1、2005 Text 4 American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John
2、 McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.Mc
3、Whorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death
4、of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative ge
5、nre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is
6、less clear to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ide
7、as .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most
8、 English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but proba
9、bly an inevitable one. 36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English [A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B]. is but all too natural in language development. [C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D]. brought about changes in public attit
10、udes in the 1960s. 37. The word “talking” (Line5, paragraph3) denotes [A]. modesty. [B]. personality. [C]. liveliness. [D]. informality. 38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree? [A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we tal
11、k. [B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the aut
12、hor's [A]. interest in their language. [B]. appreciation of their efforts. [C]. admiration for their memory. [D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as [A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”. [B]. “radical” is to
13、 “conservative”. [C]. “functional” is to “artistic”. [D]. “humble” is to “noble” 第 9 页 36题[B] 难度0.319 区分度.0.287。 这是一道细节题。题干问:“根据McWhorter,正式英语的衰落 ……”。 本题可以定位在第2段,归纳该段的话题可知,该语言学家强调“语言的变化是自然的”,而且由第一段给出的书的副标题(由第四段第二句得知):why we should like, care,意思是我们干吗在乎。也可以看出其认为是语言的自然发展。最后,在全文的最后一句又呼应了这一观点,意思
14、是说这种变化是不可避免的。因此选项[B]:在语言发展史上是非常自然的。入选。选项[A]意为:“在教育的根本改革中是不可避免的”。原文中只是提到这种变化是自然的,不可避免的,但是并没有涉及教育的根本改革这个细节,因此不能入选。 选项[C]意为“导致了关于反正统文化的争论”。此选项干扰性很强。由原文第一段最后一句:sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.这句话的意思是说反文化运动引起了正式英语的衰退。而C选项则恰恰相反,意思是正式英语的衰退引起了反文化运动
15、的争论。因此不能入选。 选项[D]意为“引起了在20世纪60年代大众态度的改变”,这个观点也是在原文第一段最后一句出现,但是原文只是说是反文化运动的胜利,而并没有说是大众态度改变。更何况,应该是反文化运动引起正式英语的倒退,换句话说,如果说大众态度的改变引起了正式英语的倒退,还是有一定正确性的。 37题[D] 难度0.441 区分度.0.308 这是一道词义题。题干问:“单词”talking“(第三自然段第六行)的意思是 ……”。 本题考察的仍然是句群含义的归纳能力。解读原文第3段可以看出作者谈论的主要话题为英语语体的变化问题,所以选项[D]“非正式”是“talking”一词的内涵。其实
16、作者本文谈论的中心就是英语语言语体的非正式变化趋势的问题。其次,由第三段首句has spelt the death of formal speech与第三段最后一句talking is triumphing over speaking可以看出,前者是说speaking是指代正式英语的,而由后者又可以看出talking是与speaking相对立的。因此talking自然就是非正式的英语了。选项[A]“适度”,选项[B]“个性”与选项[C]“生动”,三个选项的干扰性都比较强,由于三个选项中都包含原文强调的重要概念。但是如果代入原文无法在段落或更高的层次上构成意义与逻辑上的一致性与连贯性。 38
17、题[A] 难度0.378 区分度.0.352 这是一道细节题,问Mr. McWhorter的看法那个正确。请看原文的第四段第三句,意思是说作者认为黑人英语与正式英语一样有强大的表达能力,世界上没有一种语言不能够表达思想。因此联系选项[A]“逻辑思维与我们谈话的方式没有必然的联系”,入选。 选项[B]意为“黑人英语比标准英语有更强的表达力”。这个是明显不对的,由原文第四段第三句看出,作者只是说黑人英语与正式英语有同样强大的表达力。因此不能入选。 选项[C]意为“所有非标准的人类语言仅仅是娱乐性的”。这在原文没有表达,而且从文章的观点上看,作者没有贬低非标准英语的意思。 选项[D]意为“在
18、所有变体中,标准英语是最能表达复杂思想的”。这个与B选项属于同一种类型的干扰项。作者在原文并没有说谁的表达能力最强,而只是说以黑人英语为代表的非标准英语与标准英语有同样强大的表达能力。因此排除。 39题[B] 难度0.438 区分度.0.261 这是一道细节题。题干问:“文中提到俄国人喜欢背诵诗歌,目的是为了说明作者 ……”。本题考察考生对作者写作目的的把握,在第五段前两句中作者提到了俄国人与意大利人对正式用语的强调,并认为他们的语言是“something beautiful”。同时看到作者在陈述这件事所用的尊重的语气,因此联系选项[B]“欣赏他们的努力”,入选。 [A]选项意为“对他们
19、的语言感兴趣”,这个当然原本无可厚非,但是注意题目问的是通过描写这件事所表现的,所以应该是选择那些要强调的观点,而不是A选项这种废话。 [C]选项意为“羡慕他们的记忆力”。这个纯粹搞笑了,文章与这种观点没有半点联系。作者一直表达的都是标准英语的倒退以及非标准英语之类的主题,而没有提到记忆力这种东西。 [D]选项意为“蔑视他们的守旧”,这个由前面的解释可以看出,与作者的观点是恰恰相反的,因此更不能入选。 40题[C] 难度0.543 区分度.0.279 这是一道词义类比题,既考查对文章的理解,又考查对词汇的掌握。题目是问文章中“paper plates(纸碟子)”对于“china(瓷碟子
20、的关系犹如“什么”对于“什么”之间的关系。理解文章,尤其末段末三句可知,纸碟强调的是实用,一次性功用,而瓷碟不仅实用而且具有艺术美。这个即使是从常理角度出发也是可以判断出的,前者强调的是实用性,后者强调的是艺术性。因此C选项:“功用性”与“艺术性”两者的语义关系与它们对应齐整,故为正确答案。A“临时”“永久”;B“激进”“保守”;D“谦逊”“高尚”都是干扰项,应排除。 全文翻译: 美国人已不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧与文采来驾驭英语,而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事:语言与音乐的退化,以及为
21、什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中,这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。 责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事,但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史与语言演变。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。 然而,“做自己的事”这一对事务真实性与个人性的崇高信条,已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前,仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调;而那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。同样的,对于诗歌来说,非常个性化与富有表现力的创作风格成为了能
22、够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语的英语,随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞,自我发挥也压过了精心准备。 麦荷特显示先生从上层与下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子,从而说明他记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问:为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意,答案却不够明确。作为语言学家,麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言,包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人,麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确的思考。 俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲,即使这在大多数讲
23、英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺,也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革――他其实只是为那些美好事务而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”装着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊,但很可能已无法避免。 难句解析: ①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal
24、and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. 该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。主语前的介词短语in his latest book做状语,book后有一个较长的书名充当其同位语。主语与谓语之间为主语的同位语,对主语补充说明。 翻译:在他最近的书《做我们自
25、己的事:语言与音乐的退化,以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中,这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。 ②As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas 该句子的主干是
26、he acknowledges that all varieties can be expressive,谓语acknowledges后面是that引导的宾语从句。从句中主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English。破折号后面分句对前面话语进行补充说明。 翻译:麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言,包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。 ③Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, an
27、d he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. ▲本句是一个并列句,包含两个以and连接的分句,其中第二个分句比较复杂:宾语是the gradual disappearance of “whom”,后面是插入语for example, 接着是to be natural and no more regranttable,这一部分作上述宾语的补足语,
28、最后是比较结构no more… than(象…一样不…)。 ④While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. ▲句首的连词while表示“虽然”,两个even都表示让步,同时加强了前后两部分的对比;since then 意思是“从那以后”,then指的是the 1960s。 △本句的难点是对连词以及时间副词的理解。
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