自考0831现代英语语法自考复习资料.doc

0831 现代英语语法
作 者 李基安
出 版 社外语教学与研究出版社
目录：
Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Morphemes
1.2 Words
1.2.1 Word classes
1.2.2 Word-formation
a. Affixation
b. Composition
c. Conversion
d. Blending
e. Back-formation
f. Shortening
g. Acronyms
1.3 Phrases
1.3.1 The noun phrase
1.3.2 The verb phrase
1.3.3 The adjective phrase
1.3.4 The adverb phrase
1.3.5 The prepositional phrase
1.4 Clauses
1.4.1 Subject and predicate
1.4.2 Clause patterns
1.4.3 Functions
1.5 Sentences
1.5.1 Simple, compound and complex sentences
1.5.2 Statements, commands, questions and exclamations
1.6 The text
1.7 Exercises
Chapter 2 Sentence Types
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Statements
2.1.1 Assertion vs. non-assertion
2.1.2 Negation
a. Choice of negative words
b. Scope of negation
c. Transferred negation
2.1.3 Other functions of statements
2.2 Questions
2.2.1 YES-NO questions
2.2.2 WH-questions
2.2.3 Alternative questions
2.2.4 Tag questions
a. Forms and meanings
b. Irregular question tags
2.3 Commands
2.4 Exclamations
2.4.1 WHAT-exclamations
2.4.2 HOW-exclamations
2.5 Exercises
Chapter 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (1): Noun and Number
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Noun classes
3.2 Number
3.2.1 Singular invariables
a. Proper nouns
b. Mass nouns
3.2.2 Plural invariables
3.2.3 Irregular plurals
a. Irregular spelling/pronunciation
b. Zero plurals
c. Foreign plurals
d. Plural compounds
e. Plural of letters, numerals, abbreviations, etc.

3.3 Unit nouns
3.3.1 Unit nouns listed in alphabetical order
3.3.2 Unit nouns classified
3.4 Exercises
Chapter 4 Noun and Noun Phrase (2): Determiner and Genitive
4.1 Determiners
4.1.1 Functions of determiners
4.1.2 Co-occurrence of determiners
4.1.3 Usage of some determiners
a. all and whole
b. all and both
c. all, every and each
d. both, each and either
e. any, either, no (none) and neither
4.1.4 Articles
a. Pronunciation
b. Generic reference vs. specific reference
c. Indefinite article a (n)
d. Definite article the
4.2 Genitives
4.2.1 Forms of genitive
4.2.2 Genitive vs. of-phrase
a. Genitive
b. Of-phrase
c. Genitive and of-phrase
4.2.3 Group genitive
4.2.4 Local genitive
4.2.5 Double genitive
4.3 Exercises
Chapter 5 Verb and Verb Phrase (1): Tense, Aspect and Future
5.0 Introduction
5.0.1 Classification of verbs
5.0.2 System of two tenses and two aspects
5.1 Tense
5.1.1 Simple present
a. Simple present referring to the present
b. Simple present referring to the past
c. Simple present referring to the future
5.1.2 Simple past
a. Simple past referring to the past
b. Simple past referring to the present
c. Simple past referring to the future
5.2 Aspect
5.2.1 Present progressive
a. Present progressive referring to the present
b. Present progressive referring to the past
c. Present progressive referring to the future
d. Progressive verbs and non-progressive verbs
5.2.2 Past progressive
a. Past progressive referring to the past

b. Past progressive referring to the present or the future
5.2.3 Present perfect and present perfect progressive
a. Present perfect referring to a state, a habit or an event
b. Present perfect vs. simple past
c. Finished/unfinished use and present perfect progressive
d. Adverbials and constructions associated with present perfect
5.2.4 Past perfect and past perfect progressive
a. Finished/unfinished use and past perfect progressive
b. Hypothetical use of past perfect
5.3 Future
5.3.1 Will/shall do sth. (see 7.2 for more details)
5.3.2 Be going to do sth.
5.3.3 Present progressive

5.3.4 Simple present
5.3.5 Other constructions expressing future time
a. Will/(shall) be doing sth.
b. Be about to do sth.
c. Be to do sth.
5.4 Exercises
Chapter 6 Verb and Verb Phrase (2): Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Passive voice
6.1.1 Be-passive, get-passive and pseudo-passive
6.1.2 Voice constraints
a. Grammatical constraints
b. Semantic constraints
c. Stylistic constraints
6.1.3 By-phrase
6.1.4 Passive voice of multi-word verbs
a. Verb + preposition
b. Verb + particle
c. Verb + particle + preposition
d. Verb + noun phrase + preposition
6.1.5 Passive voice of non-finite verbs
6.2 Subjunctive mood
6.2.1 Be-subjunctive
a. Formulaic be-subjunctive
b. Mandative be-subjunctive
c. Other uses of be-subjunctive
6.2.2 Were-subjunctive
6.3 Exercises
Chapter 7 Verb and Verb Phrase (3): Modal Auxiliaries
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Can and may

7.1.1 Can/could
7.1.2 May/might
7.1.3 Can vs. may
7.2 Will and shall
7.2.1 Will/would(’ll/’d)
7.2.2 Shall/(should)
7.3 Should and ought to
7.3.1 Should
7.3.2 Ought to
7.3.3 Should vs. ought to
7.4 Must, need and have (got) to
7.4.1 Must
7.4.2 Need
7.4.3 Have (got) to
7.5 Dare
7.6 Exercises
Chapter 8 Verb and Verb Phrase (4): Non-finite Verbs
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Infinitive
8.1.1 Bare infinitive
a. Aux + verb
b. Idiomatic verb constructions
c. Rather/sooner than
d. Do
e. Why
8.1.2 To-infinitive
a. Verb + infinitive
b. Verb + object + infinitive
c. Verb + (object) + infinitive
8.1.3 Other uses of infinitive
8.2 -ing participle
8.2.1 Object to verb
8.2.2 Logical subject
8.2.3 Infinitive of –ing participle
a. Begin, cease, continue, start
b. Like, love, hate
c. Deserve, need, require, want
d. Remember, forget, go on
e. Mean, regret, try
f. Advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend
8.3 -ed participle
8.3.1 -ed participle as a premodifier
8.3.2 -ed participle as a complement
a. Subject complement
b. Object complement
8.4 Dangling participle
8.5 Exercises
Chapter 9 Adjective Phrase and Comparison
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Syntactic features of adjectives
9.1.1 Structure of the adjective phrase
9.1.2 Attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives
a. Attributive adjectives
b. Predicative adjectives
9.2 Semantic classification of adjectives
9.2.1 Stative adjectives vs. dynamic adjectives
9.2.2 Gradable adjectives vs. non-gradable adjectives
9.2.3 Inherent adjectives vs. non-inherent adjectives
9.2.4 Restrictive adjectives vs. non-restrictive adjectives
9.2.5 Marked adjectives vs. unmarked adjectives
9.3 Ordering of premodifying adjectives
9.4 Comparison
9.4.1 Forms of comparison
a. Regular inflection
b. Irregular inflection
9.4.2 Usage notes
a. Elder and older
b. Farther and further
c. Less and fewer
d. Lesser
e. The
f. The more...the more...
9.4.3 Comparative constructions
a. As...as...
b. More...than...
c. The most...
9.4.4 Ellipsis in comparative sentences
9.4.5 Other expressions of comparison

9.5 Exercises
Chapter 10 Preposition and Prepositional Phrase
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Forms of prepositions
10.1.1 Simple prepositions
10.1.2 Complex prepositions
10.2 Meanings of prepositions
10.2.1 Prepositions relating to Place
a. At, on and in
b. Over, above, under and below
c. Between and among
d. Aboard the ship, etc.
e. From above, etc.
10.2.2 Prepositions relation to time
a. At, on and in
b. Time expressions without prepositions
10.2.3 Prepositions denoting other relations
10.3 Collocations of prepositions with verbs, adjectives and nouns
10.4 Exercises
Chapter 11 Coordination and Subordination
11.0 Introduction
11.1 Coordination
11.1.1 Coordinators
a. And and related coordinators
b. Or and related coordinators
c. But and related coordinators
11.1.2 Punctuation between coordinated units
11.2 Subordination
11.2.1 Subordinators
11.2.2 Subordinate clauses
a. Finite subordinate clauses
b. Non-finite and verbless clauses
11.2.3 Exercise
Chapter 12 Relative Clause
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness
12.2 Antecedent
12.2.1 Nominal antecedent
a. Antecedent + restrictive relative clause
b. Antecedent + non-restrictive relative clause
c. Antecedent + restrictive/non-restrictive relative clause
12.2.2 Non-nominal antecedent
a. Clause as antecedent
b. Verb phrase as antecedent
c. Predicative adjective as antecedent
12.3 Choice of relative pronouns
12.3.1 Relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses
a. Pronouns for personal antecedents
b. Pronouns for non-personal antecedents
c. Relative adverbs
12.3.2 Relative pronouns in non-restrictive relative clauses
12.4 Double relative clause
12.5 Exercises
Chapter 13 Adverbials
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Adjuncts
13.1.1 Time adjuncts
a. Types of time adjuncts
b. Positions of time adjuncts
13.1.2 Place adjuncts
a. Types of place adjuncts
b. Positions of place adjuncts
13.1.3 Proccess adjuncts
a. Manner-adjuncts
b. Instrument-adjuncts
c. Agentive-adjuncts
13.1.4 Contingency adjuncts
a. Reason-adjuncts
b. Result-adjuncts
c. Purpose-adjuncts
d. Concession-adjuncts
e. Condition-adjuncts
13.1.5 Other adjuncts
13.2 Disjuncts
13.3 Conjuncts
a. Enumeration-conjuncts
b. Addition-conjuncts
c. Transition-conjuncts
d. Summation-conjuncts
e. Explanation-conjuncts
f. Contrast-conjuncts
g. Result-conjuncts
h. Inference-conjuncts

i. Concession-conjuncts
13.4 Exercises
Chapter 14 Concord
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Principles of concord
14.2 Subject-verb concord
14.2.1 Collective nouns as subject
14.2.2 Coordinated noun phrases as subject
14.2.3 Expressions of quantity as subject
a. Subject with numerals
b. Subject with indefinite quantifiers
14.2.4 Nominal clauses as subject
14.2.5 Concord in the existential sentence
14.2.6 Concord in the relative clause
14.3 Pronoun concord
14.4 Exercises
Chapter 15 Information structure and Emphasis
15.0 Introduction
15.1 Information structure
15.1.1 Given and new information
15.1.2 Information focus
15.2 Postponement
15.2.1 Passive voice
15.2.2 Extraposition
a. Extraposed clausal subject
b. Extraposed clausal object
15.2.3 Discontinuity
15.2.4 Other types of postponement
15.3 Fronting
15.4 Inversion
15.4.1 Partial inversion
15.4.2 Complete inversion

15.5 Cleaving
15.5.1 Cleft sentence
15.5.2 Pseudo-cleft sentence
15.6 Existential sentence
15.6.1 Information structure of existential sentence
15.6.2 Grammatical features of existential sentence
15.7 Exercises
Chapter 16 Cohesion
16.0 Introduction
16.1 Reference
16.1.1 Reference by pronouns
16.1.2 Reference by demonstratives
16.1.3 Reference by comparison
16.2 Substitution
16.2.1 Nominal substitution by one
16.2.2 Verbal substitution by do
16.2.3 Clausal substitution by so or not
16.3 Ellipsis
16.3.1 Nominal ellipsis
16.3.2 Verbal ellipsis
16.3.3 Clausal ellipsis
16.4 Other cohesive devices
16.4.1 Transition
16.4.2 Repetition
16.4.3 Parallelism
16.5 Exercises
Appendix I Noun + Preposition
Appendix II Preposition + Noun
Appendix III Verb + Preposition
Appendix IV Adjective + Preposition
Bibliography

第一部分：引言
《现代英语语法》是由李基安先生编写，全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会指定的全国高等教育自学考试教材。
关于这门课程的考试要求，可参见该教程第425所附录的《英语语法自学考试大纲》。大纲是方向、目标，广大考生必须仔细了解。
英语语法是关于英语语言结构的理论知识。通过该课程的学习，学员能够比较系统地认识英语从词，句到语篇的构造，从而提高他们应用英语的规范性。
在学习该教材时，学员普遍存在两种倾向：一是，由于该教材都是用英文编写，里面又涉及很多专业术语，许多学员觉得高深、难懂；二是，有些学员认为，自己从学英语开始就在学习英语语法，没有必要在这门功课上花太多的精力，所有的语法书都大同小异，自己稍做准备就能对付过去。
其实，两种看法都失偏颇。现代语法的发展与传统语法已经存在比较明显的差异例如：传统语法认为，英语有九种（甚至十六种）时态，该教程则采取的是‘a system of two tenses and two aspects’—-—-—-两时两体体系。另外对phrases, clauses 的概念也有不同的定义。书中提到的一些其他语言现象，如：外位[extraposition], 分隔[discontinuity], 分裂句[cleft sentence]等都是一般语法书所不提及或者阐述不同。该教材也并非高深莫测，毕竟多数语言现象还是我们日常英语学习中所耳濡目染的，只不过我们许多英语学习者没有考究过它们形成的理论根据，来龙去脉而已。
所以，为了使自己的英语更加规范，让自己能用英语更准确、有效地传递信息、表达思想，英语专业的学生还是很有必要把这门课程学好。
现在我们就结合《现代英语语法》教材，近几年英语语法专业考试试题，讲述英语语法考试中考生容易忽略的测试要点或难点。
我们先通过几道语法题来检测你现有的现代语法水平，接着探讨一下该教材的学习方法，最后把教材各章的要点、难点归纳给大家。在整个讲解过程中，我们力争多采用教材里的素材以及往年试题中的一些经典考题，以便学员在学习、归纳语法现象的同时使自己的备考收效最大化。
先测试一下自己的现代语法水平(同时了解一下英语语法考试的题型、结构；每年考试形式基本相同，有些部分稍有调整。为了节省篇幅，这里各部分只选取几个样题)
The Pre-course Quiz
I、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每题1分，共20分）
Choose the best answer from the choices given:
1. In the end, he __________.
a. got invited b. gets invited c. was invited d. was to be invited
2. Do what I tell you --__________!
a. or else b. or so c. and that d. and do
3. __ , he managed to remain among the top 5% of his class.
a. To work hard as he did b. Working hard as he did
c. Work hard as he did d. Worked hard as he did
4._____ there be life on Mars? (p171)
a. May b. Can c. Might d. Ought
5.Stay _____ have dinner with us, will you?(p263)
a. to b. or c. and d. here
6.You _____ be shocked at the news.(p168)
a. should well b. must well c. may well d. can well
7. You have to wait a minute, ______?
a. haven't you b. do you
c. don't you d. shouldn't you
8. Staying in hotel cost ________ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
a. twice as much b. twice as much as
c. as much as twice d. twice than
9. I don't think she meant_________ you. (p206)
a. hurt b. to hurt c. hurting d. be hurt
10. ___ I worked hard at school, I ___ this kind of work now.
a. Had. wouldn't have done b. Had... wouldn't be doing
c. If... wouldn't do d. If... wouldn't be doing
II.多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每题2分，共10分）
Fill in the blanks with one of the items given below:
a, the, any, some, all
1. __________ of us decides what to take into the future and what to leave behind. That's why__________ arrival of the Year 2000 has become such a personal moment.
2. be, is, was, are ,were, will be, shall be, has, have had
a. She is one of these girls who _______ trouble running around.
b. This one of the many houses here which _______ destroyed in the earthquake.
3. seem, seems, me, I, mine
Your politics _____ to be entirely different from _____. (p59)
4. less, less of, than, as, like
Mr. Smith is _____ a politician ______ Mr. Lee. (p237)
III.填空题（本大题共20小题，每题1分，共20分）
Fill in the blank with an appropriate coordinator or subordinator:
1. It was an island __________ name I have forgotten.
2. He carried his luggage all the way home, __________ was actually unnecessary.
3. He soon made it clear __________ he had asked for a meeting.
4. The police arrived, after __________ the situation became calmer.
Fill in the blanks with proper words:
5.I like Australia best _______ all the English-speaking countries.
6.I made a comparison _______ the major English speaking countries.(p251)
IV.改错题（本大题共8小题，每小题1分，共8分）
Correct errors in the following sentences:
1. Francis Bacon wrote that reading made a full man.
2. Go and get some fresh air! You were sitting here all morning.
3.The all of Paris welcomed the general. (p79)
4. I've got five brothers, and every of them is quite different from the others.
5. None of my parents are interested in my idea. (p344)
V.改写句子（本大题共14小题，每题2分，共28分）
Rewrite the following sentences as required:
1. Combining the sentences into one that contains a relative clause:
You sent my son an English-Chinese dictionary. Thank you very much.
2. Combining the sentences into one that contains a relative clause:
Twenty horses were put into the corral. They were to be trained for riding.
3