初中英语语法结构图省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,初中英语语法结构图,第1页,一名词,I.,名词种类：,专有名词,普通名词,国名,.,地名,.,人名，,团体,.,机构名称,可数名词,不可数名词,个体名词,集体名词,抽象名词,物质名词,第2页,II.,名词数：,1.,规则名词复数形式：,名词复数形式，普通在单数形式后面加,-s,或,-es,。现将组成方法与读音规则列表以下：,规则,例词,1,普通情况在词尾加-s,map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days,2,以s,x,ch,sh结尾名词后加-es,class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes,3,以-f或-fe结尾词,变,-f,和,-fe,为,v,再加,-es,leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives,加,-s,belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,4,以辅音字母加y结尾名词，变y为i加-es,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities,第3页,5,以元音字母加y结尾名词，或专有名词以y结尾，加-s,toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys,6,以辅音字母加-o结尾名词,普通加-es,hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,不少外来词加,-s,piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos,二者皆可,zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos,7,以元音字母加-o结尾名词加-s,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos,8,以-th结尾名词加-s,truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-,months,path-paths,第4页,2.,不规则名词复数：,英语里有些名词复数形式是不规则，现归纳以下：,规则,例词,1,改变名词中元音字母或其它形式,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice,2,单复数相同,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species li,yuan,3,只有复数形式,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,contents,4,一些集体名词总是用作复数,people,police,cattle,staff,5,部分集体名词既能够作单数（整体）也能够作复数（组员）,audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party,第5页,6,复数形式表示尤其含义,customs(,海关,),forces(,军队,),times(,时代,),spirits(,情绪,),drinks(,饮料,),sands(,沙滩,),papers(,文件报纸,),manners(,礼貌,),looks(,外表,),brains(,头脑智力,),greens(,青菜,),ruins(,废墟,),7,表示“某国人”,加,-s,Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans,单复数同形,Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese,以-man或-woman结尾改为-men,-women,Englishmen,Frenchwomen,8,合成名词,将主体名词变为复数,sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends,无主体名词时将最终一部分变为复数,grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches,将两部分变为复数,women singers,men servants,第6页,III.,名词全部格：,名词在句中表示所相关系语法形式叫做名词全部格。全部格分两种：一是名词词尾加,s,组成，二是由介词,of,加名词组成。前者多表示有生命东西，后者多表示无生命东西。,1.s,全部格组成：,单数名词在末尾加,s,the boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名词,普通在末尾加,the teachers room,the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加,s,the childrens toys,womens rights,以s结尾人名全部格加s或者,Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house,表示各自所相关系时,各名词末尾均须加s,Japans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes,表示共有所相关系时在最终一词末加s,Japan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father,表示某人家店铺，全部格后名词省略,the doctors,the barbersthe tailors,my uncles,第7页,2.s,全部格使用方法,：,表示时间,todays newspaper,five weeks holiday,2,表示自然现象,the earths atmosphere,the trees branches,3,表示国家城市等地方名词,the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry,4,表示工作群体,the ships crew,majoritys view,the teams victory,5,表示度量衡及价值,a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples,6,与人类活动有特殊关系名词,the lifes time,the plays plot,7,一些固定词组,a birds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(,不知所措,),第8页,3.of,全部格使用方法,：讲到此处,用于无生命东西：,the legs of the chair,the cover of the book,用于有生命东西，尤其是有较长定语时：,the classrooms of the first-year students,用于名词化词：,the struggle of the oppressed第9页,二冠词,冠词分为不定冠词（,a,an,），定冠词（,the,），和零冠词。,I.,不定冠词使用方法：,1,指一类人或事，相当于,a kind of,A plane is a machine that can fly.,2,第一次提及某人某物，非特指,A boy is waiting for you.,3,表示“每一”相当于,every,，,one,We study eight hours a day.,4,表示“相同”相当于,the same,We are nearly of an age.,5,用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质人或事,A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out,That boy is rather a Lei Feng.,6,用于固定词组中,A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time,7,用于,quite,rather,many,half,what,such,之后,This room is rather a big one.,8,用于,so(as,too,how)+,形容词之后,She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.,第10页,II.,定冠词使用方法：,1,表示某一类人或物,The horse is a useful animal.,2,用于世上独一无二事物名词前,the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean,3,表示说话双方都了解或上文提到过人或事,Would you mind opening the door?,4,用于乐器前面,play the violin,play the guitar,5,用于形容词和分词前表示一类人,the reach,the living,the wounded,6,表示“一家人”或“夫妇”,the Greens,the Wangs,7,用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前,He is the taller of the two children.,8,用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛名词前,the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French,9,用于表示创造物单数名词前,The compass was invented in China.,10,在逢十复数数词之前，指世纪某个年代,in the 1990s,11,用于表示单位名词前,I hired the car by the hour.,12,用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间词组前,He patted me on the shoulder.,第11页,III.,零冠词使用方法：,1,专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前,Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air,2,名词前有,this,my,whose,some,no,each,every,等限制,I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?,3,季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前,March,Sunday,National Day,spring,4,表示职位，身份，头衔名词前,Lincoln was made President of America.,5,学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前,He likes playing football/chess.,6,与by连用表示交通工具名词前,by train,by air,by land,7,以and连接两个相正确名词并用时,husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night,8,表示泛指复数名词前,Horses are useful animals.,第12页,三代词：,I.,代词能够分为以下七大类：,1,人称代词,主格,I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they,宾格,me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them,2,物主代词,形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their,名词性,mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs,3,反身代词,myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,4,指示代词,this,that,these,those,such,some,5,疑问代词,who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever,6,关系代词,that,which,who,whom,whose,as,7,不定代词,one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either,第13页,II.,不定代词使用方法注意点：,1.one,some,与,any:,1),one,能够泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为,ones,。,some,多用于必定句，,any,多用于疑问句和否定句。,One should learn to think of others.,Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.,I have some questions to ask.,2),some,可用于疑问句中，表示期望得到必定回复，或者表示提议，请求等。,Would you like some bananas?,3),some,和,any,修饰可数名词单数时，,some,表示某个，,any,表示任何一个。,I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.,4),some,和数词连用表示“大约”，,any,可与比较级连用表示程度。,There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?,第14页,2.each,和,every,:,each,强调个别，代表数能够是两个或两个以上，而,every,强调整体，所指数必须是三个或三个以上。,Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.,Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.,3.none,和,no,：,no,等于,not any,，作定语。,none,作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆能够。,There is no water in the bottle.,How much water is there in the bottle?None.,None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.,第15页,4.other,和,another:,1)other,泛指“另外，别”常与其它词连用，如：,the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,the other,特指二者中另外一个，复数为,the others,。如：,He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.,Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.,2)another,指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是,others,，泛指“别人或事”如：,I dont like this shirt,please show me another(one).,The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.,Some like football,while others like basketball.,第16页,5.all,和,both,neither,和,either,all,表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。,both,和,all,加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用,neither,和,none.,All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.,Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.,第17页,四形容词和副词（讲到此处）,I.,形容词：,1.,形容词位置：,1),形容词作定语通常前置，但在以下情况后置：,1,修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等组成复合不定代词时,nobody absent,everything possible,2,以-able,-ible结尾形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰名词之后,the best book available,the only solution possible,3,alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等能够后置,the only person awake,4,和空间、时间、单位连用时,a bridge 50 meters long,5,成正确形容词能够后置,a huge room simple and beautiful,6,形容词短语普通后置,a man difficult to get on with,第18页,2),多个形容词修饰同一个名词次序：,代词,数词,性状形容词,冠词前形容词,冠词,指示代词,不定代词,代词全部格,序数词,基数词,性质,状态,大小,长短,形状,新旧,温度,颜色,国籍,产地,材料,质地,名词,all,both,such,the,a,this,another,your,second,next,one,four,beautiful,good,poor,large,short,square,new,cool,black,yellow,Chinese,London,silk,stone,第19页,3),复合形容词组成：,1,形容词,+,名词,+ed,kind-hearted,6,名词,+,形容词,world-famous,2,形容词,+,形容词,dark-blue,7,名词,+,现在分词,peace-loving,3,形容词,+,现在分词,ordinary-looking,8,名词,+,过去分词,snow-covered,4副词,+,现在分词,hard-working,9,数词,+,名词,+ed,three-egged,5,副词,+,过去分词,newly-built,10,数词,+,名词,twenty-year,第20页,II.,副词,副词分类：,1,时间副词,soon,now,early,finally,once,recently,5,频度副词,always,often,frequently,seldom,never,2,地点副词,here,nearby,outside,upwards,above,6,疑问副词,how,where,when,why,3,方式副词,hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really,7,连接副词,how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile,4,程度副词,almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather,8,关系副词,when,where,why,第21页,III.,形容词和副词比较等级：,形容词和副词比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级组成普通是在形容词和副词后加,-er,和,-est,，,多音节和一些双音节词前加,more,和,most,。,同级比较时常惯用,asas,以及,not so(as)as,如：,I am not so good a player as you are.,2.,能够修饰比较级词有：,much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal,。,3.,表示一方随另一方改变时用“,the morethe more”,句型。,如：,The harder you work,the more progress you will make.,第22页,4.,用比较级来表示最高级意思。,如：,I have never spent a more worrying day.,5.,表示倍数比较级有以下几个句型：,Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.,6.,表示“最高程度“形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：,favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect,。,第23页,五介词,I.,介词分类,：,1,简单介词,about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on,2,合成介词,inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon,within,without,3,短语介词,according to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to,4,双重介词,from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between,5,分词转化成介词,considering(,就而论,),including,6,形容词转化成介词,like,unlike,near,next,opposite,第24页,II.,惯用介词区分：,1,表示时间in,on,at,at表示片刻时间，in表示一段时间，on总是与日子相关,2,表示时间since,from,since 指从过去到现在一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间某一点开始,3,表示时间in,after,in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时一段时间中,4,表示地理位置in,on,to,in,表示在某范围内，,on,指与什么毗邻，,to,指在某环境范围之外,5,表示“在上”on,in,on只表示在某物表面上，in表示占去某物一部分,6,表示“穿过”through,across,through表示从内部经过，与in相关，across表示在表面上经过，与on相关,第25页,7,表示“关于”about,on,about指包括到，on指专门叙述,8,between与among区分,between表示在二者之间，among用于三者或三者以上中间,9,besides与except区分,besides,指“除了,还有再加上”，,except,指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首,10,表示“用”in,with,with表示详细工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音,11,as与like区分,as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相同,12,in与into区分,in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目标地或位置,第26页,六动词,I.,动词时态：,1.,动词时态一共有,16,种，以,ask,为例，将其各种时态组成形式列表以下：,现在时,过去时,未来时,过去未来时,普通,ask/asks,asked,shall/will ask,should/would ask,进行,am/is/are asking,was/were asking,shall/will be asking,should/would be asking,完成,have/has asked,had asked,shall/will have asked,should/would have asked,完成进行,have/has been asking,had been asking,shall/will have been asking,should/would have been asking,第27页,2.,现在完成时与普通过去时区分：,1),现在完成时表示过去发生动作或存在情况，但和现在有联络，强调是对现在造成影响或结果，它不能同表示过去时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：,I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(,已经看过，且了解这本书内容,),2),普通过去时只表示过去发生动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：,I read the novel last month.(,只说明上个月看了，不包括现在是否记住,),I lived in Beijing for ten years.,（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）,第28页,3.,现在完成时与现在完成进行时区分：,二者都能够表示“从过去开始一直连续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。普通不能用于进行时动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。,I have read that book.,我读过那本书了。,I have been reading that book all the morning.,我早上一直在读那本书。,第29页,4.,普通未来时表示方式：,未来时,使用方法,例句,1,will/shall+,动词原形,表示未来发生动作或存在状态,My sister will be ten next year.,2,be going to+,动词原形,含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事,Its going to clear up.,Were going to have a party tonight.,3,be+doing 进行时表示未来,go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生动作,He is moving to the south.,Are they leaving for Europe?,4,be about to+,动词原形,表示安排或计划中马上就要发生动作，后面普通不跟时间状语,I was about to leave when the bell rang.,The meeting is about to close.,5,be to+,动词原形,表示按计划进行或征求对方意见,Were to meet at the school gate at noon.,6,普通现在时表示未来,时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好事情，可用普通现在时表示未来,The meeting starts at five oclock.,The plane leaves at ten this evening.,第30页,II.,动词被动语态：,惯用被动语态,组成,惯用被动语态,组成,1,普通现在时,am/is/are asked,6,过去进行时,was/were being asked,2,普经过去时,was/were asked,7,现在完成时,have/has been asked,3,普通未来时,shall/will be asked,8,过去完成时,had been asked,4,过去未来时,should/would be asked,9,未来完成时,will/would have been asked,5,现在进行时,am/is/are being asked,10,含有情态动词,can/must/may be asked,第31页,注,意,事,项,被动语态否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词被动态不可遗漏其中介副词。固定结构be,going to,used to,have to,had better变为被动态时，只需将其后动词变为被动态。如：,Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of by his classmates.,Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.,汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中普通可用被动结构表示。如：,It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that,It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that,It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that,下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：,The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.,The door wont shut./The play wont act.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.,The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.,下面词或短语没有被动态：,leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consist of,have on,lose heart,等等,第32页,七情态动词,I.,情态动词基本使用方法：,情态动词,使用方法,否定式,疑问式与简答,can,能力（体力，智力，技能）,允许或许可（口语中惯用）,可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）,can not/cannot/cant do,Cando?,Yes,can.,No,cant.,could,couldnt do,may,能够问句中表示请求）,可能，或许（表推测）,祝福（用于倒装句中）,may not do,Maydo?Yes,may.,No,mustnt/cant.,might,might not do,Mightdo?Yes,might,No,might not.,must,必须，应该（表主观要求）,必定，想必（必定句中表推测）,must not/mustnt do,Mustdo?Yes,must.,No,neednt/dont have to.,have to,只好，不得不（客观必须，有时态人称改变）,dont have to do,Dohave to do?,Yes,do.No,dont.,ought to,应该（表示义务责任，口语中多用should,ought not to/oughtnt to do,Oughtto do?,Yes,ought.No,oughtnt.,第33页,shall,将要，会,用于一三人称征求对方意见,用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等,shall not/shant do,Shalldo?,Yes,shall.No,shant.,should,应该，应该（表义务责任）,本该（含有责备意味）,should not/shouldnt do,Shoulddo?,will,意愿，决心,请求，提议，用在问句中would比较委婉,will not/wont do,Willdo?,Yes,will.No,wont.,would,would not/wouldnt do,dare,敢（惯用于否定句和疑问句中）,dare not/darent do,Daredo?,Yes,dare.No,darent.,need,需要,必须（惯用于否定句和疑问句中）,need not/neednt do,Needdo?,Yes,must.No,neednt.,used to,过去经常（现在已不再）,used not/usednt/usent to do,didnt use to do,Usedto do?,Yes,used.No,use(d)nt.,Diduse to do?,Yes,did.No,didnt.,第34页,II.,情态动词,must,may,might,could,can,表示推测：,以,must,为例。,must+do(be),是推测现在存在普通状态进行；,must+be doing,推测可能正在进行事情；,must+have done,是推测可能已经发生过事情。,1.,must,“,必定，一定”语气强，只用于必定句中。,He must be a man from America./He must be talking with his friend./He must have already arrived there.,2.,may,和,might可能”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于必定句和否定句。,He may not be at home./They might have finished their task.,3.,can,和,could,“,可能”，,could,表示可疑可能性，不及,cant,语气强，用于必定、否定、疑问句中。,The weather in that city could be cold now.,We could have walked there;it was so near.,（推测某事原来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）,Can he be in the office now?No,he cant be there,for I saw him in the library just now.(,语气很强，惯用于疑问句和否定句中,),第35页,III.,情态动词注意点：,1.can,和,be able to,:,都能够表示能力。但,be able to,能够表示“某事终于成功”，而,can,无法表示此意。,Be able to,有更多时态。另外，二者不能重合使用。,2.used to,和,would,:used to,表示过去经常做现在已经不再有习惯，而,would,只表示过去习惯或喜好，不包括现在。,3.need,和,dare,作情态动词和实义动词区分：,二者作情态动词时惯用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：,neednt/darent do,；,Need/daredo?,做实义动词时可用于必定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：,need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do,dont(doesnt/didnt)need/dare to do,第36页,八非谓语动词,I.,非谓语动词分类、意义及组成：,非谓语形式,组成,特征和作用,时态和语态,否定式,复合结构,不定式,to do,to be doing,to have done,to be done,to have been done,在非谓语前加,not,for sb.to do sth.,含有