学位论文-—汽车专业翻译save-our-air-with-hybird-electric-shool-buses.doc

Saving our Air with Hybrid Electric School Buses

A proposal by:

Advanced Energy, Institute for Transportation Research and Education, Duke Power, Progress Energy

Proposal No. 13-32720
NC Department of Administration
Office of Fiscal Management (Purchasing)
1306 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1306

Program Contact:
Ewan Pritchard, Engineer
Advanced Energy
909 Capability Drive, Suite 2100
Raleigh, NC 27606
919/857-9000
www.advancedenergy.org

Technical Proposal

Saving our Air with Hybrid Electric School Buses

A proposal by:

Advanced Energy, Institute for Transportation Research and Education, Duke Power, Progress Energy

Overview
The State Energy Office is well aware of the problems posed by the air quality issues facing the state. This proposal seeks to begin solving some of those problems through a partnership among the State Energy Office, Advanced Energy, and others who share these concerns. The benefits of this project include:
· Studying reduction of emissions by using hybrid electric buses, thus promoting subsequent benefits to air quality and health,
· Taking important steps towards solving non-attainment issues, thus ensuring that economic development in North Carolina is not jeopardized, and
· Potentially reducing the state’s dependence on foreign energy sources.

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulates and other pollutants pose significant health risks to North Carolina’s residents and their children, especially those with asthma or other lung conditions. Studies have shown that the amount of particulates inhaled by children on school buses creates a major threat to their lung development and pulmonary health.

Beyond the health risk, excessive pollutants also pose a serious risk to our economy. As many as 25 counties of North Carolina are soon to be declared in non-attainment due to ozone exceedances. This means that many counties will have reduced abilities to bring in new industries and developments. Federal road funds will be frozen, reducing funds to the state potentially in the hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The health and economics risks are compelling. We must move quickly to address them.

With more than 50% of ozone-producing emissions coming from the transportation sector, the proposal team listed above offers a proposal that has the potential to reduce NC nitrogen oxide (the major precursor of ozone) emissions by as many as 4,000 tons per year. This will not solve all of North Carolina’s air quality issues but could be one of several components with significant air quality benefits.

The proposal team offers to the North Carolina State Energy Office the opportunity to participate in the development of hybrid electric school buses. Each year 13,000 school buses roll through North Carolina roads, logging millions of miles and producing thousands of tons of emissions that affect the atmosphere and the health of the children who ride them. We propose to put in place a process that capitalizes on North Carolina strengths to design and build hybrid electric school buses.

The project will run in two phases, with a stop point between the two to assess results before continuing.

Advanced Energy has already formed a Hybrid Bus Advisory Group that has been engaged in work for the past six months. The Advisory Group includes members from the North Carolina Departments of Public Instruction, of Environment and Natural Resources, and of Transportation, along with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina State University, and the Institute for Transportation Research and Education. This advisory group will help develop a targeted education campaign for pertinent stakeholders—directed to school bus manufacturers, electric utilities, and the NC Department of Public Instruction.

The proposed deliverable of this project is the design, conversion, and use of a hybrid electric school bus in a real world setting. This will potentially be the first of as many as 13,000 hybrid electric buses in the state.

This proposal has the potential to produce significant impacts on the air quality, petroleum usage, and economic strength of the state while providing substantial health benefits to North Carolinians and their children.

Corporate Background and Experience
Advanced Energy’s experience with vehicles powered by alternative fuels dates back to April 1989, when we began testing a fullsize General Motors electric van at the Raleigh Housing Authority. The electric van was demonstrated and shown throughout the Carolinas and Virginia. The van project was followed in 1991 by the purchase of a Pontiac Fiero converted to electric operation for demonstration as a shortrange highway-speed commuter vehicle. This EV is still often used by Advanced Energy as a demonstration vehicle.

Advanced Energy has participated with the EV Challenge program for more than a decade. EV Challenge is an educational program directed to high school students that culminates with a competition of electric vehicles designed and operated by the students. For many years, Advanced Energy was the lead organization. Since the formation of EV Challenge as its own stand-alone organization, Advanced Energy has moved into a support role. This continues through today, the most recent competition having taken place in April 2003.

Advanced Energy has also been involved for more than 5 years with the Clean Cities program, which explores methods to reduce the impacts of transportation technologies.

Other related projects in the past few years include numerous demonstration projects and feasibility studies of a wide range of innovative technology in industrial settings. These feasibility studies include data gathering in real world settings to estimate operating and maintenance costs and capital investment needs. We work with a wide range of industries and interface with personnel from CEOs to machine operators to maintenance mechanics. Advanced Energy technology assessments have been widely used for many years to guide large capital investment projects.

Located in Raleigh, North Carolina, Advanced Energy is the national resource that focuses on industrial process technologies, motors and drives testing, and applied building science, with state-of-the-art testing and applied research laboratories. We are a non-profit corporation that creates economic and environmental benefits through innovative approaches to energy.

Advanced Energy was originally known as Alternative Energy Corporation, or AEC. We were founded by the North Carolina Utilities Commission in 1980—a time when electric rates had been rising due to increased power plant construction. The Utilities Commission saw AEC as a way to help the utilities avoid building new power plants by exploring alternative ways of producing electricity and by getting more work out of the electricity already available.

With the cooperation of the state's major electric utilities, the Utilities Commission set up funding to come from the electric ratepayers of the state—an investment equivalent to about 39 cents per person per year. The money is collected by member utilities and then passed along to Advanced Energy. The members are Dominion North Carolina, Duke Power, Progress Energy, and North Carolina’s electric cooperatives.

The corporation is governed by a Board of Directors with eight members appointed by the governor of North Carolina and four directors named by the member utilities.

In the years since 1980, we have carried out hundreds of projects for all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, industry, commercial, residential, governments and nonprofits, education, and utilities. On June 1, 1997, the North Carolina Alternative Energy Corporation, or AEC, became Advanced Energy. The emphasis on innovation and efficiency has not changed as Advanced Energy continues to build on a foundation of expertise and achievement in applied building science, motors and drives testing, and industrial process technologies.

Financial Statement
A copy of the most recent audited statement is included in the Cost Proposal packet.

Technical Approach
The Request for Proposals asks for projects that improve air quality and reduce imports of foreign petroleum. This project sets in motion a plan that achieves these goals as much as any.

With 13,000 school buses plying the roads of North Carolina and logging millions of miles, the opportunities are great for improving efficiency and reducing air emissions. These buses use as much as 20 million gallons of gasoline and diesel every year. Reducing those figures could have a significant impact on the petroleum imported into the state each year.

Probably most important, and the largest opportunity for change, is that recent studies by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others have shown that the air quality inside and around school buses has higher levels of pollutants. This puts our children at risk.

By producing school buses that use hybrid electric vehicle technology, we move the majority of emissions from the vehicle tailpipe to the electric utility. The electric utility is far more regulated and, according to the EPA, energy produced at power plants is much cleaner that that produced by a vehicle. By using these school buses, we can cut the consumption of petroleum in half or better.

This is a project that has the potential to impact millions of gallons of petroleum imports, improve ambient air quality for North Carolina, and improve the on-bus air quality. Meanwhile, since a large portion of the U.S. school buses are built in North Carolina, this has the potential for an economic and jobs benefit.

Since the project will involve the development of a hybrid electric school bus, it is a natural for the school children to learn about the technologies and benefits. The project will create the opportunity to work with those children and their families.

Scope of Work
The Scope of Work is most appropriately defined in the “Time Line,” “Task List,” and “Deliverables” sections below. In summary, the proposal team intends to work with vehicle manufacturers to design and build a hybrid electric school bus and then study the bus for performance compared to computer models. A key component of the project involves the development of the benefits that can be accrued by North Carolina with success of hybrid electric school buses. This includes jobs creation, emission reductions, foreign petroleum reductions, and other. With as much as 50% of the U.S. school bus manufacturing capacity here in North Carolina, this is the ideal place for this project.

Time line
Item

Time from start
Contract Award

0
Sign Contract

1 month
Feasibility Study

11 months
Participation and Education

11 months
Modeling

5 months
Bus Design

11 months
Bus Conversion

16 months
Final Report

24 months
Project Oversight

Ongoing
Advisory Group

Ongoing

Task List
Phase I
· Feasibility Study
o Evaluate Options
o Feasibility of Options
o Cost/timelines of options
· Participant Buy-in and education
o Interview School Bus Maintenance Personnel
o Interview Hybrid Bus Maintenance Personnel
o Work with Bus manufacturers
o Work with Hybrid System Manufacturers
o Work with Chassis Manufacturers
· Modeling
o Monitor Existing bus
o Determine Promising Technology Mixtures – Allocated by Advisory Group
o Determine Critical Parameters – Allocated by Advisory Group
§ Emissions
§ Energy
§ Initial Cost
§ Operating Cost
§ Maintenance
o Build Models (Built in DOE Advisor Model)
o Run Models
o Analyze Models (Emissions, Energy)
o Publish Results
· Bus Design
o Work with manufacturers to determine most viable platforms
o Create purchase specifications from most viable and best models
o Order bus

Phase II
· Bus Conversion & Delivery
o Oversee bus construction through multiple manufacturers (if necessary)
o Inspect Bus upon delivery
o Provide necessary training on Hybrid Bus to operators and maintenance staff
o Monitor bus during operation
§ Maintenance
§ Operating Costs
§ Energy
§ Emissions
· Final Report
o Assemble results and analyze
o Submit final report

Deliverables
This project will result in a number of important deliverables that will have an impact on the air quality and economic value of North Carolina.

General
· Advisory Group: The project team has already formed and held several meetings of an advisory group. These meetings will continue, with a major component of the meetings being review of this project and planning for next steps.
· Project Oversight: This is the management function of this project and involves accounting, billing, contracting and other duties necessary to ensure a smooth and successful project.

Phase 1
· Feasibility Study: The feasibility study will provide a cost evaluation of producing hybrid electric buses. It will focus on the bus manufacturing plants here in North Carolina and assess the potential production and employment impacts. The feasibility study will also cover the potential value of emission reductions from hybrid buses.
· Participant Buy-In and Education: The only way for a project of this type to succeed is to achieve the buy-in of the pertinent customers. These are the people who will be impacted by decisions and developments. Buy-in is necessary from the bus manufacturer, electric utilities, NC Department of Public Instruction, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources and others.
· Modeling: The Advisory Group will work with pertinent organizations to monitor existing school buses and determine the most appropriate technologies and designs for the bus. This will be incorporated into a computer modeling system which can be analyzed and published.
· Bus Design: The key deliverable of this phase is the design of a modified school bus that allows for the requirements of a hybrid electric drive train. This design will allow us to quantify the costs of conversion or implementation by original equipment manufacturers.

Phase 2
· Bus Conversion: Taking the design from Phase 1, Advanced Energy and partners will convert one bus provided by the NC Department of Public Instruction. The converted bus will be placed in service in a local school district and monitored for performance.
· Final Report: The final report will incorporate updates to the feasibility study based on experience converting a school bus and monitoring performance.

Collaboration
A key strength of this proposal is the access to industry experts via the already formed Advisory Group. The Advisory Group members have an interest in developing hybrid bus technologies and are well versed in the field.

Hybrid Electric Bus Advisory Group

The hybrid electric bus project involves