初中英语语法-现在完成时讲解以及练习题讲义.doc

现在完成时态语法讲解与习题巩固
1.构成
      现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词have(has)表明事情发生于现在。它与主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词在句子中做谓语，说明句子的含义。
2.用法 （1）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响与结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：Have you had lunch yet?     -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for与since等表示一段时间的状语。   
　　如：He has taught here since 2011. 他自2011年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。
since与for的区别 since后接时间点，如8:00，last term, yesterday, 3 days ago
for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如one year, two days, a long time等。
Exercise: 用since与for填空
1 Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______5 days. 4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _____7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country _____1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting __ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
       （1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能与过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果与影响时，可以与一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
        a. 用副词already与yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句与 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
用ever 与never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 
如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？ -I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
        c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, the past few years等。
例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.  我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
　　 He has been there three times the last few days.  近几年他去过那里三次了。
        d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning(month, year, term)等。
例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.  今天你见过他吗？我 没有。 
How many times have you been there this year?  今年你去过那里多少次？
       （2）现在完成时可以与带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用, 表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。
如：I haven't seen him for two years.  She has worked in the factory for 5 year.
但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为相应的延续性动词来表述。
表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 years. × They have left only for 5 minutes. ×
以上三句话可以改为：
He has been here for 2 weeks. The old man has ______ _______ for 4 years.
They have _____ _____ only for 5 minutes.
现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
1.直接用延续性动词
buy– have；catch(get) a cold – have a cold；borrow—keep；become—be；put on-- wear
2.转换成be+名词
join the army – be a soldier；join the Party –be a Party member；go to school– be a student
3转换成be+形容词或副词
die—be dead；finish – be over；begin—be on；leave—be away ； fall sleep – be asleep
close – be closed come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地— be in(at) +某地
finish → be over   open  → be open            
4.转换成 be+介词短语go to school– be in school ； get up_ be up；
如：He has been a soldier for three years. 他参军三年了。His father has been dead for two years. 他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes .电影已开始十分钟了。
We have already studied English for three years. 我们已经学英语三年了。
4.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
　　现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示与现在的关系。试比较：
       I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
5.几点注意事项
       （1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, many times等连用，后者则不能。
如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们曾去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing .  他已经去北京了。
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
　　　如：It is two years since his father died. = His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
一、 单项选择
1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years. A. joined B. be in C. been in D. joined in
2. We have been friends since ______. A. children B. five years C. five years ago D. five years before
3. Mike ___________ the story for a month. A. has bought B. has had C. had had D. has borrowed
4. You ______ that question three times.
A. already asked B. have already asked C. already have asked D. asked already
5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou __________.
A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week D. since a week ago
6. I _____ at this school for two years. A. am studying B. study C. studied D. have studied
7. They _________ in the city since last summer. A. live B. didn’t live C. have lived D. live
8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _________ 1992. A. since B. from C. after D. in
9. Mr. Black _________ China since the summer of 1998.
A. has been to B. has been in C. has come to D. came to
10. His father _______ for years. A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies
11. Mary ________ to see the films because she __________ it twice.
A. won’t go, saw B. won’t go, will see C. won’t go, has seen D. didn’t go, sees
13. ______ you ______ England? Yes, it _____ a beautiful country.
A. Will, gone to, was B.Have, been to, is C. Had, been to, is D.Have, gone to, is
14. ----_______ you _______ to Beijing? ----No, I ______.I ______ there early next month.
A. Have, been, haven’t, am going B. Had, been, hadn’t, am going
C. Have, gone, haven’t, was going D. Didgo, didn’t, was going
15. ---You sister ______ to London to study English. Is that true? ---Yes , she ___ there for two months.
A. has been, has been B. will go, has gone
C. gone, will be D. has gone, has been
42. His sister ______ her hometown for three years. She'll return next year．
A．left B．has left C．has been away D．has been away from
以适当形式填空
1. I_______ already _______ (see) the film. I _________ (see) it last week.
2. ----- _______ he ________(finish) his work today ? ------Not yet .
3. -----_____you _______(be) to Hong Kong ? ----Yes, I ________________ (be) there twice .
4. -----_______ you ever ________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? ----No, never.
5. My father ____ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
6. Where’s Li Ming ? He ____________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
句型转换(每空一词)。
1. I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)
I ______ ________ been to Macau before.
2. He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill (就划线部分提问)
________ ________ he come to school?
3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就划线部分提问)
________ ________ ________ _________ learned English ?
5. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)
We _______ _______ English ________ three years
6. He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问)
_____ _____ _____ he_______ here?
7. They have already finished the work.（否定）
They ______ ______ the work ______.
8. My father got there two days ago.（同义句）
My father ______ ______ for two days.
9. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）
Mr. Li _______ _________ English in this school since 1999.
10. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）
The factory _______ ________ ______ for ten years.
11.They have cleaned the room twice this week. (就划线部分提问)
_____ _____ ____ ______ they ______ the classroom this week?
12. My father went to England in 2003 and 2005. （同义句）
My father _____ ______ _____ England _____.
13. John left Beijing three years ago. （同义句）
John_______ ______ ______ Beijing_____ three years.
14. His company opened in 2013. （同义句）
His company _____ _____ _____ _____ 2013.
15. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句）
My father ______ ______ the car _______ half a year.
16. We got to know each other for about 15 years. （同义句）
We _______ ________ each other _____ about 15 years.
17. The film began ten minutes ago. （同义句）
The film _________ ________ _________ for ten minutes.
18. He borrowed this book two weeks ago. （同义句）
He_________ ________ this book for two weeks.
汉译英。
1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。
2、 他昨天收到一封信。
3、 我父亲以前到过长城。
4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、 她去过上海。
句型转换
1. I have been to Macau before.
一般疑问句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：
否定句：
2. He has learned English for 5 years.
一般疑问句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：
否定句：
3. His company closed in 2003.
一般疑问句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：
否定句：
4. She likes bananas.
一般疑问句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：
否定句：
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