第四讲-翻译文学研究的理论方法：多元系统论PPT参考课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第四讲,翻译文学研究的理论方法,1,理论的作用,“,理论的最大优点在于给我们观察到的事物提供一把钥匙。给表现行为,指文艺创作,一个解释。找出千千万万、多得令我们难以招架的现象之间的关系，发现因果，简言之，在一片混乱之中理出一个说得过去的、逻辑的、或可信的秩序，这本来是人的使命的主要部分。一个能解释某些事物或很多事物的理论就具有科学的、经济的、哲学的、宗教的和社会的价值，高出于只能解答一个问题的说法。,”,”,美,雷马克：,比较文学在大学里的处境,，杨周翰译,2,Itamar Even-Zohar,(1939,）,3,Born in Tel Aviv(1939),Professor Even-Zohar has earned his degrees from the universities of Tel Aviv(B.A.,and Ph.D)and Jerusalem(M.A).He has also studied in Oslo,Copenhagen,and Stockholm.He has stayed,for shorter or longer periods,as a guest professor and/or scholar in European and American universities and research centers,such as Amsterdam,Paris,Philadelphia,Reykjavk,Quebec City,Louvain,Santiago de Compostela,Santander,St.Johns(Newfoundland),Barcelona.,4,He has a working knowledge of the following languages:Hebrew(mother tongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,and a few other languages.,He is Professor of Culture Research and Porter Chair Professor of Semiotics and Literary Theory,Tel Aviv University.He has functioned since 1993 as coordinator of the new Culture Research Group,and since 1995 as Chairperson of the new Graduate Program in Culture Research,and the Unit for Culture Research,Tel Aviv University.,5,His current main field is culture research.His main work has been developing polysystem theory,designed to deal with dynamics and heterogeneity in culture.In earlier stages of his work he contributed to developing a poly-systemic theory of translation,i.e.,designed to account for translation as a complex and dynamic activity governed by system relations rather than by a-priori fixed parameters of comparative language capabilities.,6,This has subsequently led to studies on literary interference,eventually analyzed in terms of intercultural relations.His major collections of works so far are:,Papers in Historical Poetics,(Tel Aviv,1978),and,Polysystem Studies,(Durham:Duke UP;,Poetics Today,11:1),1990.He is now preparing a new collection of papers which will include various updated versions of previous works and new contributions to the theory of culture.,7,Polysystem Theory,“socio-semiotic phenomena,i.e.,sign-governed human patterns of communication(such as culture,language,literature)”should be regarded as“systems rather than conglomerates of disparate elements”(1997a:1);,“a socio-semiotic system can be conceived of as a heterogeneous,open structure”rather than a“uni-system”,and is therefore“a polysystem a multiple system,a system of various systems which intersect with each other and partly overlap,using concurrently different options,yet functioning as one structured whole,whose members are interdependent”(1997a:2).,8,Polysystem Theory,These systems are not equal,but hierarchies,occupying central or peripheral positions within the polysystem,and their positions are subject to change over time(1997a:4-5).,Moreover,“any socio-semiotic activity is a component of a larger(poly)system-that of culture,-and therefore is inevitably correlated(or constantly liable to correlation)with other systems pertaining to the same whole”(1997a:8).,9,Polysystem Theory,The polysystem is conceived as a,heterogeneous,hierarchized conglomerate,(or system)of systems which,interact,to bring about an ongoing,dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole.,Polysystem denotes a,stratified,conglomerate,of interconnected elements,which,changes,and,mutates,as these elements interact with each other.,10,Polysystems can be postulated to account for phenomena existing on various levels,so that the polysystem of a given national literature is viewed as one element making up the larger socio-cultural polysystem,which itself comprises other polysystems besides the literary,such as for example the artistic,the religious or the political.,Polysystem Theory,11,Being placed in this way in a larger sociocultural context,literature comes to be viewed not just as a collection of texts,but more broadly as a set of factors governing the production,promotion and reception of these texts.,Essential to the concept of the polysystem is the notion that the various strata and sub-divisions which make up a given polysystem are constantly competing with each other for the dominant position.,Polysystem Theory,12,The literary evolution is not driven by a specific goal but is rather brought about as a consequence of the unavoidable competition generated by the state of heterogeneity.,Polysystem Theory,13,Another facet of the competition can be seen in the further tension between primary(innovative)and secondary(conservative)literary principles:once a primary form has been accepted into the centre and has managed to achieve canonized status and maintaining its position there for some time,it will tend to become increasingly conservative and inflexible as it attempts to fight off challenges from newer,emerging literary ideas.,Polysystem Theory,14,比较：贝塔朗菲,(Luduig Von Bertalanffy,1901-1972),的一般系统论,加拿大籍奥地利理论生物学家，一般系统论的创始人。,在,1924,1928,年曾多次发表文章阐述系统论的思想。,1937,年，他提出了一般系统论原理。,1949,年发表,关于一般系统论,，,1950,年发表,物理学和生物学中的开放系统理论,。,1955,年出版专著,一般系统论,（,1969,年第二版，,1973,年第三版）。,贝塔朗菲反对生物学中机械论的思想，认为机械论的观点是错误的。其主要错误观点：一是简单相加的观点，即把有机体分解为各要素，并采用简单地相加来说明有机体的属性；二是机械观点，即把生命现象简单地比作机器；三是被动反映的观点，即把有机体看作只有受到刺激时才能反映，否则就静止不动，他概括地吸取了生物机体论的思想，并加以发展，提出了新的机体论思想。,15,贝塔朗菲,(Luduig Von Bertalanffy,1901-1972),的一般系统论,贝塔朗菲强调生物学中有机体概念，主张把有机体当作一个整体或系统来考虑，认为生物学的主要任务应当是发现生物系统中一切层次上的组织原理。,主要观点：,一是系统观点，认为有机体都是一个系统，并把系统定义为相互作用的诸要素的复合体；,二是动态观点。认为一切生命现象本身都处于积极的活动状态，活的东西的基本特征是组织：主张从生物体和环境的相互作用中说明生命的本质，并把生命机体看成是一个能保持动态稳定的系统；,三是等级观念，认为各种有机体都是按严格的等级组织起来的，生物系统是分等级的，从活的分子到多细胞个体，再到超个体的聚合体，可谓层次分明，等级森严。,16,多元系统论的关键词,多元系统论中的关键词，如“形式库”（,Repertoire,）、“经典化形式库”（,canonized repertoire,）“经典”（,canon,）、“动态经典性”,(dynamic canonicity),等，有助于探讨翻译文学在译语文学多元系统中的存在形式、运作状态，有助于阐释翻译文学在译语文化多元系统中的地位和意识形态、诗学功能,。,17,多元系统论的关键词,形式库,(repertoire,）,埃文佐哈尔认为，任何系统的产品，制造和使用方式都由“形式库”,(repertoire),控制；形式库由规则和材料两部分组成；例如，语言的形式库就是语法加词汇。保守的系统严格按照形式库定下的模式制造产品，可预测性很高，称为二级,(secondary),产品；革新的系统则会注入一些新元素，从而扩大和改造形式库，使产品的可预测性一个比一个低，结果就是一级的,(primary),产品。,以翻译文学为例，它处于中心时，往往参与创造一级模式，不惜打破本国的传统规范；处于边缘时，则常常套用本国文学中现成的二级模式。,18,多元系统论的关键词,“,静态经典”（,static canons,）与“动态经典”（,dynamic canons,）,“静态经典”的意义只停留在文本层面，即译入语只是因其在世界文学史上的文学声誉而把它们看成是经典，但它们的“文学能产性已经终结”，“缺乏影响力和效率”,i,，及“它们既不能满足当下流行的文学规范，又不能提供新文本创作的有效范式”,ii,。,i,伊塔马,埃文左哈尔：,多元系统论,（张南峰译），,中外文学,2001,年第,30,卷第,3,期，第,28,页。,ii,Rakefet Sheffy.“The Concept of Canonicity in Polysystem Theory.”,Poetics Today,(1990)11:3:517.,19,多元系统理论的核心概念,“,动态经典”的意义是在模式层面，即能为译入语文学文化、文学系统提供一个“能产（,productive,）的原则”，起创作典范作用。“对于系统进程来说，第二种经典化（即动态经典化）才是最关键的。”,（伊塔马,埃文左哈尔：,多元系统论,（张南峰译），,中外文学,2001,年第,30,卷第,3,期，第,27,页。）,20,多元系统论的发展,埃文佐哈尔的同事吉迪恩,图里,(Gideon Toury),沿着多元系统论的思路，发展出面向译语（,target-oriented,）的描述翻译学（,DTS,：,Descriptive Translation Studies,）。,Gideon Toury,扩展了翻译规范（,translational norms,）概念，“将其作为描述研究的工具。”图里区分了多种翻译规范，并指出了寻找这些规范的途径。“在图里看来，翻译规范制约了翻译过程中的决定，因此也就决定了源文与译文之间的对等方式。”,1,Theo Hermans,“Norms and the Determination of Translation:A Theoretical Framework,”in,Translation,Power,Subversion,ed.Romn lvarez and M.Carmen-frica Vidal(Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,1996),p.24.,21,The Position of Translated Literature Within the Literary Polysystem,I.The neglected translated literature in the literary system,In spite of the broad recognition among historians of culture of the major role translation has played in the crystallization of national cultures,relatively little research has been carried out so far in this area.,Translations are seldom incorporated into the historical account in any coherent way.As a consequence,one hardly gets any idea whatsoever of the function of translated literature for a literature as a whole or of its position within that literature.,22,Translated works do correlate in at least two ways:,a)in the way their source texts are selected by the target literature,the principles of selection never being uncorrelatable with the home co-system of the target literature;,b)in the way they adopt specific norms,behaviours and policiesin their use of the literary repertoirewhich results from their relations with the other home co-system.,23,Translated literature is not only an integral system within any literary polysystem,but is a most active system within it.,Whether translated literature becomes,central,or,peripheral,and whether this position is connected with,innovatory,(primary)or,conservatory,(secondary)repertoires,depends on the specific constellation of the polysystem understudy.,24,II.Central position and its role in polysystem,When translated literature maintains a central position in the literary polysystem,it participates actively in shaping the center of the polysystem.,1.It is by large an integral part of innovatory forces,and as such likely to be identified with major events in literary history while these are taking place.,25,2.No clear-cut distinction is maintained between“original”and“translated”writings.,3.The leading writers produce the most conspicuous or appreciated translation.,4.When new literary models are emerging,translation is likely to become one of the means of elaborating the new repertoiresand a new poetic language,compositional patterns and techniques as well.,26,5.The very principles of selecting the works to be translated are determined by the situation governing the(home)polysystem:the texts are chosen according to their compatibility with the new approaches and the supposedly innovatory role they may assume within the target literature.,27,6.,Three major cases can be discerned,which are basically various manifestations of the same law:,a)when a polysystem has not been crystallized,that is to say,when a literature is“young,”in the process of being established;,b)when a literature is either“peripheral”(within a large group of correlated literature)or“weak”,or both;and,c)when there are turning points,crises,or literary vacuums in a literature.,28,In the,first case,translated literature simply fulfils the need of a younger literature to put into use its newly founded(or renovated)tongue for as many literary types as possible in order to make it serviceable as a literary language and useful for its emerging public.,29,Since a young literature cannot immediately create texts in all types known to its producers,it benefits from the experience of other literatures,and translated literature becomes in this way one of its most important systems.,30,In the,second instance,the resources of the established literatures are limited and the position within a larger literary hierarchy is generally peripheral.They do not develop the same full range of literary activities observable in,adjacent larger literatures,(which in consequence may create a feeling that they are indispensable).They may also lack a repertoire which is felt to be badly needed vis-vis that adjacent literature.This lack may then be filled,wholly or partly,by translated literature.,31,Within this(macro-)polysystem some literature have taken peripheral position,which is only to say that they were often modelled to a large extent upon an exterior literature.For such literatures,translated literature is not only a major channel through which fashionable repertoire is brought home,but also a source of reshuffling and supplying alternatives.Thus,whereas richer or stronger literatures,may have the option,to adopt novelties from some periphery within their indigenous borders,“weak”literatures in such situations often,depend on import alone,.,32,In,the third case,at the historical moment where established models are no longer tenable for a younger generation,literary vacuum occurs.This is all the more true when at a turning point no item in the indigenous stock is taken to be acceptable,and it is easy for foreign models to infiltrate,and translated literature may consequently assume a central position.Of course,in the case of weak literatures which are in a constant state of impoverishment,this situation is even more overwhelming.,33,III.Peripheral position and translation,When maintaining a peripheral position,it generally employs secondary models and has no influence on major processes and is modeled according to norms already conventionally established by an already dominant type in the target literature.Translated literature becomes a major factor of conservatism.Translation adheres to norms which have been rejected either recently or long before by the newly established center.It no longer maintains positive correlations with original writings.,34,Thus,a literature that might have emerged as a revolutionary type may go on existing as an ossified,syst,me dantan,often fanatically guarded by the agents of secondary models against even minor changes.,35,IV.Central and peripheral positions:not wholly one or the other,To be either a central or peripheral system does not imply that it is always wholly one or the other.It is the portion of translated literature deriving from a major source literature which is likely to assume a central positionother translated literature adhered to the models and norms elaborated by those translations.The normal position assumed by translated literature tends to be the peripheral one.,36,It may be assumed that in the long run no system can remain in a constant state of weakness,turning point or crisis,although the possibility should not be excluded that some polysystems may maintain such states for quite a long time.,Moreover,not all polysystems are structured in the same way,and cultures do differ significantly.,37,V.Position of translation and translation norms,behaviours and policies,When it takes a central position,the borderlines between original and translated are diffused,so that the very category of translated works must be extended to semi-and quasi-translations as well.The translators are prepared to violate the home conventions.,38,Under such conditions the chances that the translation will be close to the original in terms of,adequacy,(in other words,a reproduction of the dominant textual relations of the original)are greater than otherwise.The translation norms might for a while be too foreign and revolutionary,and if the new trend is defeated in the literary struggle,the translation made according to its conceptions and taste will never really gain ground.,39,The Position of Translated Literature Within the Literary Polysystem,Translation tends toward acceptability when it is at the periphery,and toward adequacy when it is at the center.,Adequacy,（“充分性”,),意谓遵守源文以至于发源语言和文化的规范。,Acceptability,（“可接受性”,),则是遵守源于目的文化的规范。,为探讨翻译的“归化”、“异化”问题，提供了新的理论视角。,40,But if the trend is victorious,the repertoire(code)of translated literature may be enriched and become more flexible.Periods of great change in the home system are in fact the only ones when a translator is prepared to go far beyond the options offered to him by his established home repertoire and is willing to attempt a different treatment of text making.,41,Not only is the socio-literary status of translation dependent upon its position wit