美国文学课后习题.doc

Uniｔ２　 Ｅdgar　Ａllan Poe
1) Who　ｉｓ the nａｒrａtｏｒ?　Whaｔ　wrｏng ｄoes he wanｔ ｔo　rｅｄrｅｓs?
It is Ｍoｎtresｏｒ. Forｔunatｏ　has　givｅn　Ｍoｎtreｓｏr tｈousａnｄs oｆ　iｎｊｕｒieｓ ｔhａt ｈe haｓ　to　bｅar　ｂeｆore he has this opporｔｕnity oｆ taｋiｎｇ revenge.

2) What iｓ　the　pｒｅtexｔ　Montrｅsor uses ｔo　lure Ｆortunado to ｈiｓ wine　ｃｅllaｒ?
He claｉｍs ｔhat ｈｅ has jｕst　got a　casｋ ｏf Amｏnｔilａｄo anｄ sｔoｒes it　in the　wine　celｌar beforｅ hｅ may finｄ a ｃonnoｉsseｕr　ｔｏ ｔｅstify to　its autｈentiｃity．

3) What happｅns ｔo　Ｆortunaｄo in　ｔhｅ　ｅｎd?
Ｔhe　deceｉved Forｔunaｄｏ is killed beｃaｕse oｆ his inａbilｉｔｙ oｆ getting　ｏut ｏｆ the cａtacomｂ．

4) Ｄeｓcｒibｅ briefly how Ｐoｅ ｃhａracteｒiｚｅs Moｒｔreｓor　anｄ Fｏrtｕnado ａs　ｃontrasｔs．
Pｏｅ　chaｒaｃteｒｉzes Mortreｓor and Forｔunａdo as seeminｇｌy　conｔｒasｔｉｎｇ cｈaracterｓ chieｆly bｙ　presｅnｔing tｈeir ｉdentical ｈabｉｔ ｉn　wiｎｅ　and their dｉffereｎt ｍaｎｎers　tｏwaｒｄs　each othｅr, ｂut actｕalｌｙ　hｅ intenｄｓ ｔo show　soｍe sｉｍiｌａrly　ｄｅfective ａspｅｃts in ｔｈeiｒ nature. Ｔhe　simｉlarity in tｈeir ｎature is ａlｓo sｕｇｇesteｄ by tｈeiｒ names aｓ sｙnoｎyｍｓ in　Iｔalｉaｎ: Mortrｅsoｒ mｅans “foｒtune” while Foｒtunado　“treａｓuｒe”. Their ｄefｅctivｅ　ｎａｔｕre　is　hｉghlｉghted whｅｎ the ｒevenger Mortresoｒ， who　ｉs　ｆｕlｌy pｒeｐaｒed　on pｓｙｃｈolｏgicａl　ａnｄ　operatｉng lｅvels, ｔhrows　thｅ　hａrdly prepared　buｔ ｔotａｌlｙ　decｅived　wroｎg-doer Foｒtunado iｎto the dｅep aｎd damｐ catａcomb ａnd ｂｌockｓ　up　its enｔｒanｃe ｗith hｕge rocｋｓ.

Unｉｔ ７ 19th　Ｃenｔury American Poets
1. Heｎry Wadswｏrth　Longfellｏｗ
(1) I　Ｓhoｔ an Ａrrｏw…
1.　Why did the speakｅr losｅ sight　oｆ　his ａrｒow and soｎg？
Thｅ arrｏw ｆlieｓ too swiftly　and ｔoo ｆａr aｗaｙ　to be ｓeen by　tｈe　sｐeaker； whereas　tｈｅ　sｏng　ｉｓ naturａllｙ　invｉsiｂle.

2. In what circumstanｃｅs did he find thｅm ａgaｉn?
He　findｓ　ｔhem ｕnexpectedly years latｅr frｏｍ　ｔhe truｎｋ　ｏf ａ tree　ａnｄ　tｈｅ　heaｒt ｏf　ａ frienｄ.

3. Whａt do aｒrow　anｄ　song staｎｄ for ｉn　this pｏeｍ?
Tｈe imａgｅs of ａrｒｏｗ　ａnｄ soｎg　here may　staｎｄ　for ｆriｅndshiｐ.
(2) Ａ Ｐsalｍ of Life
1. Wｈat kind ｏf person　ｉs　thｅ sｐeakｅr oｆ tｈis ｐｏem?
The speａｋｅr is a ｍan　ｏｆ action, aｌｗaｙs　ｏptｉmｉstic anｄ chｅerful, ｔryinｇ to achieｖe aｓ　muｃｈ　ａs poｓｓible　in　the　short sｐan of lｉｆe.

２. Ａccordｉｎg ｔo tｈe poem ｈｏｗ shoulｄ oｕr lives ｂe led ｔo　ovｅrcｏme ｔｈe faｃt　thaｔ eaｃｈ day　brinｇs　ｕｓ　nearer　to death?
Ｗｅ ｓhoulｄ ｗork harder and　ｌｉve happiｅr．

３. Ｉnｔeｒpret ｔhe mｅtaｐhｏr　of "Foｏtprｉｎtｓ ｏn thｅ sａnd of　time＂　（lｉｎe　28)．
The　metapｈｏr　refeｒs ｔo hｕman ｄeeds in reaｌ life．

２． Waｌt Whｉtmａn
(1)Oｎe＇ｓ Selｆ　I　Sing

１. What is　the　ｓｉgｎifiｃance of singinｇ ａbｏut one＇s self?
Ｉt ｉs an　exalｔatiｏn　of the indｉviｄual sｐirｉt, wｈiｃｈ ｉs typｉcａl　of Amｅriｃａn　peopｌe．

2.　What is ｔｈe　dｉffeｒence betweeｎ　phｙsiｏloｇｙ aｎd phyｓiｏgnomｙ?
Ｐhｙｓiｏlｏgy ｉｓ a sｃience　ｔｈat deaｌs ｗｉｔｈ ｔhe　ｆuｎctions and liｆe　ｐrocｅss　oｆ　human　beinｇs， whｅｒeas pｈyｓiognoｍy refers ｔo　ａn art of ｊuｄｇing chaｒacｔeｒ ｆrom　cｏntours ｏf face ｉtself　or ｔhe ａppｅaｒａnce of　a peｒson.

３．　Wｈat doeｓ Whitｍan　mean ｂｙ the teｒm oｆ　"thｅ Ｍodｅｒn　Mａn＂?
He meanｓ that a ｍan should ｂe　freｅ　ｆrom ａnｙ ｐrｅjｕdiｃｅ　aｎd　pride, ｔotａlly difｆｅrent frｏm tｈe trａditｉonａl one, tｈat is fulｌ of bｉas.
(3) Ｏ Ｃaｐtain！ Mｙ　Caｐtain!
1. Whｙ is tｈe worｄ ＂Ｃaptain＂　capiｔalized throughｏｕt ｔhe　pｏem?
In　tｈiｓ　poeｍ tｈｅ woｒd “Cａptaｉn”　specially ｒefers ｔo Ａbｒaham　Ｌiｎcoｌn， presidｅnt of thｅ Ｕｎiｔed Sｔaｔes.

2. Ｗhat oveｒaｌl ｍetaｐhor does the ｐoeｔ emｐloy　in this pｏem？
Lifｅ is a ｊoｕrnｅy.

3. Why do people oｎ the sｈoreｓ exulｔ and bells riｎg, wｈile the speakｅr rｅmａｉns sｏ sad？
Tｈｅy welcｏmｅ ｔhe ship reｔurnｉnｇ　ｆrom　its ｈard trip,　whereas ｔhe sｐｅaｋｅr ｉs ｓａd becaｕse　the cａｐtain ｆails ｔo　receｉve　hiｓ　oｗn　ｈoｎor.

3.Emily Dｉｃkiｎson
(1) To　Mａke　ａ Pｒaｉriｅ …
1. Ｗhat thingｓ　arｅ neｅdeｄ ｔo　"make＂ a praｉｒie? Iｎ ｗhaｔ　sensｅ　caｎ　onｅ really do ｉt?
Ｓome grａss and insects and smaｌl animａｌs. Peopｌe can ｍake ａ prairie　ｗitｈ theiｒ iｍaｇinａｔion.

2. Ｈｏｗ cａｎ "rｅｖery ａｌone"　create　a　praiｒiｅ？
The　prairｉe stays ｉn one＇s ｍind.
(2)　Suｃcess　Is Cｏunted Swｅeｔest
1. Whｙ is ｓucｃesｓ ＂couｎtｅｄ ｓweetesｔ by thoｓe　who ne'er succeｅd"?
Ｔhosｅ whｏ haｖe ｔastｅd ｔhｅ ｂitternｅss ｏf ｆaiｌuｒe　wouｌd　ｈave　a keenｅr desire for　ｓuccesｓ.

2. Ｗｈo are "tｈe　ｐurplｅ　host"?
The　so-caｌled ｓuccessful peopｌe ｉn　the worｌd.

３. Wｈo is　"ｈｅ＂ iｎ the lasｔ stanｚa?
Anyone ｗｈo　ｉｓ pｕrｓuing hiｓ succｅss.
(3) I'ｍ Ｎobody!
1． Wｈo are the "ｐａir ｏf　us＂ and ＂they＂ iｎ ｔhｉs poeｍ?
Ｔhe ＂pａir of us"　refers　to　the　spｅakｅr　iｎ　the poem and　thｅ reader, ａｎd "they＂ ｒefers to ｔｈｅ publiｃ,　ｅｓpeｃiaｌlｙ ｔｈoｓe　in ｐowｅｒ.

2． Ｗhaｔ does "an aｄｍiｒing bog"　really mｅan?" (linｅ 28）．
Iｔ Ｉmplies the vaiｎ and　empty commoｎ ｐeoｐlｅ, who ａre　aｌｗays ａdｍiring and pursuiｎg the　celebrities.

3． What is the　ｔｈemｅ　ｏf this ｐoeｍ?
Ｔｈe ｒeａl　ａdｍirable lｉfｅ ｉs a ｓecludｅd ａnd common ｏne．

4． Do yｏu　want　to be ＂nobｏdy＂ ｏr　"ｓomebody"？ Expｌain youｒ　reasoｎｓ．
Diffｅrｅnｔ personｓ　would ｈave　diffｅｒeｎｔ　aｎswers to this ｑueｓtion．　Pｅrsoｎally,　I　prｅfeｒ　to bｅ nｏbody．

Unｉt 17　20th-Cｅｎtury Americａn Pｏｅts
1． Eｚｒa Pｏund
In　A Ｓtaｔiｏｎ　oｆ　thｅ Meｔro
1． Why dｏeｓ the poet caｌl ｔｈe faceｓ　of pedestrianｓ "aｐpariｔiｏn"？
These　ｐｅｄeｓtｒiaｎｓ　are　ａll ｗaｌking ｉn ａ hurry amidst the　driｚzling　rａｉn.

２． Whａt　do　"petalｓ" ａｎd　"bouｇh＂ ｓｔanｄ for?
Petaｌs　ｒefer ｔo the　facｅs　whｉｌｅ thｅ bough staｎdｓ fｏr thｅ ｆｌoatiｎg crｏwd.

2.　Wallaｃe Stｅvens
Ａnｅcdｏte oｆ tｈe Jar
1. What does the ｊar ｉn ｐoem syｍbolｉｚe？ Why doｅｓ　thｅ ｓpｅaｋer ｐlace　it ｏn toｐ　ｏf a hill?
The ｊaｒ　hｅre symｂolｉzes a ceｒtain pｅｒｓpectivｅ on lookｉng at　thｉs world． Ｉf thｅ ｐeｒsｐｅｃtiｖｅ of the　vieｗing iｓ creaｔive and ｕniqｕｅ， it wｉｌl ｃhange thｅ　convｅnｔiｏnal oｒdeｒ oｆ　ｔhe olｄ wｏrld. Ｗhen a nｅw perspｅcｔive　ｃomｅs oｕt， it ｗilｌ ｃertaiｎly ｈold ａtteｎtion from tｈe resｔ.

２. The ｊar ｉs "round" and "ｏf　a ｐorｔ in aiｒ," meａniｎg that ｉt　hａs a sｔatｅlｙ iｍportanｃｅ.　Ｗhat effect does it　ｈａｖe oｎ　surｒouｎdingｓ wheｎ plａcｅd oｎ the ground?
Mayｂe　tｈe　ｒound jａｒ　assumｅs　the ａir　of a domｉneｅrｉｎｇ ｆigurｅ,　ｗｈich ｈelpｓ ｔo ｆoｒm ａ cerｔain　order ouｔ oｆ the disorｄered surroｕnｄing．

3. Hｏw　ｄｉｄ　tｈe　ｗilderness　of　Ｔenneｓsee chaｒaｃterizeｄ? Whａt ｗｏｒdｓ　or phrases　does thｅ pｏet ｕse to describｅ it?
Teｎnｅssee seems to a place　ｆuｌl　of ｌｉfe and ｅnｅrgｙ. “Ｓloveｎly,” “sｐrawl” aｎd “ｗiｌd”　are somｅ　oｆ the　ｗords useｄ to　ｄescrｉbe the plaｃe. (Ｓee　Anecｄoｔe of the Jar ）

3. William Carlos　Wｉlliams
Wｉlｌiａm Caｒloｓ Wilｌiaｍｓ
1. How dｏeｓ tｈe ｆirst two　liｎｅs　diffｅｒ　ｆrom thｅ oｔhｅr pairs of lｉnｅs？
Eａｃh of thｅ lａｓt　three ｃｏupleｔs ｃreatｅｓ a visｕal imａge　(“a red wheelｂａrｒow，” “gｌazed with rａinｗａter,” ａｎd “ｔhｅ whitｅ ｃhickｅns”), wｈerｅａs ｔhe firｓt one does　nｏt.

2. Ｗhat iｓ the most　vｉsｕally compelｌing worｄ in eａcｈ of the last tｈｒｅe ｐaｉｒs　of ｌineｓ?
They　are “red,　glａzed aｎｄ ｗhite”． (See EXPLAＮATION: “The　Rｅｄ　Wheelbarrｏw” bｅｌｏw）

3. Whａt　is　the meaning of "depends ｕpon" in　ｔｈe ｆirsｔ　ｐaiｒ　ｏf lines?
Ｔhe ｏpeｎinｇ lineｓ set the　tone for the ｒeｓｔ of　ｔhe　ｐoem． Since　the poｅm ｉｓ ｃompｏsｅd of one ｓｅｎｔence　ｂroken up　ａｔ varｉｏｕs inｔｅrｖａls, ｉt is ｔrｕtｈfｕｌ to say　tｈat 'so mｕch dｅｐends upon'　ｅacｈ lｉｎe oｆ thｅ poｅm. This　ｉs so bｅcａｕse　the ｆorｍ oｆ ｔhe ｐoｅm iｓ aｌso iｔs mｅａｎing.　Ｔｈiｓ may　seem coｎfusing, but　by the end ｏｆ　ｔhｅ　poem the　image of　ｔhe wｈeｅlbａrrow ｉs seeｎ　as thｅ aｃｔual ｐoｅm，　as　ｉｎ a ｐaintinｇ ｗhen　ｏｎe seｅs aｎ　imａgｅ　of an apple, ｔhe　aｐple represents ａn actuａl obｊect ｉn realｉty, bｕt since　it iｓ part of ａ ｐainｔiｎg the aｐple aｌｓo becomes　thｅ aｃtｕａl　pｉｅce of art. Tｈｅse ｌines are　also impｏｒｔａｎt　ｂeｃaｕsｅ theｙ intｒoduce the idｅａ tｈat 'so mucｈ deｐends uｐon＇ ｔｈe　wheelbarrow．SEE　ansｗer 1.

4.Robeｒｔ Ｆroｓt
(1)Fｉre　ａｎd Ｉｃe
１. What　are tｈｅ symboｌic meaniｎgs oｆ ｆiｒe　iｎ　ｔhis pｏｅｍ?
Fiｒe ｓｙmboｌｉｚes natuｒal disａstｅｒ, huｍan passiｏn, as well ａｓ　war．

2． Ｗhy does tｈe spｅａker say thaｔ　ice iｓ ａlｓo　grｅat for　desｔrucｔioｎ? Expｌaｉn wｈat　ice sｔands foｒ heｒe.
Ｉce, oｐpose　to fire,　is　alｓo a drｅadfｕｌ　natｕｒａｌ disastｅr ｉn thiｓ world, and ice iｓ alwａyｓ related to　ｉndiｆferｅnce, cｏlｄness， hatred,　ａnd ｔhe otheｒ　negａtive seｎtiments of ｈumaｎ bｅinｇs.

3. Wｈａt is ｙoｕr ｏｐinion abｏut fiｒｅ aｎｄ ｉce? Whicｈ one is　ｍorｅ　ｄesｔｒuctｉve?
Both　ｆｉre　aｎd　iｃe　can destroy this beａutiful wｏｒｌｄ iｆ thｅy are　ｂｅｙond　cｏntroｌ　of hｕmaｎ　beinｇｓ.　Thereｆorｅ　we ｓhould ｂe ｏpeｎ-mｉｎded ａnd　reduce our preｊｕdice　aｎd ｐｒide　ｓo　aｓ tｏ ｋeep tｈis worlｄ ｉn　ｐeace.

（2)Stoｐping By Ｗoods On a Snoｗy Eveｎｉng
1. In yｏur　opiｎｉon, what was the　reａｓon　thａt made the speakeｒ stｏｐ ｂｙ tｈe ｗoods on ａ snowy eｖenｉng?
The　ｐoet　waｓ deeｐlｙ attracteｄ bｙ ｔhｅ naｔurａl　ｂeaｕty of the ｓcｅnｅ aｔ that　very momｅnt.

2. Ｗhy diｄ　the hoｒｓe　give　thｅ hａrｎｅss ｂeｌl a　sｈake?
Thｅ hｏｒse grｅw　impatｉent by ｓtoppｉnｇ ｉn the miｄdlｅ of ｔhe ｄark，　cｏlｄ　woods at midｎｉghｔ. Iｔ waｓ ｅager ｔo　go ｈｏｍe.

3. Whｙ　ｃｏuldn't ｔhe　speａkｅr ｓｔaｙ　longｅr by the woodｓ　to ａppｒｅcｉatｅ iｔｓ mysteriouｓ beａuty？
He realizｅd thａt ｉt ｗａs　late aｔ　niｇht anｄ he　wｏuld　have to hurry ｈｏme to ｇeｔ some fooｄ aｎd ｓleｅp, bｅｃause the nｅxt　moｒning　he woｕｌd have a loｔ of ｗoｒk tｏ do．
4． What　is　the effecｔ of　reｐetitｉｏｎ iｎ the　lａｓt ｔwｏ ｌiｎｅs?
Tｈe ｒeｆrain－like　rｅpetiｔion　in ｔｈe ｌast two ｌiｎes ｒeminds the　ｒeａdｅr a siｍpｌｅ ｆaｃt oｆ life:　whaｔeｖer happｅns,　one　must　go　foｒｗａｒd iｎ　the　journey oｆ　his oｒ her ｌife.

(3) Ｔhe Roａd Nｏt Ｔａken
1．　Whａt is　thｅ sｐeａkeｒ's initial ｒesponse　ｔo tｈｅ divergencｅ of ｔhｅ　two　roadｓ?
Ｔhe ｓpeakeｒ is at ａ loss whｉch　roａd　he sｈould choose, and he　fｅeｌｓ sｏrry　that he canｎoｔ explore boｔh　roaｄs at thｅ　ｓaｍｅ time.

2. Dｅｓcribe the similaｒitｉｅs aｎd　dｉffｅrｅnces of tｈｅｓe ｔwo roads. Whｉcｈ onｅ doeｓ　tｈｅ speaｋer ｔaｋe?
Two roaｄs aｒｅ simｉlar ｅxcept　ｏne oｆ them ｉｓ ｍｏre　“ｇraｓsy,” wｈiｃｈ iｍplｉｅs tｈａｔ it　ｉｓ less　travelｅd ｂy　peoplｅ. The　ｓpeaｋｅｒ prefｅrｓ　the　less　traveled one, because ｈe　liｋes ａｄｖeｎturｅ．

3． What might ｔhe two　roads sｔａnd fｏr　iｎ　the　sｐeakeｒ's miｎd? 　
One ｒoad sｔａnｄs for　ｔhe　tradｉtionａl ｏnｅ anｄ　the otｈｅr　ｉs uncｏnvenｔional　ｏｎe and full ｏf challｅnges ａnｄ diｆficulties To folloｗ　other peopｌe's footsteｐs ｏr tｏ open a　new rｏaｄ for hｉmseｌf is ｒeａlly not　ａn easy decｉsｉoｎ for us ｔo maｋe in oｕｒ liｖeｓ．

5. Langston Hugheｓ
(１)Dreａms
1. Wｈy must we sｔｉck　to ouｒ　drｅaｍs?
If Gｏd is noｔ　tｈe firsｔ ｍoｖe　in oｕｒ ｌife， sｕrelｙ ｏur　ｄreams　are tｈe　ｓame.

2． What iｍagｅs ｄoeｓ tｈe poet ｅmｐloy ｔo dｅscrｉbe　tｈｅ　life onｃe we　ｌoｓe our　dreａmｓ?
Withouｔ drｅａｍs　oｕr lｉfe wiｌl ｂe a　brokｅn　birｄ　ａnd　a　barｒｅn fiｅld.　I　thiｎｋ without dreａm oｕr　liｆe wilｌ be a　grａnd shｉｐ dｒifｔｉng ｏn　ｔｈe vast oｃeaｎ, neveｒ kｎowiｎg its　destinａtｉon.

（2)Mｅ　Ａnd　Tｈｅ Mule
１.　Whｙ　dｏｅs the speaker idenｔify himｓelf with the mule？
Thｅy shaｒｅ a lｏt in their lｉｆe：　hard-woｒｋing ａnd　ｆull oｆ　strength, sｕｂｍissivenｅss　and kiｎｄness anｄ　honestｙ．

2. Ｗhaｔ fiｇurｅ　of sｐｅｅch dｏes ｔｈｅ ｐoet eｍploy　in ｄescribing ｔhｅ ｍule?
Pｅrsonｉｆicatｉon.