独立从句Dependent-Clauses.doc

Dｅｐeｎdent Cｌausｅs: Ａn Oveｒviｅw
Deｐendｅnｔ　ｃｌａuｓes mａy wｏrk ｌｉｋe　ａｄvｅrbs, adjｅctives, or nouns in comｐｌｅｘ senｔｅｎｃes．
Adveｒbiaｌ clausｅs
Ｌiｋe ａ sｉｎgle－woｒd　adｖｅrb, an ａdverbial ｃlauｓe deｓｃribes ａ verb (in the sentence＇s main clausｅ) and ａｎswers one　of thｅse quｅstiｏns
　where?          　why?           hｏw?           when？            to what degreｅ?
An　adveｒbial　clausｅ begins wiｔh　a　suboｒdinating　ｃoｎjｕncｔｉon，　wｈｉch makes ｔhｅ clausｅ　suｂordinａtｅ (ｄependent).
Cｏmｍoｎ suboｒdｉnatｉnｇ ｃonjuｎｃtiｏnｓ:
afｔeｒ
in orｄer (that）
unlｅｓs
alｔhouｇｈ
insofaｒ ａs
untiｌ
as
ｉｎ　tｈat
wｈｅn
as　far as
ｌest
whｅｎeｖer
as　ｓｏon as
no matｔer ｈow
wｈｅre
ａs　if
now thａt
wheｒever
ａｓ though
onｃe
wｈethｅr
bｅｃａuse
proｖiｄed (thaｔ)
ｗhｉle
ｂefore
ｓince
why
ｅｖen　if
ｓo thａt

evｅｎ though
sｕppoｓing （thaｔ)

ｈoｗ
than

iｆ
thａt

ｉnａsmｕｃｈ aｓ
ｔｈouｇh

in ｃase （tｈat）
tiｌl

  Ｅxaｍｐle ｏｆ ａdｖerbｉaｌ　cｌaｕse aｎswerｉｎg wｈen?

      Ｗheｎ wiｌl the flowers blooｍ?  　Anｓwer:  ｗhｅn ｓprｉｎg ａrrｉves
   Examplｅ of adｖｅrbial　claｕse answering whｙ?

     　  Whｙ didn't tｈｅ　poor womａn　havｅ moneｙ？  Ansｗer：  bｅcause she　had lost ｈer jｏｂ
  　Exａmple　oｆ adｖerbiaｌ　ｃlaｕse anｓweriｎg whｅre?

       Wｈere ｉｓ theｒｅ fiｒe?   Ａnswｅｒ：  wｈｅre there iｓ　smoｋｅ
   Ｅxaｍpｌe of adｖeｒbial clausｅ answｅrinｇ　ｈｏw？

        Ｈｏw　ｄid he ａnswｅr ｔｈe questｉｏn?  Aｎswer: 　ａs if he knew the　subject　ｑｕitｅ weｌl
       Ｅxamｐle of aｄvｅｒbｉal clause　answerinｇ ｔo ｗｈat deｇree?

       　To whａt　deｇｒee　ｏf ｌatｅness wiｌl Jones　arrive? 　Answeｒ：  (ｌａtｅr) thａｎ Ｓｍith (wiｌl aｒｒive）
    Anoｔhｅr ｅxample　ｏf　an ａｄverbial ｃlaｕse ａnｓｗeriｎg　to what　degrｅe?

       To　what dｅgree is　he young?  Answｅr: (ｙounｇｅr) ｔhan his brｏther (is)
Cｏｍma use with　adveｒｂial ｃlauses
Comｍa　uｓe ｗｉtｈ adverｂｉal　clａuses ｄependｓ upｏｎ placemｅｎt of　the ａdverbial clausｅ．
If thｅ adｖerｂial　ｃlausｅ　ｉntｒoduceｓ tｈｅ sentencｅ, ｐｌacｅ a coｍma ｂeｔween　ｉt　and ｔhe main　clause.

If ｔｈe　aｄverbｉaｌ ｃlａuｓｅ folloｗs the maｉn　claｕsｅ ｉｎ a　ｓentenｃe，　do ｎｏt pｌａcｅ a comma　ｂetｗeen the ｔwo．

Aｄjecｔivaｌ cｌａｕses
Ｌｉkｅ　ａ ｓingle-word　adｊectivｅ, ａn　aｄjeｃtivaｌ ｃlauｓe　dｅscｒｉbｅs a　noun　(in　the ｓenteｎcｅ's mａin clausｅ) aｎd answｅｒs ｏne　of　theｓe ｑｕeｓtions
  　                                  wｈiｃh one?            　      wｈat kind？      
An adｊectival clauｓe uｓuａｌly beｇins　with a relatｉve　ｐrｏnｏun, ｗhich makｅs tｈe claｕｓe subordiｎate （deｐｅndeｎt）．
Cｏmmｏn　ｒｅlatiｖe　ｐronouns：
                  that        　ｗhiｃh         ｗho        wｈoｍ        wｈosｅ 　why
NOTE:  Use　who, ｗhｏm, and　whoｓe ｔo deｓｃｒiｂｅ ｐeｏple．
               Ｕｓe　thａｔ and wｈich ｔo ｄescｒibe tｈings.
Adｊectivａl clauｓeｓ alｗays follｏw tｈe peｒｓｏn,　ｐlａｃe,　or ｔhｉng tｈｅy dｅscｒibｅ,　usuaｌly immediatｅly.
   Exａmｐle　ｏf adｊectｉvaｌ clausｅ ａnsｗering which ｏｎｅ?

       　Ｗｈich　bｏｏk dｉd　Ｊoe ｒeａd？  Ansｗer: 　thｅ oｎｅ that I gａｖe　hiｍ
  　Ｅxampｌe oｆ ａdjectival claｕsｅ ａnswerｉng wｈat kｉｎd?

        Ｗhat　kind of ｐｏｌiticiaｎ hａs thｅ ｓuppｏrt of the peｏple? 　Ａｎswｅr: 　onｅ ｗｈo is trｕsｔｗoｒｔhy
Adjeｃtｉvaｌ clausｅs may also bｅｇin witｈ sｅlectｅd　ｓubordiｎatiｎg　conｊｕncｔiｏns:
  　             whｅn  －　to descrｉｂe a　timｅ

                ｗhｅrｅ  - to ｄeｓcｒibe ａ ｐｌaｃｅ　    　

  　           　whｙ － to descｒｉbｅ　ａ　reason

Ｃomma use with adjectivａl ｃlaｕseｓ
Cｏmma　ｕse with adjectival clauses depeｎds　upon eｓｓenｔiａliｔy of tｈe ａdjｅｃtivaｌ claｕsｅ.
If the adjectivａｌ clause is esｓential （or "neeｄed")， no commas ｓｈouｌd be usｅｄ to seｐarate iｔ froｍ ｔhｅ maｉn clauｓe.  
Ｇeneｒalｌy,　essentｉal aｄｊeｃtｉvaｌ clauｓes ｓｈoｕld ｎot beｇｉｎ witｈ　whiｃｈ.
    Examｐｌes

    Ｓｉncｅ tｈe　aｄｊeｃtivaｌ　ｃlauses in ｔhe above eｘamｐles ａre ｎeeded to clarify the nｏun ｔhat they dｅsｃrｉｂe， thｅy arｅ　eｓsｅntiaｌ　aｎd　ｓhould nｏt be　sepａｒａtｅd froｍ　ｔhe resｔ of tｈe　ｓｅntence　witｈ　comｍaｓ.
Ｉf the　adjｅctival clａuse is nonessenｔｉaｌ (or "not nｅeded"),　ｃomｍas　ｓhoulｄ separａtｅ　ｉt froｍ　the ｍain ｃlause． 
 Noｎessenｔｉal adjeｃｔiｖａｌ　ｃlａuses　shouｌd noｔ　begiｎ ｗith ｔhat.
    Ｅxamples

    Since thｅ adｊeｃtiｖal clａuses in the　above exampｌｅs are ｎｏt nｅedｅd ｔo clarifｙ　ｔｈe noun　thaｔ　they ｄeｓcriｂe, tｈeｙ　are nonessential　and ｓhoulｄ ｂe ｓeparａted fｒom thｅ resｔ　oｆ tｈｅ sｅnteｎcｅ wｉth commas.
Nｏte the ｄifference　betｗeen ｔhe sｅｎtences iｎ each pair：

Ｎoｍinal Ｃlａuses
Lｉkｅ ａ nｏｕｎ, a　nｏminａl　ｃｌause　ｎａmes a person, place， thｉｎg, or　ideａ.  A noｍinal ｃｌaｕse　maｙ funｃtiｏn　in a sｅntｅnce ａs ａｎy　of ｔhe follｏｗiｎg:
Sｕｂjecｔ， subjective comｐleｍeｎt, aｐｐｏsitｉve, ｏbjｅct ｏf prepoｓition,　dｉrect object, iｎdirecｔ objecｔ, rｅtaｉnｅd obｊect
 Nominal ｃlauseｓ may ｂeｇin ｗitｈ　inｔeｒｒogatiｖｅｓ:
whｏ     whom   wｈａt    ｗhich    whoeveｒ   whｏmever    whaｔever    whｅn   whｅre    　how   ｗhy
An iｎteｒroｇatｉve　ｂeｇinniｎｇ ａ nomiｎaｌ ｃｌａｕｓe, has a fｕnｃtｉon　ｗithin the noｍｉnal　ｃlauｓｅ.
Eａcｈ　of　the followｉng exampleｓ ｉlｌustrates　
·    ａ nominal clause　
·    ｔｈe ｆｕｎction of　tｈe nominaｌ ｃｌause　ｗithin the senｔeｎce
·    tｈｅ functioｎ　of　ｔhe iｎterrｏｇative ｗithｉn tｈe noｍinal clause　
  　Nｏmｉｎaｌ clａｕsｅ　aｓ suｂjｅct　ｉn sentｅncｅ 

   Nｏminal clauｓe as　subjｅｃtive　complemｅnｔ in　ｓｅｎｔenｃe

  　Ｎominal　cｌauｓe as obｊｅｃt of preｐosｉtｉoｎ in seｎｔｅｎce

   Ｎomiｎａl　ｃlａusｅ　ａs direct　ｏｂjｅct　in seｎtenｃe   

  　Ｎominal clａuse　as indｉreｃt　objｅcｔ ｉn seｎｔｅｎｃe

   Nomｉnal clauｓe　as retaｉｎed oｂｊect in ｓenｔence 

Ｎomｉnal cｌａuｓes ｍaｙ alsｏ ｂｅgiｎ with ｅxpleｔｉves:
that       　ｗhetｈer       iｆ
Aｎ exｐlｅｔive　beginniｎｇ a nominaｌ ｃlaｕｓｅ has no funｃｔｉｏn within　thｅ ｎominal ｃlause．
  　Nominal clausｅ begiｎｎing wｉth expletivｅ thａt

  　Nominaｌ　cｌａuｓｅ bｅgｉｎｎｉｎg ｗｉth exｐletive ｗhｅther

   Nｏｍinａl ｃlausｅ ｂｅgiｎｎing　with expletiｖe if