新视野大学英语视听说教程第四册lendin部分的答案.doc

视野视听说教程4 lend-in的答案
unit1
People tend to get angry when treated unfairly. Specifically, we may fly into a rage when we realize we were betrayed by a close friend or tricked by a clerk into buying something unnecessary at a high price. When people treat us with contempt, or deliberately ignore us, we may get annoyed. Also, the sight of injustice often fills us with indignation. For instance, when we see a child being bullied by a group of hoodlums, it makes our blood boil. To overcome our anger, we have two options: to fight or to run. In the case of a small offense, it's better to walk away and calm down. It is not necessary to explode at a slight provocation. However, when confronted with a gross injustice or a serious crime, we need to stand up for ourselves and speak our mind. After venting our anger, we may feel better. If we keep negative feelings to ourselves, we will probably feel miserable for a long time and regret not taking action.
The greatest pleasures seem to come from hard-won achievements. For example, if after a lot of hard work, you passed an important examination, finished a big project, or got a promotion, you would feel incredibly happy, right? Human happiness is not limited to one's good fortune or success. If you help someone in need, you'll probably feel wonderful. This accounts for the success of Project Hope, through which people volunteer time and donate money to help people in need.
People feel blue for a variety of reasons. They feel depressed after failing an exam or losing a job. They feel grief when someone dear to them, for example a close family member, passes away. Suffering from a serious disease with little hope of a complete recovery, one may feel dejected. There seems to be a relationship between depression and bad luck. If your spirits are down and you show it, people might refrain from talking to you. Many good opportunities may slip away as a result. And you might be left wondering why your luck doesn't change. To cheer yourself up, you can study or work. Your mood might improve if you keep yourself busy and try to achieve goals. And if staying busy doesn't help, you can just wait for the sadness to go away. It is said that time heals all wounds. Finally, you might find solace in realizing. Your situation is not the worst. You can also choose to look at the bright side of things because every cloud has a silver lining.
Both reason and emotion are important in our lives. Although they are obviously different from each other, they complement each other just the same. Think about it, it is difficult to isolate reason from emotion and vice versa. When one is arguing, one is combining logic with feelings. When a speaker is advocating a principle, the feeling he puts into his voice reinforces his argument. When scientists conduct researches, they may choose an area that is interesting to them. Darwin studied science because he had been fascinated by plants and animals since his childhood. However, in some areas either reason or emotion may play a bigger role. Science students may need more logic than emotion to conduct experiments, while art students tend to rely more on their emotion for creativity. Within a family, people usually cherish the emotional ties between family members. Emotion could be more important than reason when falling in love or trusting a member of one's family, whereas reason plays an important role when deciding how to educate a child. Together or separate, reason and emotion play critically important roles in our lives. What do you think? Or feel?
unit2
Some people just want to improve their looks in small ways. They may go on a diet to maintain a good figure, use makeup to improve their appearance, put a facial mask or a skin soother on their faces during the night, have their teeth straightened, or have their nails polished. Some others have a face-lift to change their nose or chin, make their single-fold eyelids double folded, and have their skin tightened to smooth out wrinkles and crow's feet. Some even inject botox (肉毒素) to remove wrinkles. More drastically, some people may have liposuction to remove fat.
A love of beauty is part of human nature. People like to see beautiful scenery, flowers, and animals. It is not strange that they also want to look at good-looking humans and improve the way they look themselves. With improved features, one may find a better job, attract a more desirable spouse, and gain faster promotion. Some occupations attach great importance to appearance. Most actors, anchorpersons, and fashion models can be recognized by their looks. It is sometimes argued that by looking good, one tends to feel self-confident. With confidence, success is more likely to follow in any undertaking.
We should not attempt to change our physical appearance by cosmetic means. Such changes may bring unexpected disasters in the future. Some beautifying methods, if not properly applied, have dangerous side effects. People who receive botox injections to remove wrinkles may eventually ruin their skin. Some surgical operations that are intended to make single-fold eyelids double fold actually make them multi-folded -- not what the patient had in mind.
People who don't have much money can also make themselves look fashionable. There are many ways to buy fashionable clothes without spending much money. For example, people can buy clothes that are on sale or sold in discount stores. It's smart to buy winter clothes at the end of the winter. Clothes are cheaper at the end of a season and can be stored until the next season. Some people are good tailors, and they can alter their clothes to make them fashionable. They may even create original styles.
unit3
There are many kinds of natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, drought, forest fire, tsunami, snowstorm, blizzard, hailstorm, hurricane, typhoon, tornado, landslide, and volcanic eruption. An earthquake is a sudden change or movement in the Earth's crust, causing a moving and shaking of the ground. A flood can be caused by excessive rainfall or quick melting of snow. When the water overflows a river's banks, the nearby low-lying land is flooded. When there is no rain for a long period of time, there is a drought: crops fail and people may die of thirst. A forest fire may be caused by lightning or human negligence -- for example, a burning cigarette butt -- or arson. It may destroy large forests. A tsunami is a giant wave that rolls onto the shore. It can be caused by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide. A snowstorm becomes a blizzard when the wind blows hard and visibility decreases.
An earthquake damages poorly-built structures. A powerful earthquake can destroy even well-constructed buildings. When the buildings fall down, human lives and property are ruined. Aftershocks (余震) may cause additional casualties. A heavy death toll, if not dealt with promptly, may be followed by an epidemic.
It is difficult to predict earthquakes, so we can only take preventive measures. For example, in an area prone to earthquakes, we should construct strong, quake-proof buildings. We should also prepare emergency kits that include a torch, first-aid medicines and bandages. We should move out of dangerous quake zones. When an earthquake strikes while we are in a building, we should move outside. If there is no time to leave, we can hide under a strong table or bed to avoid being hurt by falling objects. Don't forget to turn off the electricity and gas to avoid accidents.
A flood can inundate a vast area, destroying crops and buildings. If people do not escape in good time, they are drowned. Following the flood, there is crop failure, which may lead to widespread famine. If many people die in the flooding, their bodies, if not treated quickly, may give rise to an epidemic. Thanks to technological progress, we can now deal with floods more successfully. We can build dykes to prevent rivers from overflowing their banks. We can build dams and reservoirs to regulate the water level to prevent a flood or a drought. When there is too much silt in the river, we can dredge it. Deforestation can be prohibited in the upper-stream areas. Trees and grass help to keep soil in place and decrease silt in the river. When flooding threatens, the population of low-lying areas will be evacuated according to plan.
Natural disasters are often so powerful that they cause widespread destruction. In the face of the raging elements, man may seem helpless. However, there is a lot human beings can do to reduce the dangers. For example, although the force of an earthquake is intimidating, we can construct quake-proof buildings, and avoid dangerous quake zones. To prevent flooding, we have built dykes, dams and reservoirs, and many potential floods have been prevented. The dams and reservoirs can also be used to fight a drought by allowing the irrigation of dry fields. As a last resort, we can choose to evacuate a disaster-prone area. In fact, human beings have achieved remarkable success in overcoming natural disasters.
unit4
Generally speaking, it is necessary. Employees' job should be clearly defined. With a detailed job description, a worker will have a definite aim and high motivation to work toward that aim. They know how they will be rewarded and punished. Accurate job descriptions can do much to prevent unnecessary duplication and conflict among workers. If everyone in a company works as an organized team, the company is likely to grow and prosper. However, some potential problems are worth noting. If a job description is too detailed, some staff members will turn a blind eye to anything that falls outside their scope of responsibilities even if it is important to the company as a whole. Nor should job descriptions stand in the way of cooperation among employees. If those problems can be overcome, job descriptions will play a significant role in the company's progress.
In fact, most bosses will consider both, though they may probably attach more importance to the candidate's ability. After all, a company's profits come directly from the abilities of the entire staff. Many of the qualities of a good worker such as diligence, teamwork, loyalty to the company, and courtesy to customers are gained through on-the-job training rather than from book knowledge. However, one's educational background is not unimportant. If one can enroll in a distinguished university and attain a high GPA, it is likely that one already possesses good qualities like industriousness, intelligence, organizational ability, and a strong will -- qualities that are equally useful in the workplace. But it's also possible that some students from the academic ivory tower are merely bookworms without much capacity for practical work. A boss is unlikely to promote such an employee.
Hiring people he is familiar with does offer the boss advantages. Those people are usually willing to work hard and are loyal to the boss, who often entrusts them with such important responsibilities as being a financial manager or human resources manager. However, the disadvantages inherent in a family business outweigh the advantages. To begin with, it is not always easy to find a relative who can take up a highly technical position such as software development engineer or an in-house lawyer. Perhaps none of the boss's relatives is even a competent electrician. Then, too, there are problems if the boss's sister-in-law is chief financial officer. A top-notch accounting graduate will quickly realize her chances of promotion are slim and will work for another company. Worse still, if relatives turn against the boss, they may be able to deal him a deadly blow since they often know many company secrets.
Generally speaking, managers should be strict with their employees; otherwise they may find it difficult to keep good discipline in the workplace. For example, some employees may come in late and leave early. They may call in sick without good reason. Even when they are in the office, they may idle the day away chatting with each other. However, a manager should show concern for his or her subordinates when they do have difficulties like an acute illness or other unexpected problems. If employees feel sincerely appreciated, they tend to work harder.
unit5
If employees do not observe company or department rules, they are likely to be fired. Any boss will be angry if employees are late for work or use the company phone to talk with friends. A boss dislikes people who do not work hard, gossip a lot or read the newspaper over a cup of tea for hours. Even if one works hard, the boss may not be satisfied if one does not work with high efficiency. After all, company profits come from employee achievements. Even though you've made significant personal contributions to the company, if you do not get along well with your colleagues, you may impede the company's productivity. After all, most jobs require teamwork nowadays. Usually the boss places a high value on employee loyalty. Disloyal employees may sell the company's secrets and ruin it overnight. When the company is in financial difficulty and downsizing, the first to be dismissed will be those who have some of the above-mentioned problems.
In contemporary society job changes are inevitable. Few people will stay in the same company all their lives. So, from time to time people should look for signs that layoffs are coming. For example, fewer customer orders, layoffs in similar companies, and an economic recession are warnings. In addition to noticing bad omens like the above, people should study the kinds of skills or technologies that are in great demand. If one industry is on the decline, they should equip themselves with knowledge and skills in other industries. When adequately prepared, they will not panic if they receive a dismissal notice. They can go to a different job or even a different career without too much difficulty.
Some students prefer to look for a favorable job, through which they can gain useful experience that they cannot get from books. When they move on to a higher level job one day, then, they will already have experience in that field. At work, they can give full play to their practical abilities, and may be promoted to department manager by the time their classmates complete their Master's degree programs. On the other hand, some students are not eager to take up a job and prefer to continue to study towards a Master's degree or even a PhD. And we all know, knowledge is power. Although not everything you learn will be directly applicable at work, knowledge does improve your character overall. In the long run, those who acquire more knowledge will benefit from it.
Some companies prefer to outsource the production they are not good at. Against the background of globalization, the division of work is accelerating. Often you can find a more specialized or more professional company that can do t