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1、英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Understanding Academic Lectures Listening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently? I. Understand all (1) ______________ A. words B. (2) _
2、 -stress -intonation -(3) ______________ II. Adding information A. lecturers: sharing information with audience B. listeners: (4) ______________ C. sources of information -knowledge of (5) ______________ -(6) ______________ of the world D. listening involving three st
3、eps: -hearing -(7) ______________ -adding III. (8) ______________ A. reasons: -overcome noise -save time B. (9) ______________ -content -organization IV. Evaluating while listening A. helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notes B. helps to remember
4、 information 答案：1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject 6. experience 7. reinterpreting 8. prediction 9. what to listen 10. Importance ANSWER SHEET 1 (TEM8) PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE How to Reduce Stress Life
5、is full of things that cause us stress. Though we may not like stress, we have to live with it. I. Definition of stress A. (1) reaction (1) physical i.e. force exerted between two touching bodies B. human reaction i.e. response to (2) on someone
6、 (2) a demand e.g. increase in breathing, heart rate, (3) (3) blood pressure or muscle tension II. (4) (4) Category of stress A. positive stress —where it occurs: Christmas, wedding, (5)
7、 (5) a job B. negative stress —where it occurs: test-taking situations, friend’s death III. Ways to cope with stress A. recognition of stress signals —monitor for (6) of stress (6) signals —find ways to protect oneself B. attention to b
8、ody demand —effect of (7) (7) exercise and nutrition C. planning and acting appropriately — reason for planning —(8) of planning (8) result D. learning to (9) (9) accept —e.g. delay cau
9、sed by traffic E. pacing activities —manageable task —(10) (10) reasonable speed SECTION A MINI-LECTURE What Do Active Learners Do? There are difference between active learning and passive learning. Characteristics of active learners: I. reading
10、with purposes A. before reading: setting goals B. while reading: (1) ________ II. (2) ______ and critical in thinking i.e. information processing, e.g. -- connections between the known and the new information -- identification of (3) ______ concepts -- judgment on the value of (4) _____. III
11、 active in listening A. ways of note-taking: (5) _______. B. before note-taking: listening and thinking IV. being able to get assistance A. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ______. B. Reason 2: being able to predict study difficulties V. being able to question informati
12、on A. question what they read or hear B. evaluate and (7) ______. VI. Last characteristic A. attitude toward responsibility -- active learners: accept -- passive learners: (8) _______ B. attitude toward (9) ______ -- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour -- passive learners: no cha
13、nge in approach Relationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ______. Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning. 参照答案： 1. checking their understanding 2. reflective on information 3. incomprehensible 4. what you read 5. organized 6. monitoring their unders
14、tanding 7. differentiate 8. blame 9. performance 10. active learning Section A Mini-lecture 或者 1、checking understanding。 2、reflective 3、puzzling/confusing 4、what is read 5、comprehensive and organized 6、constant understanding monitoring//monitoring their understanding 7、differ 8、blame o
15、thers 9、poor performance 10、school work//studies Observation People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation. Differences ---- daily life obse
16、rvation --casual --(1) ________ --dependence on memory ---- research observation -- (2) _________ -- careful record keeping B. Ways to select samples in research ---- time sampling -- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour -- random: fixed intervals but (
17、3) _______ Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination. ---- (4) _______ -- definition: selection of different locations -- reason: humans’ or animals’ behaviour (5) ______ across circumstances -- (6) ______: more objective observations C. Ways to record beh
18、aviour (7) _______ ---- observation with intervention -- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant -- field experiment: research (8) ______ over conditions ---- observation without intervention -- purpose: describing behaviour (9) ______ -- (10) ______ : no inte
19、rvention -- researcher: a passive recorder 1: rarely formal records 2: systematic objective manner 3: variable 4: situation sampling 5: vary 6: advantage 7: as it occurs 8: have more control 9: in natural setting 10: method Interview Classifications of Cultu
20、res According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures. I. High-context culture A. feature - context: more important than the message - meaning: (1)_______
21、 i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itself B. examples - personal space - preference for (3)__________ - less respect for privacy / personal space - attention to (4)___________
22、 concept of time - belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time - no concern for punctuality - no control over time II. Low-context culture A. feature - message: separate from context - meaning: (6)___________
23、 B. examples - personal space - desire / respect for individuality / privacy - less attention to body language - more concern for (7)___________ - attitude toward time - concept of time: (8)____________
24、 - dislike of (9)_____________ - time seen as commodity III. Conclusion Awareness of different cultural assumptions - relevance in work and life e.g. business, negotiation, etc. - (10)_____________ in successful commu
25、nication 1. apart from the message 2.what is happening 3.closeness 4.body language 5.multiple 6.in itself 7.the message itself 8.punctuality means everything 9.lateness 10.accounts 1. and significance 2. the context 或 what is doing 3. closeness to people 4. body la
26、nguage 5. polychronic 6. in itself 7. personal space 8. monochrome 9. lateness 10. multicultural situation Paralinguistic Features of Language In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey message
27、s. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories. First category: vocal paralinguistic features (1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________ Examples 1. whispering: need for secrecy 2. breathiness: deep emoti
28、on 3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________ 4. nasality: anxiety 5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy Second category: physical paralinguistic features facial expressions (3)_______ (3)__________ ----- smiling: s
29、ignal of pleasure or welcome less common expressions ----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest ----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________ gesture gestures are related to culture. British culture ----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)________
30、 ----- scratching head: puzzlement other cultures ----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________ ----- pointing at nose: secret proximity, posture and echoing proximity: physical distance between speakers ----- closeness: intimacy or threat ----- (7)_______: formali
31、ty or absence of interest (7)_________ Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________ posture ----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate(9)_____ (9)________ ----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude echoing ---
32、 definition: imitation of similar posture ----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________ ----- conscious imitation: mockery 1 tones of voice 2 huskiness 3 universal signal。 4 thought or uncertainty 5 indifference 6 honesty 7 distance。 8 situation。 9 mood。 10 unconscio
33、usly same posture Writing Experimental Reports I. Content of an experimental report, e.g. --- study subject/ area --- study purpose --- ____1____ II. Presentation of an experimental report --- providing details --- regarding readers as _____2_____ III. Structure of an experimental repor
34、t --- feature: highly structured and ____3____ --- sections and their content: INTRODUCTION ____4____。 why you did it METHOD how you did it RESULT what you found out ____5____ what you think it shows IV. Sense of readership --- ____6____: reader is the marker --- ____7____: reader is an ide
35、alized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study --- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report: introduction to relevant area necessary background information development of clear arguments definition of technical terms precise description of data ____8____ V. Dem
36、ands and expectations in report writing --- early stage: understanding of study subject/area and its implications basic grasp of the report's format --- later stage: ____9____ on research significance --- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION: Inadequate material ____10____ of research
37、justification for the study MINI-LECTURE 1. Study result/ findings 2. Audience 3. Disciplined 4. what you did 5. DISCUSSION 6. a common mistake 7. in reality 8. obtained / that you obtained 9. attention / foucs / emphasis 10.暂无 10. The Popularity of English I. Present status o
38、f English A. English as a native/first language B. English as a lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose (1)______ are different (1)_______ C. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language: — 320-380 million native spea
39、kers — 250- (2) _____ million speakers of English as a second language (2)_______ II. Reasons for the popular use of English A. (3) ____ reasons (3)_______ — the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America。 — British settlers brought the language
40、to Australia。 — English was used as a means of control in (4)_____ (4)_______ B. Economic reasons — spread of (5) _____ (5)_______ — language of communication iii the international business community C. (6)______ in international travel
41、 (6)_______ — use of English in travel and tourism — signs in airports — language of announcement — language of (7) ______ (7)_______ D. Information exchange — use of English in the academic world — language of (8) _____ or journal articles
42、 (8)_______ E. Popular culture — pop music on (9)______ (9)_______ — films from the USA III. Questions to think about A. status of English in the future B. (10) ______ of distinct varieties of English (10)_______ 1. n
43、ative language 2. 350 3. Historical 4. India 5. commerce 6. Boom 7. sea travel communication 8. conference 9. many radios 10. split What Can We Learn from Art? I. Introduction A. Differences between general history and art history — Focus: — general history: (1)
44、 — art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc. B. Significance of study More information and better understanding of human society and civilization II. Types of information A. Information in history books is (2)_____ —
45、facts, but no opinions B. Information in art history is subjective — (3)_____ and opinions e.g. — Spanish painter's works: misuse of governmental power — Mexican artists' works: attitudes towards social problems III. Art as a reflec
46、tion of religious beliefs A. Europe: (4)_____ in pictures in churches B. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palaces Reason: human and (5)_____ are not seen as holy C. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in
47、special ceremonies Purpose: to seek the help of (6)_____ to protect crops, animals and people. IV. Perceptions of Art How people see art is related to their cultural background. A. Europeans and Americans — (7)_____ — expression of ideas
48、 B. People in other places — part of everyday life — (8)_____ use V. Art as a reflection of social changes A. Cause of changes: (9)_____ of different cultures. B. Changes — tribal people: effects of (10)_____ on art forms —
49、European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works — American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese painting Meaning in literatine In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what som
50、ething really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. I. Meaning is what intended by (1) ______________________________ is Apart from reading an author's work in question, readers need to 1 )read (2) _______ by the same author。 2) get familiar wi
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