奶牛酮病和真胃变位.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,/,#,Metabolism,新陈代谢,The,whole range of biochemical processes that occur within,a living organism.,Metabolism consists both of,anabolism and catabolism-buildup,and breakdown of,substances in the body.,发生在机体内生化过程。分合成代谢和分解代谢即聚集和分解。,Super productive cows produces 15,000 kg milk in 305 lactation days-required super metabolism.,305,天生产,15,000kg,的高产牛需要特别的新陈代谢,Milk,production and,reproduction force dairy cows to consume,energy at least 3 times above,their energy needs for maintenance.,奶牛生产和繁殖消耗的能量至少是维持能量需要的,3,倍。,On the edge,极限,Feb 12,p,ost,parturiant,disease complex,3,Calving,产犊,Conception,怀孕,Drying-off,干奶,Puerperium,产后配种,Dairy cow,life,cycle,奶牛周期循环,Dairy cow Lactation,奶牛胎次循环,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,产犊,产后疾病,怀孕,繁殖管理,305,天时干奶,365,天时产犊,干奶牛管理,围产牛,Calving,Interval,产犊间隔,Calving,产犊,Calving,产犊,1,st,Ins,.,首次输精,Rest,Period,始配期,Successful Ins,.,有效输精,Waste,Period,浪费天数,Open,Period,空怀天数,Dry-Off,干奶,Dry Period,Transition,Period,围产期,Pregnancy,怀孕,Lactation,泌乳期,Calving,Interval,产犊间隔,Dairy,Cows Lactation,奶牛泌乳期,Lactation phases,胎次阶段,Terminology,专业术语,Number of days from calving to,pregnancy,产犊至怀孕的天数,Open,Days,空怀天数,Days up to first,service,产后至首次输精天数,Rest,Days,始配天数,Days between,first and effective insemination,首次输精和有效输精间隔天数,Waste,Days,浪费天数,Period between two successive calving,times,两次产犊间隔,Calving,Interval,产犊间隔,Term,术语,Explanation,解释,Lactations,comparison,胎次对比,Dairy Cow,Lactations,泌乳期,Lactation Transition period,围产期,Management of the dry cow plays an important role in the control,of metabolic,disorders near or at calving,time,干奶牛管理在产犊前后牛只新陈代谢起很重要的角色,Calving,and,at least 6 weeks later are,critical times for the dairy,cow,产犊及产后,6,周是奶牛决定整个胎次的关键期,BCS at calving,产犊时体况评分,Food consumption,饲料消耗,Body fat mobilization,体脂代谢,The challenges of the transition cow,围产期管理的挑战,Production disturbance,生产紊乱,Immunity,免疫,Reproduction,Performance,繁殖性能,Milk production,奶产量,5-12 DIM Physical,Exam,产后,5-12,检查,Diagnosis,诊断,Prognosis,预测,Treat,治疗,Observe,观察,Cull,淘汰,Clinical examination,临床检查,Routine examination 5-12 Days in milk,(DIM),产后,5-12,天检查流程（泌乳天数,）,Anamnesis,:,记忆,Lactation No.?,胎次数,No.of calves at last calving?,最后一次产犊胎儿数,Calves fate?,犊牛现状,Days In Milk?,泌乳天数（,DIM,）,Milk yield?,产量,Any problem since calving?,是否有产后疾病？,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Dr.Tamir Goshen,Hachaklait,Koret school of Veterinary medicine,The Hebrew University,Jerusalem,Israel.,12,Differential Diagnosis,(DDs),:,鉴别诊断,Ketosis,酮病,Fatty,Liver-Fat cow syndrome,脂肪肝,-,肥胖综合征,Displaced Abomasum,真胃变位,Metritis,子宫炎,Retained Placenta,胎衣不下,Mastitis,乳房炎,Laminitis,蹄病,Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis,外伤,-,心包炎,Pyelonephritis,肾炎,Vagus indigestion,消化不良,Considerations,:,注意事项,Herd/,Individual,牛群,/,个体,Acute/,Chronic,急性,/,慢性,Interrelations,相互关系,Field diagnosis/Lab.Sample,现场诊断,/,实验室分析,Cost,of,Rx,治疗成本,Cull,淘汰,Postpartum examination,产后检查,Routine 5-12 DIM,产后,5-12,天规程,13,Interrelations between Calving,Diseases,产后疾病间的相互关系,STILL,死胎,TWIN,双胎,PRO,MF,产褥热,KET,酮病,MET,子宫炎,RP,胎衣不下,ACID,酸中毒,LDA,真胃变位,3.4,6.8,11.5,2.3,1.8,2.0,6.8,2.4,50.4,5.8,12.0,2.3,1.4,1.8,2.9,4.3,1.7,3.4,2.5,4.7,Multifactorial Approach,(Oded,Nir,),多因子分析方法,14,Multivariate logistic,regression,多元回归方程,Dr.Tamir Goshen,Hachaklait,Koret school of Veterinary medicine,The Hebrew University,Jerusalem,Israel.,发病原因,牧场,年份,季节,胎衣不下,子宫炎,真胃变位,产褥热,双胎,Risk factor,OR,p,95%CI,Constant,NA,0.001,NA,Farm,1.02,0.001,1.01-1.03,Year,0.69,0.001,0.64-0.75,Season,0.88,0.009,0.80-0.97,Parity,1.17,0.001,1.08-1.25,Retained placenta,2.60,0.001,1.96-3.44,Metritis,2.91,0.001,2.21-3.82,LDA,51.47,4.0,1.2,0.3,Ketones(mmol/L),酮体,3.1,0.3,NEFA(mmol/L),游离脂肪酸,Nadav Galon,23,Diagnosis of Subclinical&Clinical Ketosis,隐性酮病和临床酮病的诊断,(7 herds 1982-84 O.Nir,-1982-1984,年的,7,个牛群,),Epidemiology-Incidence&Prevalence,流行性病学,-,发病率,&,流行性,Incidence:,发病牛群,4,days to 6 weeks after calving in,high producing cows,产后,4,天,-6,周高产牛,Prevalence:,发病率,Rates of ketosis in the Israeli herd 20%,以色列牛群酮病发病率约,20%,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,25,Year,年份,Season,季节,Herd-Some herds high incidence in heifers,牛群,-,部分牛群后备牛发病率较高,Total Mixed Rations,全混合日粮（,TMR,）,Epidemiology,-general,流行病学,-,常见,Risk Factors,发病原因,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,26,Lactation Incidence Rate,(LIR),by,Year,泌乳期发病率（,LIR,）,-,全年,Shpigel et al 1996,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,27,LIR by,Season,泌乳期发病率,-,按季节,Shpigel et al 1996,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,11.6,17,12.7,6.1,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,Jan-Mar,1-3,月,Apr-Jun,4-6,月,July-Sept,7-9,月,Oct-Dec,10-12,月,Season,季节,LIR(%),泌乳期发病率,28,LIR by,Herd,泌乳期发病率,-,按牛群,Shpigel et al 1996,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,26.9,25,16.4,11.8,6.1,3.8,3.7,2.9,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,66,88,10,55,15,63,56,Herd,牛群,LIR(%),29,Parity Lactation Incidence Rate,(LIR),increases with Lactation no.,(parity),胎次,-,随着胎次的增加发病率也提高,High-yielding,高产牛,Long dry period,干奶期过长,Excessive BCS at dry off or at calving,干奶,/,产犊时体况变化大,Uterine disorders Twins,RP,Metritis,ect.,子宫扭转,-,双胎，胎衣不下，子宫炎等,Displaced Abomasum,真胃变位,Epidemiology,Individual cow,Risk,Factors,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Feb 12,30,LIR by,Parity,按胎次,Shpigel et al 1996,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Ketosis and Fertility,酮病和繁殖率,Herds with Effects of Yield on Fertility*,%adversely affected by,NEB,&other,factors,牛群产量对繁殖的印象,牛群存在能量负平衡或其他原因,(148 Herds,2007),*Oded Nir,2010,Ketosis and Production,酮病和产奶量,Peak,Persistency and Negative Energy,Balance(NEB)1st Lactations,Cows*,(8882,cows in 86,herds),头胎牛泌乳峰值，持续力及能量负平衡（,NEB,）,-86,个牛群的,8882,头牛,1%persistency=304.0 lbs in 305 days,1%,持续力,=305,天产量为,304L,*Oded Nir,2010,33,Diagnosis,of,ketosis,酮病的诊断,Tamir Goshen,Testing for,ketonuria,酮体的检测,Urine and Milk Tests,尿检和牛奶检测,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,34,Low milk production,Poor,appetite,低奶量和采食量下降,Routine postpartum,examination,5-12 days,产后,5-12,天检查,Primary,ketosis,酮病（仅）,Vaginal and Rectal,Examination,阴道和直肠检查,Retained placenta,Metritis,LDA,MF,胎衣不下、子宫炎、,真胃变位和产褥热,Normal,正常,Ketonuria,酮体,=,1.5 mmol/L,Complicated,ketosis,酮病综合征,Examination,protocol,检查规程,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,35,Rabies,狂犬病,Listeriosis,李氏杆菌病,CCN,BSE-Mad Cow Disease,.,疯牛病,Lead,poisoning,铅中毒,Grass,tetany,低血镁症,Claviceps,paspali poisoning,雀稗麦角菌,Differential,Diagnosis of ketosis Nervous form,酮病的鉴别诊断,36,Clinical,Pathology,临床病理学,Blood,:,血检,Glucose,血糖,BHBA,羟丁酸,Acetoacetate,乙酰乙酸,NEFA(FFA,),游离脂肪酸,Liver,enzymes,肝脏酶,Urine,:,尿检,Acetoacetate,乙酰乙酸,BHBA,羟丁酸,Milk,:,牛奶检测,Acetoacetate,乙酰乙酸,BHBA,羟丁酸,37,Problematic,herds-all postparturient,cows,亚健康牛群,-,所有产后牛,Other herds,:,其他牛群,-Sick,cows,病牛,-Dry for 70,days,干奶天数,70,天,-Dry off BCS =,3.75,干奶时体况评分,3.75,BSC Loss in the dry period=,0.5,干奶期体况下降超过,0.5,分的牛只,-Milk production 25/30,L,25L,产量,30L,Which cow should be tested,?,应检测哪头牛？,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Negative Energy Balance at Calving(1),产后能量负平衡（,1,）,the Familiar Pattern,Herd#1,相近的牛只,-,牛群,1,Calving traits,产后指标,First lactation,头胎牛,Second lactation,2,胎,a.Total calved,总产犊,259,555,i.%with ketosis,酮病比例,40.2,(8.3),21.1,(14.0),The routine test is partially efficient,90/176 (51.1%)of cows with NEB were missed,检测程序明显有效，,51.1%,（,176,头中的,90,头）的能量负平衡牛只未再出现,38,Oded Nir,2011,Calving traits,产后指标,First lactation,头胎,Second lactation,2,胎,a.Total calved,总产犊,224,712,i.%with ketosis,酮病比例,1.4,(8.3),4.6,(14.0),The routine test is of no value 121/130(98.8%)of cows with NEB were missed,检测程序没有价值：,98.8%,（,130,头中的,121,）没有再出现,NEB at Calving-“the Smeller”Herd#2,产后能量负平衡,-,牛群,2,（牛群较小）,39,Oded Nir,2011,3,胎,二胎,头胎,头胎,二胎,3,胎,NEB at Calving -the Late Pattern(PH),Calving traits,产后指标,First lactation,投胎,Second lactation,2,胎,a.Total calved,总产犊,82,61,i.%with ketosis,酮病比例,0.0,(8.3),1.7,(14.0),No routine test.26/27(96.3%)of cows with NEB were missed,没有检测程序：,96.3%,（,27,头中的,26,）没有再出现,40,Oded Nir,2011,Diagnosing Ketosis,酮病诊断,Conventional methods of diagnosing ketosis are not satisfactory-,afflicted animals may be missed and healthy cows may needlessly receive treatments.,酮病诊断方法不尽人意,-,牛只痛苦并健康牛只无需接受治疗,Oded Nir,2010,Ketosis in afifarm by afilab,阿菲牧魔盒对酮病的检测,Diagnosis of ketosis by,Fat/Protein,Ratio in,Milk,酮病诊断,-,牛奶中的脂蛋比,Ketosis events,酮病事件,Oded Nir,2010,Ketosis Treatment,酮病,-,治疗,Dextrose infusion(IV):,The most rapid and direct way of supplying,blood glucose.,静脉注射,-,最直接最见效的补糖方法,Hormonal treatment(IM):Glucocorticoids,(Dexamethasone),激素治疗,-,糖皮质激素,-,地塞米松,Oral,sugar precursors:Sodium propionate and propylene glycol are two oral,sugar precursors.They,can be fed,or drenched at a rate of 250-450 gr per day usually following glucose or hormonal treatment.,口服糖：丙酸钠和丙二醇。每天灌服,250-450gr,，通常也进行静脉注射葡萄糖或激素辅助治疗,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,15/04/2025 11:17,44,Treatment,治疗,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Cost Benefit Ratio of Ketosis Rx,酮病治疗成本与价值比例,10,2,损失,Loss,治疗,Treat,Ins,Farm,牧场,Farm,牧场,Nadav Galon,Ketosis Prevention,酮病,-,预防,Avoid,over-conditioned cows in late lactation and dry period.,Body condition score,should be 3-3.5 at calving,.,泌乳末期和干奶期避免体况过肥。产犊时体况在,3-3.5,分,Feed,2-4 kg of grain per cow during the close-up period(3 weeks before calving,).,围产期（围产期）饲喂,2-4kg,谷物,Encourage,maximum energy intake after calving by feeding high quality forages,.,产后饲喂优质粗饲料以增加牛只能量采食量,Feed,total mixed rations if possible.If not,limit grain intake to 2-4 kg per feeding,.,如果可能饲喂,TMR,。没有,TMR,，限制2-4kg,谷物采食量,Oded,Nir 2012,Kronfeld,1970,Sodium,propionate,丙酸钠,Glycerol,甘油,Propylene,Glycol,丙二醇,Radostits,1989,Sodium,propionate,丙酸钠,Propylene,Glycol,丙二醇,Monensin,莫能菌素,11ICPD,2001,Niacin,烟酸,Glycerol,甘油,Propylene,glycol,丙二醇,M,erck Vet Manual,2010,2010,年,Merk,兽医手册,Niacin,烟酸,Methionine,蛋氨酸,Sodium(calcium)propionate,丙酸钠,/,钙,Rumen protected choline,过瘤胃胆碱,Propylene Glycol,丙二醇,Ketosis Prevention,酮病预防,48,Ketosis interrelations with fatty liver,酮病与脂肪肝相关性,Ketosis in ruminants is a disease of the,peripa,r,turient,period caused by impaired metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and is interrelated with fatty liver,.,反刍动物酮病与围产前期碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱及脂肪肝相关联。,Biochemically,-the disease characterized by:,生化理性,-,该疾病特点,Ketonemia.,酮血症,Ketonuria,.,酮尿,Hypoglycemia.,低血糖,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,49,Fatty Liver Syndrome,脂肪肝综合症,Lipomobilization,syndrome,Fatty infiltration of the liver in,cattle,牛只肝脏脂肪外渗,Fat cow,syndrome,牛只肥胖综合症,“Goose Liver,”,肝肿大,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,50,Low,milk,production,产量下降,Anorexia,Depression,Weakness,厌食、消沉、体弱,Rumen atony,GIT ileus-scant mucoid,便黄且稀,前胃迟缓、肠梗阻,-,粘液分泌不足、,Mild icterus(rarely visible clinically,),轻微黄疸,-,临床不常见,Nervous signs:staring gaze,holding head high,muscle tremors,coma,神经紧张：发呆、仰头、肌肉痉挛、昏迷,Recumbency,death,卧地、死亡,Fatty Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Clinical Signs,临床表现,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,51,Hypoglycemia,低血糖,Ketonemia&,Ketonuria,酮血、酮尿,Elevated blood NEFA,Bilirubin,Liver,enzymes,血液中游离脂肪酸、胆红素、肝脏酶浓度上,Decreased,blood cholesterol,albumin,TG,血液中胆固醇、白蛋白及甘油三酯浓度降低,Prolonged BSP clearance test,延长,BSP,清除测试,Fatty Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Clinical Pathology,临床病理学,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,52,Fatty,Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Diagnosis,诊断,History,发病历史,Clinical,signs,临床表现,Clinical,pathology,临床病理学,Liver biopsy-the only reliable method accurately estimating the degree of fatty,liver,肝脏活体组织,-,唯一用来准确评估脂肪肝患病程度的方法,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,53,Treat,accompanying,conditions,治疗并发情况,Some cows response to treatment,:,一些牛只治疗效果,Parenteral glucose,infusion,补糖,Glucocorticoids,?,糖皮质激素,B,vitamins VB,Oral fluids and electrolytes,口服液体或电解质,Trans-faunation,Rumen,stimulants,瘤胃刺激,Oral propylene glycol or sodium,propionate,口服丙二醇或丙酸钠,Glucagon,胰高血糖素,Fatty Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Treatment,治疗,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,54,Guarded,监测,Severe,cases-poor,prognosis,极端病例,-,治疗无效,Salvage slaughter,屠宰,Fatty Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Prognosis,预测,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,55,Fatty Liver,Syndrome,脂肪肝综合征,Glucagon treatment in fatty,liver,胰高血糖素治疗脂肪肝,10 mg/day for 2,days2,连续两天：,10,mg/,天,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,0,2,14,Days after treatment,治疗后天数,%Liver triglycerides,肝脏甘油三酯浓度,Contro,l,对照组,Glucagon,注射胰高血糖素,56,Left Displaced,Abomasum,真胃变位,Definition,定义,LDA is an entrapment of the abomasum between the rumen and the left abdominal,wall,真胃变位（,LDA,）是真胃（皱胃）被瘤胃和腹壁包裹,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,57,Etiology-LDA,真胃变位病原学,Not fully,understood,发病原因不全被研究出,Multifactorial,多种原因,A prerequisite for development of LDA is hypomotility and gaseous distention of the,abomasum,LDA,的一个发病原因是肠胃蠕动缓慢及皱胃鼓气,There might be an association of LDA with,:,与,LAD,可能相关联：,Malfunctions at the level of the intrinsic nervous,system,神经系统机能紊乱,Impaired cholinergic muscle,response,胆碱能肌肉反射受损,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,58,Risk,Factors LDA,致病原因,TMR or grain,feedingTMR/,精料,Ketosis,酮病,Retained,placenta,胎衣不下,Primary,metritis,早期子宫炎,Twins,双胎,Stillbirth,死胎,Low milk yield,previous lactation,泌乳早期产量过低,Low feed intake before and after,calving,产前和产后采食量过少,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,59,Tamir Goshen,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,-1,1,2,DA,变位牛,NORMAL,正常牛,-,2.00,4.00,6.00,8.00,10.00,12.00,14.00,16.00,18.00,DMI(Kg/day),干物质采食量（,DMI,）,kg.,天,Time from calving(weeks),产后时间,.-,周,DMI intake in normal and DA cows,正常牛只和变位牛只干物质采食量对比,60,Tamir Goshen,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,-1,1,2,DA,NORMAL,0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.25,1.5,1.75,2,2.25,2.5,DMI(%BW/day),DMI-,体重,%/,天,Time from calving(weeks),产后时间,-,周,DMI intake in normal and DA cows,正常牛只和变位牛只干物质采食量对比,61,Large size,high producing adult dairy,cattle,高产牛,8-14 weeks calves and in 21 months and older,heifers,产后,8-14,周至泌乳,21,月及月龄较大的后备牛（新投产）,Rare condition in beef cattle,and very rare in,sheeps,体况差的肉牛，养较少见,Approximately 90%of the cases world wide are in the first 6 weeks after,calving,全世界,90%,的病例常见于产后,6,周,Epidemiology-Incidence&Prevalence,流行病学,-,发病率及流行性,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,62,Incidence-0.2-1.6%in,Denmark,丹麦,-,发病率：,0.2-1.6%,In Israel the incidence is 1%in 1,st,calf heifers and 1.5%in cows(best quartile,2003,),以色列头胎牛发病率,1%,，成母牛发病率,1.5%,In Israel more then 90%of the DAs are to the,left,在以色列,90%,的变位是左侧变位,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Epidemiology-Incidence&Prevalence,流行病学,-,发病率及流行性,63,Clinical,Signs LDA,临床表现,Inappetence,almost,anorexia,食欲不振，几近厌食,Marked drop in milk,production,产量下降,Varying degree of,ketosis,不同程度酮病,Feces-reduced in volume and softer than,normal,粪便,-,量减少且较平时稀松,Decreased ruminal movements-both frequency and,intensity,瘤胃迟缓,频率和强度均减弱,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,64,Left side“ping”in combined auscultation and percussion,.,听诊左侧有金属叩击声,In some cases-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation due to the metabolic alkalosis,.,一些病例,-,因代谢性碱中毒，阵发性心房颤动,On rectal examination-small empty rumen,the displaced abomasum is rarely palpated,.,直肠检查,-,瘤胃小且空，皱胃几乎不可触摸到,Fat cows may develop sever ketosis and fatty liver syndrome,.,肥胖牛可能发展成急性酮病及脂肪肝综合征,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,Clinical Signs LDA,临床表现,65,Auscultation,&,Percussion,听诊,&,叩诊,periparturiant disease complex,Tamir Goshen,66,“Ping”,location,叩击声位置,LDA,真胃,变位,