托福阅读十大题型.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,TOEFL READING Final,十大题型解题方法,1,认识托福阅读,考什么？,Reading measures the,ability to understand academic reading,matter,准确、迅速,把握关键信息的能力,2,托福阅读考试简介,四项中的第一项，一般考,3,篇文章（如果加试，则是,4,篇）。,文章一般为议论文或说明文每篇,700,词左右，之后有,13-14,道题目。,除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为,1,分，三篇总体小分值,45,分，最终成绩按照,30,分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。,3,认识托福阅读,怎么考？,词汇,句子理解,句间关系,文章结构,托福阅读是以,句子,为核心的考试,(,单词,+,句法,),词汇题,指代题,事实信息题（细节题）,否定事实信息题（选非题）,句子简化题,推断题,修辞目的题（作者意图题）,句子插入题,文章小结题,/,图表题,考查重点,十大题型,4,词汇题,出题方式,The word,“,X,”,in the passage is closest in meaning to,考查关键,理解单词在语境中的含义,词汇量要求,8000,+,背单词！,词汇题做法,5,背单词！,不会背,背了忘，忘了背，循环往复,在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它,词根词缀,各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）,一次大量，多次重复,词以类记,美剧、电影情景记忆,Paleontologist,Paleontology,Skeleton,Skull,Fossil,fossilize,Strata,Dinosaur,Trilobite,Arthropod,Jurassic,Cretaceous,Cambrian,Sediment,Spine,Invertebrate,Cold-blood,ed,Warm-blood,ed,Pottery,Porcelain,Ceramics,Pot,Ware,Vessel,Sculpture,Surface,Glaze,Pigment,Ore,Kiln,6,词汇题解题技巧,认识,直接选,+,带回文章确认,选不出,通过词义褒贬色彩判断,+,带回文章确认,不认识,词根词缀,回文章找同、反义对应,7,认识,褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-,1.The word“,championed,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,changed,debated,created,supported,8,认识,褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-,1.The word“,championed,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,changed,debated,created,supported,9,认识,贬义色彩,TPO 3-3-,10.The word“,pales,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,increases proportionally,differs,loses significance,is common,10,认识,贬义色彩,TPO 3-3-,10.The word“,pales,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,increases proportionally,differs,loses significance,is common,11,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-,7.The word“,overlie,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,cover,change,separate,surround,12,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-,7.The word“,overlie,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,cover,change,separate,surround,over,在上面,lie,躺着,覆盖,13,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1.The word“,particular,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,natural,final,specific,complex,and their,particular,structure depends on the specific history of the area.,14,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1.The word“,particular,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,natural,final,specific,complex,and their,particular,structure,depends on,the,specific,history of the area.,15,反义概念,TPO 6-3-,2.The word“,plausible,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,flexible,believable,debatable,predictable,Another seemingly,plausible,explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect.,16,反义概念,TPO 6-3-,2.The word“,plausible,”in the passage is closest in meaning to,flexible,believable,debatable,predictable,Another,seemingly,plausible,explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is,incorrect,.,17,指代题,出题方式,The word,“,X,”,in the passage refers to,考查关键,单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）,应对技巧,往前找，两个一致,数量,单、复数,性质,动作发出者的特性,18,非代词,TPO 1-1-,5.The phrase“,glacial outwash,”in the passage refers to,fast rivers,glaciers,the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting,the particles carried in water from melting glaciers,The water was always laden with pebbles,gravel,and sand,known as,glacial outwash,that deposited,-,particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,19,非代词,TPO 1-1-,5.The phrase“,glacial outwash,”in the passage refers to,fast rivers,glaciers,the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting,the particles carried in water,from melting glaciers,-,The water was always laden with pebbles,gravel,and sand,known as,glacial outwash,-,particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,20,代词,TPO 1-2-,5.The word“,this,”in the passage refers to,the acting out of rites,the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society,the separation of myths from rites,the celebration of supernatural forces,But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.When,this,occurs,21,代词,TPO 1-2-,5.The word“,this,”in the passage refers to,the acting out of rites,the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society,the,separation,of myths from rites,the celebration of supernatural forces,But the,myths,that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions,divorced from these rites,.When,this,occurs,22,细节题,出题方式,According to the paragraph,which of the following is true of,X,?,The authors description of,X,mentions which of the following?,According to the paragraph,X,occurs because,According to the paragraph,X,did,Y,because,According to the paragraph,why did,X,do,Y,?,变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题,True,，原因，关系,23,细节题,考查关键,迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息,准确判断选项对信息的转化,常见错误选项特征,无中生有,信息杂糅,直接相反,答非所问,做题技巧,准确理解题干,根据题干中的关键词定位原文,读取原文相关信息（通常,1-2,句话）,判断选项正误,题干,原文,选项,24,Example 1.,TPO 3-3-6.According to paragraph 4which of the following is true of,climax communities,?,They are more resilient than pioneer communities.,They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.,They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.,They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.,25,Paragraph 4:The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,however.The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what“stability”means.Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.In that case,the,climax community,would be considered the most stable,since,by definition,it changes the least over time.Alternatively,stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance,such as a fire.This kind of stability is also called resilience.In that case,climax communities,would be the most fragile and the least stable,since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.,Example 1.,定位,CC,26,Example 1.,读懂原文,In that case,the climax community,would be considered,the most stable,In that case,climax communities would be the most fragile and,the least stable,27,Example 1.,选出答案,They are more resilient than pioneer communities.,（信息杂糅）,They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.,They are stable because they,recover quickly,after major disturbances.,（直接相反）,They are the,most resilient,communities because they change the least over time.,（直接相反）,28,Example 2.,TPO 8-2-1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of the,Late Cretaceous climate,?,Summers were very warm and,winters were very cold.,Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.,The climate was very similar to todays climate.,The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.,29,Example 2.,定位,LC climate,Paragraph 1:Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.Off and on throughout the Cretaceous(the last period of the Mesozoic era,during which dinosaurs flourished),large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents.Data from diverse sources,including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments,indicate that the,Late Cretaceous climate,was milder than todays.The days were not too hot,nor the nights too cold.The summers were not too warm,nor the winters too frigid.The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air,keeping it relatively constant.,30,Example 2.,读懂原文,the,Late Cretaceous climate,was milder than todays,milder,更温和,31,Example 2.,选出答案,Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.,（直接相反）,Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.,（答非所问）,The climate was very similar to todays climate.,（信息杂糅）,The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.,did not change dramatically=milder,32,定位,&.,转化,定位,好找原则,手比眼快,题干中的,X,有特点的词,转化,同意转化,侧面转化,概括转化,题,干,定位,原,文,转化,选,项,33,Example 3.,TPO 9-1-,11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as,16,000 years ago,14,000 years ago,12,500 years ago,10,000 years ago,34,Example 3.,通过选项特征定位,Paragraph 5:The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals,such as caribou and brown bears,have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between,10,000 and 12,500 years ago,.This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be,inhospitable,for humans.It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears,there would have been enough food resources to support humans.Fladmark and other believe that the,first human colonization of America,occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age,possibly as early as,14,000 years ago,.The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level,between13,000 and 14,000 years ago,.,35,Example 3.,TPO 9-1-,11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a,first colonization of America,dating as far back as,16,000 years ago,14,000 years ago,12,500 years ago,10,000 years ago,定位原则补充,通过选项一致性定位,36,选非题,与细节题直接相反,考查关键,迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息,准确判断选项对信息的转化,表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化,选项特征,无中生有,信息杂糅,直接相反,答非所问,37,选非题,出题方式,以,NOT,和,EXCEPT,为标志,NOT true,一般直接相反,allEXCEPT,答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反,NOT mentioned,无中生有，信息杂糅,38,Example 4.NOT true,TPO 3-3-,2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true of,climax communities,?,They occur at the end of a succession.,They last longer than any other type of community.,The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.,They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.,39,Example 4.,根据题干找,CC,Paragraph 1:Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists use the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a,climax community,.Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.,40,Example 4.NOT true,TPO 3-3-,2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?,They occur at the,end of a succession,.,They,last longer,than any other type of community.,The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.,（直接相反）,They remain stable for at least,500,years at a time.,41,Example 4.,根据选项定位原文,Paragraph 1:Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists use the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,while the,long-lived,community,at the end of succession,is called a climax community.Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.,These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative,.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time,greater than about 500,years.,42,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-,5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the,history of the ceramic industry in China,EXCEPT:,The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.,Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.,Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.,The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.,43,Paragraph 3:The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the,fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were being made with glazed surfaces.During the,Six Dynasties period(AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the,Song dynasty(AD.960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stoneware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the,Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the,Tang dynasty,and Ming,three-color temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.,44,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-,5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the,history of the ceramic industry in China,EXCEPT:,The earliest,high-fired,ceramics were of poor,quality,.,Ceramics produced during the,Tang,and,Ming,dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.,Earthenware,ceramics were produced in China before,stoneware,were.,The,Song,dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.,45,Example 5.,根据选项定位原文,Paragraph 3:,The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were being made,with glazed surfaces.During the Six Dynasties period(AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing,high-fired ceramics of good quality,.White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the,Song dynasty(AD.960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry,.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stone ware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the,Tang dynasty,and Ming three-color,temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.,46,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-,5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the,history of the ceramic industry in China,EXCEPT:,The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.,Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes inc