新编简明英语语言学教程16章复习题集.docx

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集 (1-6章)
2012-5-16更新

Chapter I Introduction2012
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__escriptive_____.(prescriptive /lay down rules)
2.  Chomsky defines “ competence”(语言能力) as the ideal user’s knowledge__________ of the rules of his language.
3. Langue(语言) refers to the a__bstract________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例） and application of the rules.
43. D____uality_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
5. Language is a system of a__rbitrary_____ vocal symbols used for human communication.
6. Socialinguisticsis the study of language in relation to society.
7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_______.
8. Human capacity for language has a g enetic___ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
9. Performance __(语言能力)__ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a__pplied______ linguistics.
11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be
12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific____ study of language.
13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the socialfunction of language.

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
1. The description of a language in a fixed instant(时刻)is a _______ study.
A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. systematic
2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.
A. sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. computational linguistics D. Applied Linguistics
3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive B. analytic
C. descriptive D. linguistic
4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement
C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary B. correct
C. secondary D. stable
6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.
A.  in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B.  speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C.  speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D.  All of the above
7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.
A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. descriptive
8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. comparative
9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance
C. langue D. Language
10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A. sense B. sounds
C. objects D. ideas
11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate （当前）situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement B. duality
C. flexibility           D. cultural transmission
12.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.
A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth
13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is .
A. arbitrary B. rational C. logical D. cultural

2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system

Chapter 2：Phonology

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
27．Affricate_(破差音)_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.  
28． A_rticulatory_（发音）________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.  
29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds.  
30．Of all the speech organs, the t _ongue___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.  
31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__lace_____ of articulation(发音部位).  
32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly （可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s__top______.
33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone（音调）, intonation（语调）, etc.  
34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential(序列)____ rules.  
35．The transcription （标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription （宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow____ transcription.  （严式）
36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)________.  
37．P_honology__________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.  
38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.
39．The articulatory apparatus（器官） of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal （咽腔）cavity, the oral(口腔)_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.  
40．T__one（音调）_____ are pitch （音调）variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动） of the vocal cords （声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）.
41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s__entence_______ stress.

III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.
A. acoustic(声学)B. articulatory C. Auditory（听觉） D. allomorphic
2.The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）
3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords  
4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. 
    A. voiceless B. voiced
C. vowel D. consonantal
5．__________ is a voiced alveolar（齿龈） stop.
            A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/  
6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical B. same
            C. exactly alike D. similar  
7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast （音位对立） B. in complementary distribution （同一音位的不同变体）C. the allophones（音位变体）D. minimal pair （对小对立体） 
9.  A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.  
        A. back B. central
C. front D. middle 
10. Palatal （鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound .
A. [n] B. [h] C. [w] D. [j]
11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .
A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs
C. phones D. allophones
12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents
         C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features  
13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone B. sound
            C. allophone D. phoneme 
14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones B. sounds
C. phonemes D. allophones 
15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back B. central C. front D. middle
16.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( C )
A. stops B. fricatives
C. affricates D. plosives

IV. Answer the following question:
1. How are the English consonants classified
2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.

Chapter 3：Morphology

II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
1.Rootis the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀) are removed.
2. Morpheme(词素)____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
3. Bound_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_erivational_________ affixes.
5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
6. C_ompound_________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a compound_______.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1.  The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
2.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A.  is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B.  can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C.  is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D.  None of the above.
 3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root
4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word
A. Rainbow B. Milkshake C. Icy-cold D. Unpleasant
5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
      A. the first element B. the second element
      C. either the first or the second elem         D. both the first and the second elements.
6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words D. Words
7._ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme
8.  The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical B. morphemicC. grammatical D. semantic
9.  Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B.   can not be combined with other morphemes
C.  can either be free or bound
D.  have to be combined with other morphemes.
10.  ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes B. Suffixes(后缀) C. Roots D. Affixes
11.  _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences
12.  “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A a derivative affix B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix D. a root
13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”
A. Nouns B. Adjectives C. Conjunctions D. Adverbs
14.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.
A. free B. bound
C. root D. inflectional
15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”, “degree”and so forth are called morphemes.
A. inflectional B. bound
C. free D. derivational
16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.
A. four B. three C. two D. five
17.Which of the following affix differs from others
A. –ly B. –ness C. –ing D. –ful
V. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.
Suffix: Meaning:
Stem type: Examples:

Prefix: Meaning:
Stem type: Examples: