苔丝的文献.doc

武汉工业学院

毕业论文文献综述

2011届

毕业论文题目 浅论苔丝的悲剧

院（系） 经济管理学院
专业名称 英 语（双学位）
学生姓名 赵 丹
学生学号 070808411
指导教师 李 鹏

Literature Review

The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy
By

Zhao Dan

Undergraduate Program
Department of English language and Literature
Wuhan Polytechnic University

Supervisor Li Peng
Academic Title Lecturer

Approved
March 14, 2011

Published in 1850, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is considered Thomas Hardy's most famous novel and the first quintessentially English novel in style, theme, and language. Hardy's novel offered a uniquely English style, language, set of characters, and most importantly，a uniquely American central dilemma. So many foreign and domestic scholars pay a lot of attention on analyzing it.
The opinions of the scholars are diverse on the novel, especially on the discussion of the theme of the novel. The novel has been studied, analyzed, and discussed from different aspects. Therefore, the novel has to be done in-depth investigation and research and the study will always be endless. And what’s more, the previous studies have developed a lot of valuable views for reference, all those have served as a starting point and thus have made enormous contribution to providing multitudinal academic foundation for a further study on the novel.
1．The domestic situation of the research
The studies on Tess of the D’Urbervilles have been gathered which are published in the past years in China.
The Research of Hardy in China is divided into three stages: 1. translation. October 1934, Lu Tianshi first translated Hardy’s novel "Tess of the D’Urbervilles" published by Shanghai Zhonghua Book Press. This was the emergence of the earliest translations of the novels written by Thomas Hardy. 2. Comments. Such as the People's Literature Publishing House published in 1958, "On Hardy's “Tess”, "Jude the Obscure”, " Return of the Native’" and other articles, the book is made up of 6 Papers ( "On Tess " is one of articles in this book) , which centre on the main characters of the work related to the meaning and theme.3.New development. Since the 20th century, a new period of development had appeared, there has multiple translations, and foreign scholars’ researches also began to publish in Chinese. The study also began to transfer from the general depth think to evaluation. There have been many books on Hardy research, contained in Zhang's "Thought of Thomas Hardy ----- Creation ".
With the publication Tess of the D’Urbervilles in 1891, Thomas hardy had become famous as the greatest writer living then in the English; he is also becoming more and more popular with Chinese readers. Since 1934, Li Tianshi first transported Tess and published by Zhonghua Book Press. In the article, the heroine, a poor girl, is beautiful, kind, hard-working simple, with gifted character, but her life is full of tribulations, eventually leading to the dead road. This tragic ending is established the tone of research Tess after the reform and opening-up policy. From 1979 to 1989, there are only l5 papers in China's critics which are reviewed, including 6 articles are comment on film and TV of Tess. From 1990 to 1999, the articles about Tess are reached by 61. In the first decade of the 21st century, namely from 2000 to 2009 years, relevant Tess's papers have increased to 604 paper (this data’s deadline is 2009.12 25, and is subtractive irrelevant topic of Tess from the proceeds after data), its fabric about 4l5 article is analytical about Tess tragic fate. Some think that Tess’s tragedy was not accidental, as the Tragedy of Tess, written by Shi Xuehua. The article says that under social and injustice, she inevitable became a sacrifice of that society. Tess was victim, while she was discriminated and regarded as a murdered sentenced to death. Lu Nan thought that A|I the factors—the ambivalent character of Tess，the despicable Alec，the sanctimonious Angel and the vainglorious parents are responsible for the tragedy of Tess．Her life is short and miserable．but she is pure and respectable．We sympathize with her sufferings and appreciate her spirit constantly fighting for unjust fate. The article, Aristotle’s the Tragic Theory Reflected in the Tragic Life of Tess, In this article，the author uses Aristotle’s tragic theories in poetry to analyze the tragic life of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, in which the author aims to let readers know Aristotle’s tragic theory reflected in the tragic life of Tess so that both readers and the author can have a deeper understanding of the novel.
2． Foreign situation of research
Hardy was a great critical realist in the late 19th century. He was born in 1840 and died in 1928. During this period, great changes have taken place in the history of western civilization. British society was characterized by reform, turbulence and intranquility. And this period was also the age of railway, wireless, telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time. Having been influenced by the development of science and social situations, thereupon, the realistic writers got down to writing something and most of them used their works as an instrument of social reform.
There are also many foreign experts paying their attention to the study of the novel. On its publication, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is highly focused by the scholars. There are many foreign experts paying their attention on the study of the novel. Hardy's study by overseas people began in the late 19th century. In 1894, Lionel .P. John issued the "Thomas hardy's art" as the first to study hardy's collection, the book of hardy's thoughts and art to carry on a various research. The 20th century, hardy's research in the western presents various situations, flowers collective sum up mainly in the following aspects: 1.the research of hardy's philosophical ideas, such as parry grams. Blake Brooke’s “the hardy and their philosophy focuses on the study of the causes of hardy's philosophy thought and the specific performance, particularly pointed out that" inner will "is the core of Hardy thought; Sherman’s Hardy's pessimism centre on hardy's pessimism and religious thought, has certain effect in academia. 2. The analysis on character in Hardy’s fiction image, Virginia Woolf's "on Thomas hardy's novels" points out, Hardy has strong ideological force, a profound poetic and characteristics of human concern, especially to women has been shaping another peak in the literary. 3. the Research of Hardy's vernacular style, representative figures is May Williams, her “Thomas hardy and England” discusses the Hardy’s works of rural background, and the Hardy’s creation of local consciousness and rural subjects to exploit
There are a lot of articles about Tess of the D’Urbervilles, The most positive of the early academic analyses the novel’s theme is entitled:”the nature novel from hardy to Lawrence “(1977). It was written by John Alcorn who concluded the theme as the criticism of social background Victorian time. So the root of Tess’s tragedy can be concluding as Tess’s unfaithfulness in a transitional social period. In john Alcorn’s work he explained his opinion about Tess’s the theme in great details. Tess of the D’Urbervilles could be regarded as the summit of hardy’ realism novel in a transitional period. Hardy wants to emphasize his oppositional view with that special social situation; meanwhile the theme lies in the criticism of social conditions under the control of capitalism.”(John Alcorn, 1977:57) Meanwhile, Merryn Williams in his book –A preface to hardy .Beijing: Peking university press (2005) pointed the novel’s theme as “it is absolutely unfair for a poor women victim like Tess in the ‘double standards’ of Victorian society.”(Merryn Williams, 2005: 98) In his opinion, it’s the ‘double standards’ social system in Victorian times should be blamed. Merryn Williams said like that: Alec can get away his sin easily, while Tess is forever condemned as the fallen women who have to pay for the other’s sin. When angel tells her about his affair with women, she forgives him immediately. However, he cannot forgive Tess’ stained past, even though he is aware that she is the injured party. (Merryn Williams, 2005: 102). Another critic, Cheryll Glotfelty in his work –the Ecocriticism Reader: landmarks in Literary Ecology (1996) concluded the novel’s theme as the emphasize of money’s importance in transitional society because it’s the economic situation of Tess’s family leads to her tragedy and the whole novel centers with the criticism of money workship. According to his opinion, “had her family been better off, she would not have encountered such a disgrace and such a disasterous end.”(Cheryll Glotfelty, 1996:220)
It can be found that Tess’s father is a haggler without any land. The only source of income is cut off by the death of the horse. As the eldest child, Tess is forced to take up the responsibility and become a laborer which has caused a lot of trouble for Tess later on. As freeholder’s, they neither have land of their own, nor have a house to shelter them. Thus after her father’s death, they are evicted out of their house. Faced with privation, Tess has no choice but to succumb to Alec’s temptation for the sake of keeping her family alive.
All in all, there are many different opinions about the novel’s theme. Each has meaningful basis. In one word, based upon the above-mentioned causes of Tess’s tragedy, one can concluded that a woman like Tess is doomed to be a victim in such a society. As a new woman born in a poor family and a conventional society, it is hard for her to protest and entertain impractical ideals. So from these articles and books, we can see that Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a classic work in the world.
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