江西省专升本英语辅导讲义.doc

专升本英语语法辅导讲义
我 喜欢   音乐。
I   like   music.
我 喜欢   音乐   以前。
I   like to play basketball.
我 喜欢 打篮球。
He is a good student that we all know.
我们都知道他是一个好学生。
1.The author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before.
2.Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of ”ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the ground work for child abuse.
The agency, ______to set and enforce health standard for American workers, has been promising a cotton dust standard for several years.
A .whose job it is B. whose job is C. whose D. whose is
3.It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
4. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.
第一章 、时态和语态
<主要是指谓语动词>
一.时态
⒈现在时
(1)一般现在时
He likes music.
(2)现在进行时
He is doing the housework.
(3)现在完成时
He has finished the work.
(4)现在完成进行时
He has been studying English for six years.
注意：The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
The house has been in bad repair since he moved out .
The house has been in bad repair since he has lived in it.
I haven’t eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University.
I haven’t eaten snails since I left Indiana University.
I haven’t eaten snails since I have been a student at Indiana.
⒉过去时
(1)一般过去时
He watched TV last night
(2)过去进行时
He was doing his homework at this time yesterday.
(3)过去完成时<过去的过去>
He had worked for six years before Marry joined the Army.
(4)过去完成进行时
He had been working for the factory before Marry joined the Army.
⒊将来时
(1)一般将来时
I will study English next week.
I shall study English next week.
I am going to study English next week.
I am about to study English next week.
I am to study English next week.
区别:will 和 be going to, be about to, be to 的区别
如:If the metal is heated, it will expand.
I am going to study English next week.
I am about to study English next week.
I am to study English next week.
区别:be going to , be about to ,和be to 的区别
如:Look , so many black clouds , it is going to rain.
当有预先征兆的时候我们应该用be going to.
(2)将来进行时
I will be studying English at six o'clock tomorrow.
如果是将来的一个具体时间我们可以用将来进行时.
(3)过去将来时
He said,"I will study English next week."
He said that he would study English the next week.
(4)将来完成时
We will have finished the work by next year.
43. By the end of last month, we ______ on this project for more than 6 weeks.（09）
A) have worked   B) had worked   C) are working   D) will work
68. By the time you get there this afternoon, the film ____.(06\07)
A) is to start         B) is starting          C) will start        D) will have started
44.  We plan to finish the work on the 15th of next month. By then, we ___ for ten weeks.(05)
A)  are working   B)  have been worked   C)  were working D) will have worked
60.  By the end of this year, it _____ 16 years since the emergence of the World Wide Web as an electronic–publishing vehicle.(05)
A)  has been      B)  will have been        C)  will be D) had been
特例:⒈He is always speaking to his mother like this.
当表示一种埋怨和责备语气的时候用现在进行代替一般现在时.
二.语态
主动语态
I wrote a letter yesterday.
I will write the book.
被动语态
The letter was written by me yesterday.
The book will be written by me.
56. The professor was so popular that he _____ with enthusiasm.(07)
A) always listened to                      B) always was listened
C) was always listened           D) was always listened to
特例:⒈ I made him cry
He was made to cry by me.
⒉ I heard him sing the song yesterday.
He was heard to sing the song by me yesterday.
第二章、句子结构
主      谓      宾       定      状      补       表      同位
I like music.<主谓宾>
I gave you a bike.<双宾>
I have a red pen.<定语>
He studies hard.<程度状语>程度状语
He studies english in the afternoon.<时间状语>时间状语
He sings in the classroom<地点状语>
He is late because he is ill.<原因状语>
He goes to school by bus.<方式状语>
If you come here he will come too.<条件状语>备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时
He came here to look after me.<目的状语>
He got up so early that he caught the bus.<结果状语>
He got up so early that he could catch the bus.<目的状语>
He came here with a smile.<伴随状语>
The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.<伴随状语>
Although he is a little boy, he knows a lot. （让步状语）
补语<宾补,主补>
I call you Tom .<宾补>I find english easy.<宾补>
sb.   sb                              adj.
You are called Tom.<主补>
I am a student.<表语>
I am excited.< 系表结构>
同位语<同位主语,同位宾语>
You two are foolish.<同位主语>
I beat you two.<同位宾语>
第三章、主从复合句
<必须满足:⒈只有一个句号  ⒉主句和从句之间必须要有连接词，连接词有两个功能，一是起到连接从句，整体作为整个主句的一个成分，二是连接词本身在从句中单独也做一个成分  ⒊从句必须用正常语序>
主语从句
What your name is is not known.<主语从句>
That he came here made us happy.<主语从句>
宾语从句
I do not know what your name is.<宾语从句>
I find (that) English is easy.<宾语从句>
52. The meeting was put off until next week, which was exactly ______ we wanted06)
A) it         B) which              C) that   D) what
同位主语从句
The news that he will come here makes us happy.<同位主语从句>
The result whether the team has won the game is not known.<同位主语从句＞
76. We have to face the fact ____ new computer viruses may appear at any time and it can spread across computers in a very rapid speed.（09）
A) that           B) it             C) which         D) what
43. All _____ the people want are lasting peace and social progress.(05)
　　A)  what       B)  such        C)  those D) which
50.  The United Nations expressed the hope ___ the two sides should soon stop fighting in the area.(05)
　　A)  which        B)  that   C)  what D) when
表语从句
Money is what I want.<表语从句＞
49. What the doctor advises me to do is ____ I must keep talking a well-balanced diet and regular exercises.（09）
A) that                 B) whether         C) which                   D) what
名词性从句的特例＜whether 和 if(是否）的区别＞
⒈The question is whether the film is worth seeing <在表语从句中只能用whether不用if>
⒉The news whether our team has won the watch is unknown.<在同位语从句中只能用whether>
⒊Whether we will attend the meeting is unknown.<在主语从句中只能用whether>
⒋It is unknown whether we will attend the meeting.<当它转换成形式主语时两者都可以用＞
⒌It all depends on whether we will support him.＜在介词后面只能用whether>
⒍He does not know whether to stay or not.<如果是直接接动词不定式只能用whether>
⒎He does not know whether (if) he should stay or not.<如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用＞
⒏He did not know whether or not she has been ready.<如果是直接跟or not 只能用whether>
⒐I wonder if /whether the news is true.<如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用＞
⒑He was not sure if/whether it is right or wrong.<参见第四种＞
⒒I do not care if it does not rain.<如果宾语从句是否定句习惯上用if>
状语从句
If you come here he will come too.<条件状语从句>备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时
He is late because he is ill.<原因状语从句>
He got up so early that he caught the bus.<结果状语从句>
He got up so early that he could catch the bus.<目的状语从句>
The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.＜伴随状语从句＞
I came here when you went out.<时间状语从句＞
I will go where our country most needs me.<地点状语从句＞
I did the thing as you said.<方式状语从句＞
44. He didn’t realize he had left the files in his customer’s office ______ he went back to the company.（09）
A) if                   B) until       C) unless         D) since
67. He will go abroad to further his study next year _________ he gets a scholarship or enough money. （09）
A) if                     B) so                  C) till                D) although
73. ____ she joined the company only a year ago, she’s already been promoted twice.（09）
A) Because        B) If            C) Although      D) When
42. John frequently attempts to escape being fined whenever he ____ traffic regulations.（08）
A) breaks         B) is breaking     C) will break D) broke
72._____we entered the hall, an attendant came up and offered us a list.（08）
A) As long as     B) As far as       C) As well as D) As soon as
78._______John is in rather poor health, he can hardly resist catching colds.（08）
A) Although        B) Since             C) After D) opposed
 51. I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came.（07）
A) was having     B) had been having  C) had             D) am having
62. ______ we were given the right address, we found her house easily.(06\07)
A) Since                        B) Although             C) If                     D) So
54. Most of the graduating students have decided to go ______ they are most needed.(06)
A) where          B) which                  C) what   D) how
补语从句
I put the book where it was.<状语从句，也可理解为补语从句＞
A big room
定语从句
先行词
关系词＜包括关系代词，关系副词＞
关系代词：which that who whose whom as
关系副词：where when why
限制性定语从句
This is the house (which) luxun lived in.=This is the house (that) luxun lived in.=This is the house in which luxun once lived.
This is the house where luxun once lived.<瞻前顾后＞
I saved the boy whose mother is my teacher.
He is the man who saved the boy yesterday.
He is the boy (whom) the man saved yesterday.
I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.=I will never forget the day on which I joined the Army.
This is the house where luxun once lived.
I do not know the reason why he is late.
45. I don’t know _____ will make the final decision for our summer trip.（09）
A) what          B) which       C) whom       D) who
52. In his speech he advice to____ was interested in the field of computer science.（09）
A).that       B).whoever      C) whom       D) whose
79. Each ARS scientist ____ proposal was accepted will receive $80000 for two years of high-priority research.（09）
A) who           B) whose        C) which         D) what
48. As to the election, please give your vote to ____ you think you can trust.（08）
A) who        B) whom            C) one D) whoever
as
⒈He is as(so) great a painter as ever lived.(as…as, so…as)
⒉I bought such a watch as  is shown on TV.<当such a 修饰先行词时用as>
61. We hope that such a book _____ is helpful to our research work is on sale.(05)
　　A)  that      B)  as          C)  which D) till
⒊I bought the same watch as （that）is shown on TV<当the same 修饰先行词时用as>
⒋He is a good student, which (as) we all know.< 当在非限制性定语从句中代替前面的一句话时用as或which　但一旦提前只能用as>
例如：As we all know , he is a good student.
非限制性定语从句
I will go to Beijing , where there is a meeting.
That 不能用于非限制定语从句
He is a good student, which (as) we all know
只有非限制性定语从句关系代词which\as才可以代替前面一句话
59. _____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.（09）
A) As                 B) That            C) Which              D) What
61. The mountains also prove to be a tourist attraction as some of the mountains experience alpine (高山的) conditions, _____ leads to ski resorts.（09）
A) who              B) which           C) it                  D) that
69. He was looking forward to the time _______ he would have to attend the interview.(06)
A) where           B) that             C) why D) when
定语从句的特例
特例：一．如果先行词是all, sth, nothing, anything 等不定代词时或者先行词被only，最高级，序数词所修饰时，只能用that,不能用which
例如：He told us all that he knew.
He told us sth that he knew.
He bought the first watch that was produced by the factory.
He bought the most expensive watch that was produced by the factory.
二．如果先行词又有人又有物只能用that
例如：She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons that none of us has ever heard of.
三．that 在下面情况下做了关系副词
例如：I do not like the way that you speak to her.
在这里that 可以换成in which 或者不填
四、but 在定语从句中的用法（只能用于限制性定语从句，且必须同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，but在意义上等于“that…not”，“who…not ”，“which…not”）
There was not a single student in my class but(who did not) learnt a lot from him.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。
五、what 不能引导定语从句
He told me all what he knew .（错误)
He told me what he knew.或者　He told me all that he knew.<定语从句>
宾语从句
但注意what在如下情况下也可充当关系代词：
1、 用于“what is (was)+形容词比较级”结构中，what是关系代词，泛指上文或下文，意为“更….,尤其….. ”。这种结构通常用作插入语。如：
He attended the contest and what is more surprising, won a gold medal.
2、what money=all the money that
The father gave what money he had to his son.
六、
We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health.
A.. as B. than   C. that D. But
He smoke more cigarettes than were normally available
七、there be 引导的限制性定语从句
She knows the difference there is between good and evil.
第四章     非谓语动词
原形     过去式     过去分词    现在分词    动名词   动词不定式
do        did        done       doing       doing      to do
非谓语动词包括: 动词不定式, 动名词, 分词<现在分词,过去分词>
动词不定式
⒈作主语和表语:To see is to believe.
⒉作宾语:I like to do homework this morning.
⒊作同位主语:Our plan, to go to the park is put off.
⒋作同位宾语:We put off our plan to go to the park.
⒌作状语:I came here to look after my father.
⒍作补语:I let you do this work. I asked you to help me.
⒎作定语:<后置定语>There is something to do.
从上面这些例句我们可以看出谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:
I am sorry to have troubled you so long.
60. The girl was reported ____ missing for a month.(07)
A) to be                         B) to have                C) having             D) to have been
66. Robert is said _______ in a Japanese company as a salesman for many years.(06)
A) have been working     B) to work       C) be working D) to have worked

谓语动词
非谓语动词
时态
参见第三章
一般式:to do
完成式:to have done
语态
参见第三章
一般式:to be done
完成式:to have been done
否定式
先加助动词再加not
直接在前面加not : not to do

现在分词
过去分词
时态
进行
完成
语态
主动
被动
动名词：
⒈作主语和表语:Seeing is believing.
⒉作宾语:I like swimming.
⒊作同位语:Our plan, going to the park is put off.
⒋作定语:a reading room   a swimming pool
注意:动名词不能作状语和补语
分词<在词性上属于形容词>
⒈作表语:The thing is exciting. I am excited.
⒉作补语<使役动词和感官动词>I had the desk repaired.
  I heard him sing the song yesterday.
I heard him singing the song at this time yesterday
I heard him beaten yesterday.
⒊作定语:a flying bird. a developing country. an exploiting class.
a developed country. an exploited class.
⒋作状语
(1)The students stood up as soon as they saw the teacher come in.
Seeing the teacher come in , the students stood up.<一般式,主动>
(2)The metal will expand as soon as it is heated.
Heated, the metal will expand.                   <一般式,被动>
(3)After he failed for three times, he didn't try again.
Having failed for three times , he didn't try again.<完成式,主动>
(4)After he was kept out of the door for an hour, he was let in.
Having been kept out of the door for an hour, he was let in.<完成式,被动>
I have finished these tasks.
These tasks have been finished.
51. ______ on time according to the instruction, these pills will be quite effective.(06)
A) Taking         B) Being taken        C) Taken D) Having taken