again.,在疑问句中,用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或问询对方意愿，比will语调愈加委婉,Would you like some more coffee?,表示过去习惯动作，没有“现已无此习惯”含义,During the vacation he would visit me every week.,表示预计和猜想,It would be about ten when he left home.,第7页,第7页,【考点一】考察表示能力情态动词,情态动词can和could能够表示能力；be able to do强调设法成功完毕某一详细动作(相称于manage to do/succeed in doing)。,If it were not for the fact that she cant sing,I would invite her to the party.,【即学即练】,单项填空,The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out.,A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could,解析:选C。考察情态动词。have to不得不；would表示意愿或过去经常；could倾向于表示通过长期训练而取得能力；be able to 表示通过努力而能够做到事或成功地做了某事。依据句意，选C。,第8页,第8页,【考点二】考察表示请求或允诺情态动词,(1)向对方提出提议时用：Shall/May/Might/Can/Could I/we.?Shall he/she/they.?Would/Will you.?,(2)could/might/would/should表示委婉语调,其必定回答时不用could/might表示，用may/can;否认回答时用cant/mustnt。,Could/May I use your bicycle tomorrow morning?,Yes,you can/may.,Shall he come to see you?,Of course,please.And Id rather he told me the truth.,【考点三】考察情态动词表示推测使用办法,表猜想时态,结构,例句,未来情况,推测,情态动词+动词原形,She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.,I cant be at home this Friday.,Can he come to my party next Friday？,第9页,第9页,现在或一,般情况推测,情态动词+动词原形/,情态动词+be doing/情态动词+be,Hemust/may/might/could be listening to the radio now.,He cant(couldnt)/may(might)not be at home at this time.,Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can(could)he be late for the opening ceremony?,过去情况,推测,情态动词+have+过去分词,It must/may/might/could have rained last night.The ground is wet.,The door was locked.He can(could)not/may(might)not have been at home.,Can/Could he have gotten the book?,第10页,第10页,注意：1.在必定句中普通用might,may和must；否认句中用might not,may not,couldnt和cant;疑问句中用could和can。can还可用于必定句中表示客观或理论也许性。,2.might,could并非may,can过去式，它们表示语调较为委婉或也许性较小。,Accidents can happen on such rainy days.,【即学即练】,单项填空,Sorry,Im late.I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.,A.might B.should C.can D.will,解析:选A。might have done(过去)也许做过某事；should have done本应当做某事。依据句中提供情境表明,说话人也许把闹钟关上了。,第11页,第11页,【考点四】考察情态动词表示责怪、批评、埋怨,形式,含义,例句,may/might/can/could have done,过去本来能够，而事实上没有,He might have given you more help,even though he was very busy.,Did you listen to the speech?,No,we could have attended it.But we were ill.,should have done,过去本来应当，而事实上没有,The plant is dead.Maybe I should have given it more water.,ought to,have done,过去本该，而未,You ought to have given him more help.,第12页,第12页,neednt have done,本不必，却,Mr Smith didnt come last night,did he?,No.We neednt have waited for him.,had better(not),have done,用于事后提议，含轻微责怪口吻，表示“本应当做而没有做”,You had better have started earlier.,You had better not have scolded her.,would rather(not),have done,表示“当初宁愿做了某事”，必定形式是否认形式均表示“后悔”之意,I would rather have taken his advice.,I would rather not have told him the truth.,第13页,第13页,注意：didnt need to do sth.表示没有必要做某事其实也没有做。,【即学即练】,单项填空,The weather turned out to be fine yesterday.I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.,A.should have taken B.could have taken,C.neednt have taken D.Mustnt have taken,解析:选C。should have done本应当做而事实上没做；could have done表示对过去假设，意为“本来能够做某事而没有做”;neednt have done本不需要做却做了；must have done通惯用于必定句，故D项排除。依据句子语境可知，选C。,【考点五】考察would rather使用办法,(1)would rather do sth.意为“宁可(愿)”,(2)would rather do sth.than do sth.宁可（愿）（而）不要（愿）；与其不如可改写成“would do sth.rather than do sth.”。,(3)would rather+从句（虚拟语调）表示“宁愿，希望”。用一,第14页,第14页,般过去时表示现在或未来要做事；用过去完毕时表示已经做过事或过去要做事。,I would rather you had stayed with us yesterday,but you left.,【即学即练】,单项填空,_,he is well.,But I would rather to see him yesterday.,A.Personally;go,B.Personally;have gone,C.As far as I am concerned;/,D.As far as I am concerned;went,解析:选B。“would rather动词过去完毕式”表示过去情况，再依据would rather后跟虚拟语调使用办法和句子语境可知，选B。,【考点六】考察used to使用办法,used to表示过去习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在。在疑问句、否认句、否认疑问句中，其改变形式下列：,第15页,第15页,句式,形式,例句,疑问句,Did sb.use to,Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?,Used sb.to do,Used you to go to the same school as your brother?,否认句,usednt to do,I usednt to go there.,didnt use to do,I didnt use to go there.,否认,疑问句,Usednt sb.to,Usednt you to be interested in the theatre?,Didnt sb.use to,Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre?,第16页,第16页,【考点七】考察情态动词其它使用办法,must表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦，意为“偏要，非得”。,cant but do sth./cant help/choose but do sth.意为“不得不做某事，只好做某事”。,may well+动词原形，表示“完全能，很也许”，相称于be likely to do sth.。,may as well+动词原形，表示“最好；满能够；倒不如”。,cant(never等否认词)与enough连用，表示“再也不为过”，相称于“cant.too.”。,may能够用于祈使句，表示祝愿。,Just as I was sitting down to supper,the telephone must ring.,Since he cant win the race,he may as well quit.,第17页,第17页,虚拟语调,定义：虚拟语调用来表示说话人主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在事实，所说是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语调通过谓语动词特殊形式来表示。,【考点一】考察虚拟语调在非真实条件句中基本使用办法,第18页,第18页,时间,从句,主句,例句,与现,在事,实相,反,假设,普通过,去时,（be用,were）,would/should,/could/might,/ought to+动,词原形,If they were here,they would help you.,If we had enough money,we would buy a computer.,If I were you,I wouldnt do it.,If it rained tomorrow,wed stay at home.,It would be odd if she were awarded the first prize.,与过,去事,实相,反,假设,过去完,成时,should/would/could/might+have+过去,分词,If he had come yesterday,I should have told him about it.,If I had been in her position，Id have quit.,If the weather hadnt been so bad,we might have gone out.,I should never have done it if I hadnt been so hard up.,第19页,第19页,对未来,不大可,能发生,事情,假想,普通,过去,时,should/would/,could/might/,ought to+,动词原形,If you succeeded,everything would be all right.,If they invited me,I would certainly attend it.,If he went,would you go too?,与将,来事,实相,反,假设,were+不定式,should+动词原形,普通过去时,should/would/,could/might/,ought to+,动词原形,If she were to lose her place they would be ruined.,If you were to speak to him,it would carry more weight.,第20页,第20页,【即学即练】,单项填空,If the weather had been better，we could have had a picnic.But it _ all day.,A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining,解析:选A。句意为：假如天气好话，我们是能够去野餐，但是下了一天雨。句子前半部分陈说是与过去事实相反事情，因此用了虚拟语调；“下了一天雨”是事实，因此用陈说语调。,【考点二】考察含蓄虚拟条件句,这样虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导句子代替if从句，主句谓语动词形式与虚拟语调基本使用办法相同。,But for your help/Without your help,we couldnt have finished the task ahead of time.,【即学即练】,单项填空,Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we_ it without you.,第21页,第21页,A.can manage B.could have managed,C.could managed D.can have managed,解析:选B。由语境可知，这里要表示意思是“假如没有你们辛勤工作，我们不也许处理好这件事。”这是对过去发生事实虚拟，因此要用could have done。,【考点三】考察主从句时间不一致虚拟条件句,虚拟条件句中，主句和条件从句谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语调形式应作相应调整。,从句动作与过去事实相反，而主句动作与现在或现在正在发生事实不符。,从句动作与现在事实相反，而主句动作与过去事实不符。,从句动作与过去发生情况相反，而主句动作与现在正在发生情况相反。,If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.,If he knew her,he would have greeted her.,If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.,第22页,第22页,【即学即练】,单项填空,Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.,A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen,C.should fall D.were to fall,解析:选B。句意为：假如不是我在七岁时爱上故乡Melinda Cox图书馆话，很难想象今天我会是什么样子。主句描述是与现在事实相反事情，从句描述是与过去事实相反事情。,【考点四】考察省略非真实条件句中if,当虚拟条件句谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if 能够省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were,should,had等词置于句首。,Were he to leave today,he would get there by Friday.,【即学即练】,单项填空,_ fired,your health care and other benefits will not be cut off.,A.Would you be B.Should you be C.Could you be D.May you be,第23页,第23页,解析:选B。分析句意可知，空格处表示条件关系。当条件从句谓语动词中含有were,should,had时，将其移至句首，省略if，句子结构为省略倒装结构。故选B。此处相称于:If you should be。,【考点五】考察名词性从句中虚拟语调,在含有表示坚持、提议、命令、要求等动词或名词（suggest,demand,order,require,insist,propose,advise,suggestion,advice,proposal等）名词性从句和在it作形式宾语或形式主语复合句中，宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或理应如此”等含义时，从句中谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，其中should能够省略。,He suggested that we(should)start off early the next day.,It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off until next week.,It is strange that he(should)have acted towards his parents like that.,第24页,第24页,【即学即练】,单项填空,Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York？,I agree，but the problem is _he has refused to.,A.will not be sent；that,B.not be sent；that,C.should not be sent；what,D.should not send；what,解析:选B。上半句句意为：莫非你不认为必须把他送到迈阿密而不是纽约吗？句意表示理应如此含意。,【考点六】考察其它虚拟语调,(1)wish后面接宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反愿望，谓语动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反愿望，谓语动词用“had+动词过去分词”；表示未来难以实现愿望，谓语动词用“should/would+动词原形”。,注意：if only与as if/though使用办法相同。,I wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反),I wish I had known the answer.(与过去事实相反),第25页,第25页,I wish you would shut up.(与未来事实相反),(2)If only引导感慨句中，用虚拟语调，表示愿望；用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反愿望；用过去完毕时表示与过去事实相反愿望。,If only I were taller.(与现在事实相反),If only he had followed your advice!(与过去事实相反),If only the rain would stop.(与未来事实相反),(3)It is(high/about)time that sb.did sth./should do sth.,从句中谓语动词惯用过去形式，有时也用“should+动词原形”，意为“该是时候了”。,It is time you thought about your future.,(4)would rather后面接从句时表示愿望，意为“宁愿，希望”。I would rather you didnt speak rudely to her.(与现在事实相反),Id rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her.(与过去事实相反),(5)在lest/in case/for fear that.引导目的状语从句，若用虚拟语调，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。,He took his umbrella lest it should rain.,第26页,第26页,1.Jack described his father,who _ a brave boy many years ago,as a strong-willed man.（安徽）,A.would be B.would have been C.must be D.must have been,解析：选D。句意为：杰克把多年前曾是勇敢男孩父亲描述为一个意志坚强人。must have been表示对过去事情必定推测。,2.You _ buy a gift,but you can if you want to.（湖南）,A.must B.Mustnt C.have to D.dont have to,解析：选D。dont have to 意为“没有必要”，符合语境。句意为：你没有必要买礼物，但假如你想买话，你也能够买。,3.I have told you the truth._ I keep repeating it?（江西）,A.Must B.Can C.May D.Will,解析：选A。must 必须；一定；can 能够,能够；may 也许；will 将要。句意为：我已经告诉你事实了,我还必须重复一遍吗？,第27页,第27页,4.I _ have watched that movie-itll give me horrible dreams.（山东）,A.shouldnt B.neednt C.couldnt D.mustnt,解析：选A。句意为：我本来不应当看那部电影它会使我做恶梦。表示“本来不应当做而做了某事”用shouldnt have done,因此A项正确。,5.Mark _ have hurried.After driving at top speed,he arrived half an hour early.（天津）,A.neednt B.wouldnt C.mustnt D.couldnt,解析：选A。句意为：迈克本来不必要那么急，这样高速驾驶之后，他提前了半个小时到达。用neednt have done 结构，表示“本来不必要做某事而事实上做了”。,6._ I take the book out?,Im afraid not.（四川）,A.Will B.May C.Must D.Need,解析：选B。表示请求可用情态动词can,may,could,might,表示允许用can,may。句意为：我能够将这本书带出去吗？恐怕不行。故应选表示请求情态动词may。,第28页,第28页,7.Just be patient.You _ expect the world to change so soon.（全国）,A.cant B.neednt C.may not D.will not,解析：选A。考察情态动词。cant不也许；neednt没有必要；may not也许不;will not 将不会。句意为：要耐心。你不能盼望世界会这样快地改变。,8.I havent got the reference book yet,but Ill have a test on the subject next month.,Dont worry.You _ have it by Friday.（江苏）,A.could B.shall C.must D.may,解析：选B。could能够；must 必须;may也许；能够。shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还能够表示强制，命令，威胁，警告，符合语境。,9.May I take this book out of the reading room?,No,you _.You read it in here.（陕西）,A.mightnt B.wont C.neednt D.mustnt,解析：选D。考察情态动词。could，might表示问询或征求意见问句中，必定回答要用can或may来代替could或might；may或might表示征求意见问句中，否认回答用mustnt，故选D。,第29页,第29页,10.Im afraid Mr.Harding _ see you now.Hes busy.（全国）,A.cant B.mustnt C.shouldnt D.neednt,解析：选A。考察情态动词。句意为：恐怕Harding先生现在不也许见你，他很忙。cant用于疑问或否认句中表推测。,11.Doctors say that exercise is important for health,but it _ be regular exercise.（辽宁）,A.can B.will C.must D.may,解析：选C。考察情态动词。句意为：医生说锻炼对身体健康主要，但是必须是有规律锻炼。can表示“也许；能力”；will表示“愿意”；may表示“也许”；must表示“必须”。由句意可知，选C。,12.Good morning.Ive got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.,Ah,good morning.You _ be Mrs.Peters.（北京）,A.might B.must C.would D.can,解析：选B。依据语境，双方应是事先预约好，因此双方都明确彼此身份，故用must表示“一定”。,第30页,第30页,13.“You _ have a wrong number,”she said.“Theres no one of that name here.”（浙江）,need B.can C.must D.would,解析：选C。need需要；can能，能够；must一定，必须；would要，会。由语境可知，空格处词对当前情况作出必定判断。,14.Sorry,Professor Smith.I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.,Oh,you _ have done it as yesterday was the deadline.（上海）,A.must B.mustnt C.should D.shouldnt,解析：选C。依据语境可知，此处表示和过去事实相反情况，应当用should have done 表示本来应当做，而未做。,15.Bob would have helped us yesterday,but he_.（安徽）,A.was busy B.is busy,C.had been busy D.will be busy,解析：选A。前半句表示对过去虚拟，而but之后表示过去客观事实，故用普通过去时态。,第31页,第31页,16.If he _ my advice,he wouldnt have lost his job.（湖南）,A.followed B.should follow C.had followed D.would follow,解析：选C。选C。依据“wouldnt have lost”可判断if引导状语从句表示与过去事实相反。,17.John went to the hospital alone.,If he _ me about it,I would have gone with him.（天津）,A.should tell B.tells C.told D.had told,解析：选D。答句句意为：假如他告诉我话，我会跟他一起去。前一句是陈说语调，阐明动作发生在过去，并且后一句主句已经是would have gone,阐明是与过去事实相反虚拟语调，与之相应从句结构，应当用had+过去分词。,18.If we _ the other road,we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.（陕西）,A.take B.had taken C.took D.have taken,解析：选B。考察虚拟语调。依据主句谓语动词might have arrived可知，本句是与过去事实相反虚拟语调，因此if条件句中应当用had+过去分词形式。,第32页,第32页,19.Had I known about this computer program,a huge amount of time and energy _.（浙江）,A.would have been saved B.had been saved,C.will be saved D.was saved,解析：选A。句意为：假如我早知道这个电脑程序，就能够节约大量时间和精力了。依据句子倒装特性判断此处是省略了if虚拟语调，原句为：If I had known about this computer program,a huge amount of time and energy.。,20.The weather has been very hot and dry.,Yes.If it had rained even a drop,things would be much better now!And my vegetables_.（北京）,A.wouldnt die B.didnt die,C.hadnt died D.wouldnt have died,解析：选D。由条件句中had rained可知，这是与过去事实相反虚拟语调，但主句有时间状语now,因此用了与现在事实相反虚拟语调would be;最后一句话也是与过去事实相反虚拟语调，故用wouldt have died。,第33页,第33页,
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