天津初一英语下册知识点总汇.doc

天津初一英语下册知识点总汇
◆Unit 1.Where’s the post office?
目标语言：ask for and give directions on the street
重点句型：Is there a bank near here? Yes, there’s a bank on Center Street.
Is there a supermarket? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
Where’s the supermarket? It’s next to the library.
The pay phone is across from the library.
The pay phone is next to the library.
The pay phone is between the post office and the library.
The pay phone is on Green Street.
Just go straight and turn left.
It’s down Bridge Street on the right. It’s next to a supermarket.
Is there a big supermarket near where you live?
重点词组：across from, on the street, between…and…, next to, in the neighborhood, go straight, turn left, on the right(left), on the avenue, take a walk, in the hotel, the beginning of, have fun doing, on a bench, the way to, take a taxi, go down, go through, have a good trip,welcome to+n.，the way to+n去。。。的路，hope to do
知识点：
1．there be 句型
（1）there be 句型常用来表示某地/某时有某物/某人。
（2）各种句型结构：
　　 肯定句： There＋be （is/are） ＋某物/某人＋地点/时间。
　　 否定句： There＋be（is/are）＋not＋某物/某人＋地点/时间。
　　 一般疑问句： Be（Is/Are）＋there＋某物/某人＋地点/时间？
　　 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋ be（is/are）＋there＋其它？
　　　 e.g. There is a pencil on the desk. 桌子上有一支铅笔。
　　 　　　否定句： There isn't a pencil on the desk. 桌子上没有铅笔。
　　 　　　一般疑问句： Is there a pencil on the desk? 桌子上有铅笔吗？
　　 　　　特殊疑问句（划线部分提问）： What's on the desk? 桌子上有什么？
　注意：
　　There be后面所接的某物有多个时，谓语动词be要根据最靠近它的那个名词的单复数来确定，即就近原则。
　　e.g. There is a pen, a pencil-box and some books on my desk.
　　　　 我的桌子上有一支钢笔，一个铅笔盒与一些书。
　　　There are some books, a pen and a pencil-box on my desk.
2．Where引导的特殊疑问句
句式：Where +一般疑问句？
用法：表示“在哪儿”，提问地点，方位等。
1) 询问来自何处
-Where are you from?
-I am from England.
2) 询问去何处
-Where are you going?
- I am going to the zoo.
3) 询问物品位置
-Where are my shoes?
-They are under your bed.
4) 询问某人位置
-Where is Tom?
-Look! He is in the tall tree.
【注意】1与不熟悉的英美人见面打招呼时，不能问Where are you going?因为这涉及到对方的隐私。否则，对方有可能说“It’s none of your business.”这不管你的事。
2．在英语中，询问某人地址在哪，用What’s your address?
3. 在回答某人，某物所处的位置时，一定要用准表示方位的介词。如at,in,on,next to, near等。
3．本单元的方位介词
across from在。。。对面
next to 紧挨着
between …and在。。。与。。。之间
on 在。。。。上
in 在。。。。里
4.词语辨析 across & through
Across 与through两个介词都有“穿过”的意思， 用法却不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行，常指从宽度意思上讲的“横穿/跨”。Through的含义in有关，表示动作在某物体的空间进行。
Arrive in& arrive at
Arrive at表示到达较小的地方；arrive in表示到达较大的地方。
5．Let sb.(宾格)do sth.让某人做某事。Let后面的动词要用动词原形。
6．问路的句式小结：
1）“特殊疑问句”类句型
a) Excuse me. Where is the …,please?
b) Excuse me. Which is the way to the…,please?
c) Excuse me. How can I get to the…, please?
2)“一般疑问句”类句型
a) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the…?
b) Could /Can you tell me the way to the…?
c) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the…,please?
d) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the…?
e) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the…?
f) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the…?
◆unit 2 Why do you like koala bears?
目标语言：Describe animals; express preferences
重点句型：Let’s see the lions.
Why do you want to see the lions? Because they are cute.
Why does he like koala bears? Because they are kind of interesting.
Where are lions from? They are from Africa.
What animals do you like? I like elephants.
What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too.
重点词组：want to do sth.想要做某事，kind of有点儿，be from=come from来自，…years old。。。岁，play with与。。。一起玩，at night在夜里，在晚上，get up起床，every day每天，look at 看,give sb. sth=give sth. to sb.把某物给某人，be friendly to sb对某人友好（强调对某人的态度）be friendly with sb与某人友好（强调与某人的关系）in a friendly way以友好的方式，go to sleep就寝，入睡 get to sleep入睡（由于某种原因睡不着，想方设法入睡）fall asleep入睡（入睡的状态）go to bed上床睡觉（不一定睡着）
知识点：
1． why ,what, where引导的特殊疑问句及其回答
1） 句型结构：Why/What/Where+一般疑问句？
2） 语法功能：why用来询问原因，what一般用来对物提问，另外what还用来对职业提问，如，What is he?他是做什么的？，where对地点提问。
2． kind的用法
kind of有点，稍微；a kind of一种；kinds of各种
kind 作形容词，为“善良的，好心的”She is a kind woman.她是个善良的女人。
3． Other作形容词时，为“其他的，另外的”，用做定语。后接不可数名词或可数名词复数形式。
4． 年龄的表达方式
He is 12 years old.
He is 12.
His age is 12.
5. Isn’t he cute此句为否定疑问句，表达一种赞赏，往往不需要对方回答，句末用降调。如，Isn’t the film very interesting?难道这部电影不是很有趣吗？
Doesn’t he like watching TV?难道他不喜欢看电视吗？
【注意】在回答这种否定疑问句时，与汉语的习惯不同。如果是肯定回答，用yes开头，如果是否定回答，用no开头。但是翻译成汉语时，yes或no要按其反意翻译。如，Doesn’t he want to go there? Yes, he does.难道他不想去那里吗？不， 他想去。
6.during在…期间，在某段时间内，如I like traveling during summer holidays. 我喜欢在暑假旅游。
7.at night & in the night
at night意为“在夜里”“在晚上”“天黑时”，指在一天的部分时间，常常是下午6时至午夜这一段时间；in the night指“在夜里”指从天黑到天明这一整段时间。
8.also位于句中；either位于句尾，用于否定句；too也表示“也”，一般位于句尾。
9.第10页的1要求记住；第9页的3a要求记住。
10.关于 “like”的问句
1) Why do you like…?这是提问者问对方为什么喜欢某人或某物，直接寻求对方所说话的原因。-Why do you like the panda?你为什么喜欢熊猫？-Because it is very lovely.因为它很可爱。
2) Do you like doing..?这是提问者问对方习惯上喜欢什么，意为“你喜欢。。。吗？”其中like doing指喜欢干某事，相当于enjoy doing。-Do you like working in China?你喜欢在中国工作吗？
3) Do you like to do..?这是提问者问对方目前的一时爱好。其中like to do指现在想干某事，相当于want to do。表示某种愿望。Do you like to have a cup of tea?你想喝杯茶吗？
4) How do you like…?这是用来询问对方对某人或某物的看法，意为“你觉得。。。怎么样？”How do you like…?相当于What do you think of…? How do you like China?你觉得中国怎么样？
5) What do you like?这是用来询问对方一贯性的爱好，意为“你喜欢什么？”注意这一句式与What would you like?你想要什么？不同。Would like为一固定表达方式，用来询问对方当时的意向。
-What do you like?你喜欢什么？-I like books.我喜欢书。
-What would you like?你想要什么？-I’d like some apples.我想要些苹果。
6）What’s the weather like..?这句用来询问天气情况，意为“。。。天气情况怎么样？”此句可用How’s the weather like…?替换。
◆unit 3 I’d like a large pizza.
目标语言：Order food
重点句型：I’d like a pizza.
What would you like on it? Mushrooms,green pepers and onionsplease.
I’d like a large /medium/small pizza.
What kind of pizza would you like? I’d like a pepperoni pizza, please.
What size pizza would he like? He’d like a small pizza.
What’s your address? It’s 223Green Street.
I’d=I would he’d=he would they’d=they would
重点词组：would like, green pepper, iced tea, orange juice, hot dog, at Pizza Express, house of pizza, as well as, a medium pizza
知识点：
１．名词的单复数形式
在英语中，名词分为可数名词与不可数名词，凡是能一个一个或一件一件数的人或事物，其名词就是可数名词。可数名词可分为单数或复数两种形式，表示一个人或事物的名词用单数形式，表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的名词用复数形式。名词单数形式就是通常在课本单词表或词典中出现的形式绝大多数复数形式是在单数名词后加-s或-es构成。
名词分可数名词与不可数名词，可数名词有复数形式。可数名词复数的构成有如下规则：
　　 ①一般加-s，如：desk→desks
　　 ② s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es，如：bus→buses, watch→watches
　　 ③以 f, fe结尾，改f, fe为v，再加-es，如：leaf→leaves
　　 ④以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，改y为i，再加-es，如city→cities
　　 ⑤以“辅音字母＋o”结尾，加-es，如：tomato →tomatoes
　　 ⑥一般复合名词，只将主体名词变复数，如： boy student→boy students
　　 ⑦以 man, woman开头与结尾的复合名词，规则不同：
　　　 Frenchman→Frenchmen, woman teacher→women teachers
　　 ⑧不规则变化： foot→feet, child→children
　　　 单、复数同形的情况：sheep→sheep, Chinese→Chinese（中国人）
　　　 只有复数形式的情况： people, clothes, trousers
２what引导的问句
1）问姓名：What is your name?你叫什么名字？

2）问职业：What’s your father?你爸爸是做什么的？
3）问事物：What’s that on the desk?桌子上是什么？
4)问颜色：What color is the rainbow?彩虹是什么颜色的？
5）问号码：What’s your phone number?你的 号码是多少？
６）问尺码：What size would you like?你想要多大号的？
７）问地址：What’s your address?你的地址是什么？
８）问种类：What kind of animals do you like?你喜欢什么样的动物？
３．情态动词would的用法
１）用以提出建议或邀请。如，Would you like a sandwich?你想吃三明治吗？
２）与like, love连用表示教合意愿的做法。如，I’d love/like a coffee.我想喝杯咖啡。３）句式结构：would like sth.(名词或代词)想要某物=want sth.
　　　　　　　I ‘d like a pizza.我想要一份比萨饼。
　　　　　　　would like to do sth.想要做某事＝want to do
I’d like to have supper.我想要吃晚饭。
　　　　　　　would like sb. to do.希望／想要某人做某事＝want sb. to do
I’d like you to play with me.我想要你与我一起玩。
４）含would like的陈述句变一般疑问句，直接把情态动词would提前，Would you like/love…？比Do you want…？语气委婉，常用于口语。对此问题的肯定回答一般为Yes, I’d like/love to,还可以是Yes, please./ All right./ Yes./Ok.等。
4．就餐用语全接触
1) May I take your order?
2) What would you like to eat/drink?
3) I’d like to drink coffee without milk.
4) I’d like some meatballs.
5) Here is the bill.这是帐单。
6) Wait, let me have the bill.等一下，我来买单。
5．名词所有格
英语中有些名词加“'s”表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为名词所有格。名词所有格的构成有如下规则：
　　①有生命的名词一般加“'s”构成，以s结尾的复数名词加“'”。
　　②无生命的名词一般用“所有物＋of＋所有者”。
　　　a map of Japan 一幅日本地图
　　　a door of the classroom 教室的门
　　　the name of the school 学校的名字
　　　the son of my friend 我朋友的儿子
　　　但请注意下列说法的不同含义：
　　③表时间、距离、国家、城镇、机构、团体、价格等的名词，可用以上两种方式构成所有格。
　　④并列的名词表各自所有，须在各词词尾分别加“'s”；表共同所有，须在后一个名词词尾加“'s”。
　　　Tom and Jack's car 汤姆与杰克的小汽车（两人合用）
　　　Tom's and Jack's cars 汤姆与杰克的小汽车（两人各有一辆）。
◆unit 4 I want to be an actor.
目标语言：Talk about jobs
重点句型：What do you do? I’m a doctor.
What does she do? She’s a doctor.
What do you want to be? I want to be an actor.
What does he want to be? He wants to be a blank clerk.
Where does your sister work? She works at a hospital.
Does she work in a hospital? No, she doesn’t.
Does she work late? Yes, she does.
Is it an exciting job? Yes, it is.
重点词组：a girl of six years old六岁的女孩 an international call国际 as soon as possible尽可能快地 as well as possible尽可能好地 as…as…象。。。一样 in a hospital在医院里 in hospital（生病）住院 work with与…打交道，与。。。在一起工作 be late for迟到 go out出去 be afraid of害怕 wait for sb.等候某人 in the future在未来 in future从今以后
知识点：
1．“职业”的几种询问方式
1) 询问某人现在从事何种职业
a) What +do/does+某人+do?
b) What+be+某人？
What do you do?你是做什么工作的？
What’s your brother 你哥哥是干什么的？
【注意】What+do/does+某人+do?句型有时还可以用来询问某人经常做什么事情。如，What do you do every evening?你每天晚上干什么？
2）询问某人现在的工作地
Where + do/does+主语+work?
Where do you work?你在哪工作？I work in a factory.我在工厂工作。
【注意】当想确认对方的职业时，可用“Are you+职业？”如，Are you a doctor?你是医生吗？Yes, I am.是的。
3）询问某人将来的工作
What do/does+某人+want to be?
What do you want to be?你想要从事什么职业？I want to be a reporter.我想成为一名记者。
【注意】动词后面加-er 或-r或-or,一般则变成从事这种动作的人，常见的形式有：write-writer,act-actor,run-runner.cook是兼类词，表示“厨师”，cooker为“炊具”。
2．as的用法
1) Prep.作为 You must work hard as a student.作为一名学生你必须努力学习。
2) Conj.当。。。时候 As I was walking down the street, I met an old friend.我在街上走的时候，遇见了一位老朋友。
3) Conj.因为 As he is ill, he is away from school.因为他生病了，所以没来上学。
【注意】as用于表示不是很重要的或众所周知的理由时，语气教弱；如果说话人强调某种理由时，则用because来表达。
4）prep.依照。。，如。。。常用来引导从句。
I will do as you say.我将按照你说的做。
5）as…as..象。。。一样She is as tall as her mother.她与她妈妈一样高。
3.名词构词法：
-er: farmer, jumper
-or: inventor, visitor
-ist: scientist, artist
-ess: actress, waitress
-ese: Chinese
◆unit5 How was your weekend?
目标语言：talk about recent past events
重点句型：What did you do over the weekend?
On Saturday morning, I played tennis.
How was your weekend?
It was great.
For most kids, the weekend was a mixture of fun and work.
重点词组：do homework做作业 play soccer踢足球 clean the room打扫房间 go to the beach去海滩  go to the movies 去看电影 over the weekend=at the weekend=on the weekend在周末 study for the test准备考试 have a party举行晚会 stay at home呆在家里 do some reading读书 practice English练习英语 play the guitar弹吉他 on the afternoon of last Sunday在上个星期日下午 an interesting talk show有趣的谈话节目
知识点：
1． 谈论过去的事用语介绍：
1) –What did you do last night?-I watched TV at home.
2) –Where did you go last Sunday?-I went to the zoo.
3) –Whom did you visit yesterday?-I went to see my uncle.
4) –Did you read a book this morning?-No, I didn’t. I wrote a letter to my father.
在谈论刚刚发生的事情就需要用一般过去时，这时谓语动词用过去式形式，句中多有last night, last month, last year, yesterday, two days ago, in1978等表示过去的时间状语。
2． 一般过去时
1) 一般过去式的构成：规则动词过去式的变化可速记为“直，去，双，改”四字诀。
a) 一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed.如，want-wanted
b) 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ed，如，hope-hoped
c) 重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed.如，stop-stopped
d) 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-ed.如，study-studied.
不规则动词变化，要逐一熟记。Be动词过去式有两种形式，主语是第一，三人称单数形式用was,其他人称用were.
2) 一般过去时的形式
a) Be动词过去式的句式。否定句是在was/were后面加not, was not=wasn’t/were not=weren’t。一般疑问句是把was/were提前并放到句首，要求首字母要大写。
b) 实义动词过去式的句式：肯定式：主语+动词故去式+其它。如，They had a good time yesterday.
否定式：主语+did not+动词原形+其他。如，They didn’t have a good time yesterday.
一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+其它？肯定回答：Yes,主语+did. 否定回答：No,主语+didn’t.如，Did they have a meeting two days ago? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其他？如，What time did you finish your homework?
3） 一般过去时的用法：
a) 主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。My father worked in Shanghai last year.
b) 表示故去经常或反复发生的动作，常与 often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。I often went to school on foot.
c) 与when等连词引导的状语从句连用。 When he got home, he had a short rest.
4)表示一般过去时的时间状语：
a moment ago刚才 yesterday morning, last night, last week, the day before yesterday前天, just now刚才
3．Over的用法
1）over the weekend中的over意思是“在…期间”相当于during.
2)over表示“在…正上方“不接触物体表面；on表示“在..上面”物体是可以接触到的.over的反义词under.
3)over也表示”超过,多于”相当于more than
4)all over the world这里的over是”遍及”的意思.
5)over there中的over是 “越过,在那边”
4. “do some+动名词”结构,表示 “做….,干….,进行…..”其中动名词作宾语.
如,do some washing 洗衣服
5. practice doing练习做某事
6.介词on, in, at都表示时间. On用于某日的时间前; in用于某年或某月的时间前;at用于几点的时间前.
◆unit 6 Where are the jazz music?
目标语言:ask for and give directions inside a building
重点句型:Where’s the classical music? Go upstairs and turn right.It’s next to the jazz music.
Where’s the dance music? Go straight and turn left. It’s between the pop and the country.
What’s Bob’s favorite kind of music? His favorite music is classical Who’s Carla’s favorite group? Her favorite group is Boys from Brazil.
Do you like the Latin Sound? No, I don’t. They’re awful.
Where’s the dance music section? I don’t know.
重点词组:in front of, and so on, turn left, go upstairs, next to, between…and…,a kind of, on the right, have fun
知识点:
1问路的句式小结：

1）“特殊疑问句”类句型
d) Excuse me. Where is the …,please?
e) Excuse me. Which is the way to the…,please?
f) Excuse me. How can I get to the…, please?
2)“一般疑问句”类句型
g) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the…?
h) Could /Can you tell me the way to the…?
i) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the…,please?
j) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the…?
k) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the…?
l) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the…?
2谈论喜欢的歌手,歌曲与音乐组合
1) –Do you like music?
-Yes, I like music very much/a lot/a little.
-No, I don’t like music at all.
2)- Are you interested in folk songs(民歌)?
-Yes, I am.
3) – Are you fond of music?
- Yes, I am.
4)- What’s your favorite kind of music?
- American country music.(美国乡村音乐)
5)-Who is your favorite music group?
-Backstreet Boy.
6)- What do you think of Tian Zhen’songs?
- I think they are wonderful.
3.表示位置的几个词
1) next to “……的旁边,紧接着”
2) between…and…在…与…之间,between指两者之间
3) among在…中间,指三者以上
4) in front of在…前面,指在(本部分之外)的前面; in the front of指在(本部分之内)的前面.
5) at在某个具体的地点
6) outside在…之外 outside the gate在门外
4 afraid 的用法
Afraid是形容词,一般在句中用作表语,不能用作定语。意思是 “担心,害怕,恐怕,恐惧”.afraid常用于以下三种句式:
1) be afraid of sb or sth.或be afraid of doing sth.表示害怕某人或某事,后接动名词，表示怕做某事,只是陈述一个事实,不带感情色彩.
2) be afraid to do sth.后接动词不定式,往往指主观上怕去做某事,侧重表示 “因为担心后果严重而不敢也不愿做某事”如,Lily is afraid to go out at night.
3) I’m afraid…我恐怕..当听了对方所说的话,而不能满足对方的意愿时,为了使语气较为委婉,常用此语.如,Can you help me with my English? I’m afraid not.当不同意对方的建议,邀请,陈述时,我们可以用I’m af