学位论文-—汽车专业-翻译-中英文(全)telecomauto1103v1contr.doc

ADAPTATION OF ATC/ATP TECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE AUTOMOBILE DESIGNS.

By

JOSHUA ODELEYE
PRINCIPAL STAFF DEVELOPMENT OFFICER
NIGERIAN INSITUTE OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY (NITT),
P.M.B. 1148, ZARIA, NIGERIA.
E-MAIL: joshuaodeleye@
Mobilephone: 234-803-590 5619

Abstract.

Despite the indispensability of automobiles in the modern society automobile technology is paradoxically regarded as one of the unfortunate things to happen to this generation because of its susceptibility to accidents. And, researches have confirmed that over-speeding among motorists, is one of the notable factors that underscored the persistent of ignoble carnages on various road networks globally, particularly in the developing countries.

This paper, thus assessed the functionality and workability of Automatic Trains Control/Protection (ATC/ATP) technology in the railways in future automobile. This is a safety device that aptly combines the complementary advantages and potentials of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to harness and enhance safety in the rail transport.

Consequently, this paper recommended the adaptation of ATC/ATP technologies in future automobile designs, such that in-built ICTs components in automobile will enhance safety on the road by alerting and/or warning vehicles occupants of inherent dangers promptly, as well as checking the reckless attitudinal posture and negative behavioural tendencies; such as over-speeding that usually lead to occurrence of fatal road accidents, among future motorists.

Keywords: Speed, Safety, Accident, ICTs, ATC/ATP.

Introduction

Globally automobile enjoys exclusive patronage in carriage of goods and people. Research attributed this to its flexibility in rendering door-to-door services over time and space. Hence, the impact of automobile is been felt in all aspects of human socio-economic, political and cultural activities.

Ironically, automobile has been highly susceptible to road accident. Despite the adaptation of the “Three E s” of traffic safety i.e Education, Engineering and Enforcement, the rate of global road traffic accident is alarming. According to a World Bank report (2001) it is lucidly stated that recent conservative estimates suggest that between 750,000 and 880,000 people died as a result of road accidents in 1999. Also about 25 and 35 million people were injured in road accidents worldwide, of which up to 75% were in urban areas.

Interestingly, about 85% of these were in developing and transitional economies. Also, the economic cost of these accidents in the developing world has been estimated at US $65 billion, which is approximately equal to the total annual aid and lending of the international institutions to these countries. Road accident currently rank ninth as a cause of deaths worldwide and are expected to rise to sixth by year 2020. Even more significantly, because many of the people killed are relatively young, road accidents already rank second in terms of reductions in life expectancy.

Nevertheless, ATC/ATP technology is been regarded as a succor in the modern railway, for it has helped in enhancing safety overtime and space.

Recently, agitation for ATP became a political hot potato, with the amazing spectacle of demonstrators on London’s street shouting’ what do we want ATP! ATP! When do we want it! Now! After Ladbroke accident in 1999.
(see Richard Hope, 2002). Furthermore, by 2008 ATP is mandatorily expected on all trains plying lines where train exceed 160 km/hr in Europe.

Human Factor in Road Accidents.

In an empirical road safety research carried out by European road safety experts in 1998, over-speeding was ranked first among all other contributory factors to road accidents in Europe. In other words, high velocities is being regarded as the greatest problem.

Over-speeding a negative attitudinal/behavioural tendency often exhibit by most drivers globally seems to have defied all counter measures already put in place, particularly safety educational approaches such as safety jingle on radio and television, print medias, road side bill-board, training and retraining of drivers, stringent licensing processes etc, in which sense of reasoning of drivers are appeal to through appealing headline like “Speed Kills”.

Hence, the need for a more comprehensive engineering approach, i.e integration of ATC/ATP components in future vehicles, such that it will complement optimally and configure collectively and effectively in a unit of automobile the concept of Three E’s (i.e Safety Education, Engineering and Enforcement).

ATC Configuration.

Based on the proven success story of ATC application in the Vancouver Sky Train, its configuration is as follows:

The ATC hardware is divided into two parts: the Vehicle On-Board Control (VOBC) located on the vehicle and composed a dual – processor computer that continually monitors the position, speed and general status of the train, and the Vehicle Control Centre (VCC) located in the operations and maintenance centre that directs the train movement via the VOBCs. The VCC normally communicates with trains at least once every second and is capable of controlling up to 125 trains. If communications between a VOBC and the VCC is lost or garbled for more than 3 seconds, the VOBC fail-safe mechanism halts the train by applying the emergency brakes.

Technical Justification for ATC in the Railway.

Nowadays, nearly all track sections in Japan use automotive block systems as well as Automotion Train Stop (ATS) system. This is a replacement for the old token and tablet systems that secure train safety by relying merely on Unreliable Human Attentiveness. (Saito, 2002).

Ogasa et al (1999), also stated that “Development of a zero – speed electric brake system which is able to control speed to zero will make it possible for us to make halting control, without resorting to other types of brakes, because the electric brake is excellent in response. With a zero-speed brake, the following merits accrue:

ð Reduction of maintenance work load involving replacement of brake shoes.
ð Reduction of the mechanical braking systems weight and realization of an excellent Automatic Train Control for deceleration.
ð It will eliminate 90% crashes caused by human errors such as misjudgments and in attention.
ð It will check accordingly both human and vehicular negative tendencies like high-velocities over time and space.

Operational Characteristics of ATC.

Summarily, whenever the ATC cab signal shows ‘Zero’ (Stop), automatically the train will stop, perhaps as a detection of danger ahead of the train or because of driver over-speeding.

ð The ATC monitors the speed and intervenes if necessary.
ð The ATC prevents the driver from exceeding any speed limit.

Examples of Modal Technologies Transfer in Transportation.

Transfer of technologies from one mode of transport to the other is nowadays prevalent as the concept of globalization continue to gain more ground in all human activities. And the flexibility in adaptation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has made possible the adaptation of Control Tower in the air transport to be possible in the modern railway transport in form of Centralized Traffic Control (CTC), whereby trains can be remotely monitor from afar by the traffic controllers.

Also, the recent successful utilization of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in the railway in the USA to determine and predict the components of track sub-grade as well as likelihood of any mishap, due to sub-grade failure. This, also can be likened to the radar operation in the air transport. These among others justified transferability of ATC to the future automobile designs and manufacturing.

Upgrading In-Built Safety Apparatus in Future Automobile.

Because of the alarming rate of road accident globally, auto designers/manufacturers over the year have optimally exploited some of the inherent potentials of ICTs in new automobile. For instance, some of the underlisted facilities are provided in new automobile as a way of enhancing safety of vehicles as well as the occupants. These include:

ð Safety Enhancement Unit (SEU).
ð Impact – absorbing vehicle bodies.
ð Antilock braking system (ABS).
ð Rear collision avoidance device.
ð ITS – Intelligent Transportation System.
ð On-board sensors.
ð Installation of sensor on roads components

Nevertheless, road accidents on global road network is expected to be on increase in future, over time and space as stated above. This is because some of these safety facilities fail to have ultimate control over the excesses of the drivers as well as that of the vehicle, in term of high velocities. Thus, this existing system could be upgraded by designing a comprehensive package that will have an overwhelming and absolute control over this arbitrary and ignoble attitudinal and behavioural tendency of drivers. This proposed system is expected to put under control technically the unpredictable and unsafe dynamic nature of man that is responsible for high speed. In as much as speed limit control (through safety rule enforcement), as well as highway engineering seems a failure in this respect.

ATC Control Unit Installation in Future Automobile.

The most difficult measure to implement are those related to lowering speed and enforcing speed regulations, even though such measures are most effective in reducing the number of accident (see NR&TR, No.l, 2001).

Definitely, there is going to be counter reactions from motorists against installation of ATC on future generation vehicle. This is going to be regarded socially as an irrational infringement on individual right to choose appropriate speed on a vehicle that have high speed capacity beyond the stipulated speed limit.

However, because of the inherent safety advantages of ATC installation in future automobile, the ATC control unit could be installed in any of the following functional part of the vehicle, so as to guide against easy interference from drivers:

ð Engine compactment
ð Gear box compactment
ð Fuel supply compactment
ð Electrical compactment etc.

The Role of ITU and other Stakeholders in standardization of ATC components in future automobile.

All new technologies tend to be costly when they first become available in small quantities, then their costs decline as production volumes increase and the technologies mature (Shladover, 2000).

This, also shall be true of ATC integration in future automobile generally. However, as times goes on the accrue benefit socially and economically is definitely going to be far more than the initial take off cost. For, there is definitely going to be a significant reduction in road traffic accidents caused by high velocities. Also, an expand Telecommunication Sub-section of the world economy will ensue over time, due to this new approach.

However, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) should play the following pivotal roles in realizing the paramount objective of this paper, which is adaptation of ATC Technology in future automobile designs:

ð ITU should collaborate with regional, continental and global safety organizations such as Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP), National Transportation Safety Board, USA (NTSB), European Transport Safety Council, Belgium, (ETSC), International Transportation Association (ITSA). This collaboration will prepare a sustainable ground for a more safer designs in future automobile, using ICTs.
ð Secondly, major stakeholders in automobile designs and manufacturing such as big time automobile manufacturing companies globally, should be lured into this sustainable alliance, such that acceptable standard on how this technology could be achieved, will be agreed upon by safety institutions, automobile manufacturers and ITU for a better standardization in future automobile.
ð ITU should strive to anchor this tripartite collaborative efforts since ITU primary objectives would be to propagate the good tidings that in this era of globalization ICTs has a broader potential to minimize the extent of fatal accident on global road network, if properly harnessed by every stakeholders in road transport globally.

Conclusion:

The whole essence of integrating into the future automobile a component that will act exactly like ATC/ATP in today’s trains, is a way of removing in its entirety the strait jacket approach, the blank cheque syndrome as well as license to kill and destroy given to today’s drivers’. This is as a result of the technical inadequacies inherently in today automobile and mobility to control some of the human emotional excesses while driving, particularly – over-speeding.

In sum, the generation un-born will appreciate this feat if it can be accomplished by this generation, for it has a significant capability to make the future road traffic environment sustainably safe. Thus, ITU should collaborate with global safety organizations, auto manufacturing companies as well as government agencies and private initiative like Non-Government Agency, with a view to helping the future generation minimize fatality rate on global road network.

REFERENCES.

- Cities on the Move: A World Bank, Urban Transport Strategy Review, Draft Document, Oct. 17, 2001.

- Hosaka A. & Mizutani H. (2000) Improvement of Traffic Safety by Road – Vehicle Cooperative Smart Cruise Systems. Journal of International Asso. of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS) Vol. 24, No. 2’ Japan.

- Hope, R. (2002) Accidents Raise Fears about Britain’s Fragmented Railway Japan Railway and Transport Review JR&TR No. 33, Japan.

- Key areas of Traffic Safety Work according to European Experts. Nordic Road and Transport Research (NR&TR). No.2, 1998, Sweden.

- Ogasa M. et al (1999) Running Test Result of Electric Brake to Zero Speed. Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI), Vol. 40, No. 4, Japan.

- Pritchard E. (2002) New Technologies in the field of Security Ground-Penetrating radar. Paper presented at 2nd World Forum on Security in the Railways, Rome.

- Shladover S. E. (2000) What If Cars Could Drive Themselves! ACCESS, No. 16 University of California Transportation Centre, USA.

- Saito M. (2002) Japanese Railway Safety and the Technology of the Day. Japan Railway and Transport Review 33 (TR&TR), Japan.

- Vancouver SkyTrain – A Proven Success Story. Japan Railway and Transport Review, No. 16, 1998.

- Zero Killed in Traffic – from Vision to Implementation Nordic Road & Transport Research (NR&TR) No.1, 2001, Sweden.

ADAPTATION OF ATC/ATP TECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE AUTOMOBILE DESIGNS. 适应空管/ ATP的在未来汽车设计技术。

By 通过

JOSHUA ODELEYE 约书亚ODELEYE
PRINCIPAL STAFF DEVELOPMENT OFFICER 主工作人员发展干事
NIGERIAN INSITUTE OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY (NITT)