水利工程外文翻译-水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计-本科论文.doc

英文原文：
Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design Layout
[ 关键词 ] 施工布置 [Key words] construction layout   模糊多属性决策 Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making   水利水电施工 Water Resources and Hydropower Construction
[ 论文摘要 ] 分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。 [Abstract] Analysis of affecting factors of the construction layout program characteristics that people value in identifying these indicators fuzzy constraints are difficult to give exact values, while decision-making process has been one of psychological, subjective will and the work experience and other aspects influence decision-making process and therefore there is certainly ambiguity.
一、水利水电工程施工布置方案的影响因素分析 1, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Layout Factors  
施工总体布置方案优劣，涉及到许多因素，可以从不同的角度来进行评价，其评价因素大体有两大类，一类是定性因素，一类是定量因素。 Construction advantages and disadvantages of the general layout scheme, involving many factors, from different angles to evaluate the evaluation factors generally have two categories, qualitative factors, and quantitative factors of a class. 属于定性因素的主要有 :1 ． Qualitative factors are mainly: 1. 有利生产，易于管理，方便生活的程度； 2 ． Favorable production, easy to administer, facilitate the degree of life; 2. 在施工流程中，互相协调的程度； 3 ． During the construction process, the degree of co-ordination; 3. 对主体工程施工和运行的影响； 4 ． The principal impact of construction and operation; 4. 满足保安、防火、防洪、环保方面的要求； 5 ． Meet the security, fire, flood prevention, environmental protection requirements; 5. 临建工程与永久工程结合的情况等。 Temporary Works and the combination of permanent works and so on. 属于定量因素的指标主要有； 1 ． Indicators are mainly quantitative factors; 1. 场地平整土石方工程量和费用； 2. 土石方开挖利用的程度； 3 ． Site preparation earthwork quantity and cost; 2. The extent of use of earth excavation; 3. 临建工程建筑安装工程量和费用； 4 ． Temporary works of construction work quantity and cost; 4. 各种物料的运输工作量和费用； 5 ． Workload and a variety of materials, transport costs; 5. 征地面积和费用； 6 ． Size and cost of land acquisition; 6. 造地还田的面积，建工程的回收率或回收费等。 Made to the area to field, the recovery or recycling construction fees.
由于施工布置属于施工规划内容，是人们根据工程经验，结合工程实际资料对未来即将发生情况的一种预测。 As the construction is construction planning layout content, is that people under work experience, combined with engineering data on the occurrence of a future prediction about. 因此，不论是定性因素，还是定量因素，都存在不确定性。 Therefore, both qualitative factors, and the quantitative factors, there is uncertainty. 我们知道事件的不确定性有两种不同的表现形式；一种是事件是否发生的不确定性一一随机性，事件本身状态的不确定性一一模糊性。 We know that the uncertainty of two different forms; one is uncertain whether the incident occurred in 11 random, the event itself the state of uncertainty 11 ambiguity. 一般来说随机性是一种外在因果不确定性，而模糊性是一种内在结构的不确定性。 Randomness is an external cause in general uncertain, but ambiguity is an inherent uncertainty of the structure. 从信息观点看，随机性只涉及信息的量，而模糊性则关系到信息的含义。 From the information point of view, the randomness involves only the amount of information, while the ambiguity is related to the meaning of information. 可以说，模糊性是一种比随机性更深刻、更普遍的不确定性，尤其是在主观认识领域，模糊性的作用比随机性的作用重要得多。 We can say that ambiguity is more profound than the randomness, the uncertainty more generally, especially in the subjective understanding of areas of role ambiguity is much more important than the role of randomness. 对于随机性人们已进行了大量的研究，取得了丰硕的成果；而对模糊性得认识和研究正在进行和深入中。 Random people for a lot of research has been carried out, achieved fruitful results; while ambiguity was ongoing and in-depth knowledge and research in the. 凡是有人参与的系统，都要由人进行规划、论证、评价决策、设计和运行管理，因而，不能无视客观外界事物在人脑中反映的不确定性一一模糊性，它是由客观差异的中介过渡性所引起的划分一种不确定性。 All people involved in the system, carried out by people planning, feasibility studies, evaluation of decision-making, design and management, and therefore, can not ignore the objective world of things in the human brain, one by one to reflect the uncertainty of ambiguity, it is an objective difference intermediate division caused by the transition of a kind of uncertainty. 施工总布置设计也不例外，在施工布置中客观上也存在着大量模糊性因素的影响。 Construction Layout Design is no exception, in the arrangement of construction there are a large number of objective fuzzy factors. 例如，施工设施之间的相互协调配合程度的“好”和“一般”是不能以一个准确的数值来描述的。 For example, the construction of facilities, coordination between the levels of "good" and "general" is an accurate value can not be described. 因此，不能无视或回避施工布置过程中存在的模糊性，而应客观对待模糊性这种客观存在，了解其规律，为人们规划、论证、评价决策、设计和运行管理提供科学依据和方法。 Therefore, the arrangement can not ignore or avoid the construction of the fuzziness existing in the process, but should be objective and deal with ambiguity of this objective, understand the rules for people planning, demonstration, evaluation and decision, design and management to provide a scientific basis and methods.
由于施工布置涉及的内容较多，方案的影响因素存在模糊性，传统的施工布置虽然考虑了模糊性的存在，但在决策过程中已经将模糊信息精确化，不是真正意义上的模糊优选。 As the construction layout of the content involved in more programs fuzzy factors exist, the traditional construction arrangement he considered the existence of ambiguity, but in decision-making process has fuzzy information precision, not a real fuzzy optimization. 故在方案优选中应着重考虑模糊因素的影响，其模糊性上要表现在决策指标、指标权重。 Therefore, the program should focus on optimization of fuzzy factors into account, the ambiguity should be reflected in the decision-making on the index, index weights. 对于定量指标，主要是有关工程量和费用的问题，其值可参阅工程资料和设计文件通过计算来确定，计算结果往往和经验参数的取值有关。 For quantitative indicators, mainly the amount and cost of the project issues, its value can be found in engineering materials and design documents to determine by calculation, the results are the values of the parameters and experience. 由于每位工程人员对事物的认识不一样，经验参数会在一定范围内变化，计算结果也是处于某一范围。 As every engineer's understanding of things is not the same experience in a certain range of parameter changes, the results also in a certain range. 对于定性指标，可以根据专家的工程经验，可通过专家打分法、集值统计法来确定。 For qualitative indicators, according to experts, engineering experience, through expert scoring method, set the value of statistics to determine. 这样人的主观因素、知识结构及决策偏好起到了很大的作用。 Such subjective factors, the knowledge structure and decision-making preferences play a major role. 但实际中，由于客观事物的复杂性以及人们的思维对模糊概念的运用，用精确数来描述就显得很困难，而用“大约”、“左右”等之类得模糊概念来描述就更为合理一些。 But in practice, due to the complexity of objective things and the people's thinking on the use of fuzzy concept, to describe with precision the number becomes very difficult, but with "some", "left" and the like get fuzzy concept to describe the more reasonable. 确定评价指标权重，目前有许多数学方法可以进行精确计算确定。 Determine the weights of evaluation indexes, there are many mathematical ways to determine the accurate calculation. 我们知道，对不同的工程而言，在同一个因素方面其重要程度是不一样的，此时的数学模型很难全面反映实际情况，必须借助于专家的工程经验来评判。 We know, for different projects, in the same factors, their importance is not the same, then the mathematical model is difficult to fully reflect the actual situation, the help of experts in engineering experience must be judged.
由于以上模糊性的存在，回避或忽略模糊性都是不科学、不全面的。 Since the existence of the above ambiguity, avoid or ignore the ambiguity is unscientific, incomplete. 以往那些决策指标值、决策指标权重作为确定值来进行方案优选的方法，必然存在着片面性、局限性。 Previous index value that decision-making, decision weights for programs for determining the value of the preferred method, there is bound to sidedness and limitations. 随着科技发展，人们对精确性要求越来越高，所研究的对象趋于复杂化，当复杂到某种程度以后，有意义的精确认识能力反而下降，适当的模糊反而精确。 As technology develops, people are increasingly demanding of precision, the object of study become more complicated, as complicated to some degree after the meaning of the precise cognitive declines and the appropriate fuzzy but accurate. 在此，引入模糊数学工具，运用近代模糊多属性决策理论，建立模糊多属性决策模型，可以为人们考虑客观上存在的模糊性，为合理决策提供有力支持。 Here, the introduction of fuzzy mathematical tools, the use of modern fuzzy multiple attribute decision making theory, Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making model, can exist for people to consider the ambiguity of the objective, to provide strong support for rational decision-making.  
二、水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计 2, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design Layout  
作为施工布置中的重点，围绕混凝土系统布置各项临时建筑物。 Construction Layout as a focus of the system around the concrete layout of the temporary structures. 主要有 1 ． There are 1. 各种仓库、料堆和弃料场； 2 ． All kinds of storage, stockpile and Spoil; 2. 机械修配系统； 3 ． Mechanical repair system; 3. 金属结构、机电设备和施工设备安装基地； 4 ． Metal structure, mechanical and electrical equipment and construction equipment installed base; 4. 风、水、电供应系统； 5 ． Wind, water and electricity supply systems; 5. 其他施工工厂，如钢筋加工厂、木材加工厂、预制构件厂等； 6 ． Other construction plant, such as steel processing, wood processing, prefabricated factory; 6. 办公及生活用房，如办公室、实验室、宿舍、医院、学校等； 7 ． Office and living space, such as offices, laboratories, dormitories, hospitals, schools, etc.; 7 安全防火设施及其他，如消防站、警卫室、安全警戒线等。 Fire safety facilities and other, such as fire stations, guard, and security cordon so. 此时，应提出各类临时建筑物、施工设施的分压布置一览表，它们的占地面积、建筑面积和建筑安装工程量；对施土征地作出估计，提出征地面积和征地使用计划，研究还地造田征地在利用的措施，计算场地平整土石方工程量，对填挖进行综合平衡，提出有效挖方的利用规划。 At this time, various types of temporary structures should be put forward, the construction of facilities furnished a list of partial pressure, their area, building area and volume of construction and installation; on fertilization with an estimate of land acquisition, land area and the proposed land use plan, the study to reclaiming land in the use of the measures, site preparation earthwork volume calculations, the integrated cut and fill balance of the proposed excavation of the use of effective planning.
为了避免施工设施间的布置冲突，在分析施工设施邻接关系时，主要是分析施工设施之间的相互关系、相互制约关系及关系强度。 Construction of facilities in order to avoid conflict between the layouts, construction of facilities in the analysis of adjacency relations, is to analyze the relationship between the construction of facilities, strength of correlation and relationship. 通常在邻接关系的基础上，考虑施工进度、施工强度、设施运行和物流运输。 Usually based on the adjacency relationship, consider the construction schedule, construction strength, facilities operation and logistics. 分析施工设施的布置规模和在场地上的位置关系，其场地关系控制指标有： 1 ． Analysis of the size and layout of the construction of facilities present at the location of the ground between the site controlled the indicators are: 1. 施工设施的布置规模，主要考虑满足施工要求的情况下，施工设施的布置容量和占地面积。 The scale of construction facilities layout, the main considerations to meet the construction requirements of the case, the construction of facilities, capacity and layout area. 2 ． 2. 施工设施的地基承载能力，考虑地质情况、边坡稳定情况等。 Foundation bearing capacity of the construction of facilities to consider geology, slope stability and so on. 3 ． 3. 水文地质的要求和施工导截流的情况，考虑不同的施工时段，洪水位、地下水位、施工场区水位变化等对施工设施布置的限制和影响。 Hydrological requirements and construction guide closure of the case, consider the different construction periods, flood, water table, water level changes in the construction site layout planning of construction restrictions and impact. 4. 物流运输的高差限制，考虑物流运输线路的坡度和垂直高差、物流的进出口等。 4. The height difference logistics constraints, considering logistics and vertical elevation gradient lines, logistics of import and export. 5 ． 5. 施工设施间的距离限制，主要是指施工设施运转时所必须的最小作业半径，运输时问的最小限制，物流进出口的最小范围，施工设施间的安全距离等。 Construction of the distance between these facilities and restrictions, mainly refers to the construction of facilities necessary for running the minimum operating radius, the minimum limit transportation question, minimum import and export logistics, construction and facilities, the safety distance between. 6 ． 6. 施工场区的对内对外交通状况，考虑施工设备的最小运输安全高度和宽度，场内建筑材料的运输要求等。 Construction site area of internal and external traffic conditions, construction equipment, consider the minimum safe height and width of the transport, building materials inside the transport requirements.
为了将混凝土系统设施布置在突出位置，使其受到其它设施的干扰尽量小，此时需要进行施工设施间邻接关系的分析，由于水利水电工程施工设施多，不同的设施具有明确的重点功能，如炸药库、加油站等，如不进行邻接关系的分析，将因为为施工设施间的功能冲突，给工程施工和工程管理带来不可估量的损失以及埋下安全隐患。 To be concrete system facilities arranged in a prominent position, so that interference by the other facilities as small as possible, the need for construction of facilities at this time analysis of the relationship between the adjacent, as many facilities for Hydropower Construction, different facilities have a clear focus on functionality, such as depots, gas stations, etc., if not for the neighbor relations analysis, because the construction of facilities for the inter-functional conflict, construction and project management to bring incalculable damage and safety hazards buried.
参考文献： References:  
[1] 陆佑媚主编，三峡大坝混凝土施工 [M]. 北京 : 中国电力出版社， 2003 [1] Lu Yu Mei editor of the Three Gorges Dam Construction [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003
[2] 朱卫军、张孝军等，三峡工程施工总体布置设计 [J]. 人民长江， 2001.32(10):4-5. [2] Wei-Jun Zhu, Zhang Xiaojun and so the overall layout design of the Three Gorges Project Construction [J]. The people of the Yangtze River, 2001.32 (10) :4-5.

译文：
水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计
[关键词]施工布置 模糊多属性决策 水利水电施工
[论文摘要]分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。
一、水利水电工程施工布置方案的影响因素分析
施工总体布置方案优劣，涉及到许多因素，可以从不同的角度来进行评价，其评价因素大体有两大类，一类是定性因素，一类是定量因素。属于定性因素的主要有:1．有利生产，易于管理，方便生活的程度；2．在施工流程中，互相协调的程度；3．对主体工程施工和运行的影响；4．满足保安、防火、防洪、环保方面的要求；5．临建工程与永久工程结合的情况等。属于定量因素的指标主要有；1．场地平整土石方工程量和费用；2. 土石方开挖利用的程度；3．临建工程建筑安装工程量和费用；4．各种物料的运输工作量和费用；5．征地面积和费用；6．造地还田的面积建工程的回收率或回收费等。
由于施工布置属于施工规划内容，是人们根据工程经验，结合工程实际资料对未来即将发生情况的一种预测。因此，不论是定性因素，还是定量因素，都存在不确定性。我们知道事件的不确定性有两种不同的表现形式；一种是事件是否发生的不确定性一一随机性，事件本身状态的不确定性一一模糊性。一般来说随机性是一种外在因果不确定性，而模糊性是一种内在结构的不确定性。从信息观点看，随机性只涉及信息的量，而模糊性则关系到信息的含义。可以说，模糊性是一种比随机性更深刻、更普遍的不确定性，尤其是在主观认识领域，模糊性的作用比随机性的作用重要得多。对于随机性人们已进行了大量的研究，取得了丰硕的成果；而对模糊性得认识和研究正在进行和深入中。凡是有人参与的系统，都要由人进行规划、论证、评价决策、设计和运行管理，因而，不能无视客观外界事物在人脑中反映的不确定性一一模糊性，它是由客观差异的中介过渡性所引起的划分一种不确定性。施工总布置设计也不例外，在施工布置中客观上也存在着大量模糊性因素的影响。例如，施工设施之间的相互协调配合程度的“好”和“一般”是不能以一个准确的数值来描述的。因此，不能无视或回避施工布置过程中存在的模糊性，而应客观对待模糊性这种客观存在，了解其规律，为人们规划、论证、评价决策、设计和运行管理提供科学依据和方法。
由于施工布置涉及的内容较多，方案的影响因素存在模糊性，传统的施工布置虽然考虑了模糊性的存在，但在决策过程中已经将模糊信息精确化，不是真正意义上的模糊优选。故在方案优选中应着重考虑模糊因素的影响，其模糊性上要表现在决策指标、指标权重。对于定量指标，主要是有关工程量和费用的问题，其值可参阅工程资料和设计文件通过计算来确定，计算结果往往和经验参数的取值有关。由于每位工程人员对事物的认识不一样，经验参数会在一定范围内变化，计算结果也是处于某一范围。对于定性指标，可以根据专家的工程经验，可通过专家打分法、集值统计法来确定。这样人的主观因素、知识结构及决策偏好起到了很大的作用。但实际中，由于客观事物的复杂性以及人们的思维对模糊概念的运用，用精确数来描述就显得很困难而用“大约”、“左右”等之类得模糊概念来描述就更为合理一些。确定评价指标权重，目前有许多数学方法可以进行精确计算确定。我们知道，对不同的工程而言，在同一个因素方面其重要程度是不一样的，此时的数学模型很难全面反映实际情况，必须借助于专家的工程经验来评判。
由于以上模糊性的存在，回避或忽略模糊性都是不科学、不全面的。以往那些决策指标值、决策指标权重作为确定值来进行方案优选的方法，必然存在着片面性、局限性。随着科技发展，人们对精确性要求越来越高，所研究的对象趋于复杂化，当复杂到某种程度以后，有意义的精确认识能力反而下降，适当的模糊反而精确。在此，引入模糊数学工具，运用近代模糊多属性决策理论，建立模糊多属性决策模型，可以为人们考虑客观上存在的模糊性，为合理决策提供有力支持。
二、水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计
作为施工布置中的重点，围绕混凝土系统布置各项临时建筑物。主要有1．各种仓库、料堆和弃料场；2．机械修配系统；3．金属结构、机电设备和施工设备安装基地；4．风、水、电供应系统；5．其他施工工厂，如钢筋加工厂、木材加工厂、预制构件厂等；6．办公及生活用房，如办公室、实验室、宿舍、医院、学校等；7．安全防火设施及其他，如消防站、警卫室、安全警戒线等。此时，应提出各类临时建筑物、施工设施的分压布置一览表，它们的占地面积、建筑面积和建筑安装工程量；对施土征地作出估计，提出征地面积和征地使用计划，研究还地造田征地在利用的措施，计算场地平整土石方工程量，对填挖进行综合平衡，提出有效挖方的利用规划。
为了避免施工设施间的布置冲突，在分析施工设施邻接关系时，主要是分析施工设施之间的相互关系、相互制约关系及关系强度。通常在邻接关系的基础上，考虑施工进度、施工强度、设施运行和物流运输。分析施工设施的布置规模和在场地上的位置关系，其场地关系控制指标有：1．施工设施的布置规模，主要考虑满足施工要求的情况下，施工设施的布置容量和占地面积。2．施工设施的地基承载能力，考虑地质情况、边坡稳定情况等。3．水文地质的要求和施工导截流的情况，考虑不同的施工时段，洪水位、地下水位、施工场区水位