自考英语一语法.doc

第二部分语法
（一）时态
对于一般现在时，考生在熟悉基本时态的概念和构成的同时，需要注意以下两点用法：表示普遍真理,表示时间、条件、比较状语从句时，用一般现在时表示一般将来时。

例：The earth moves around the sun.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on picnic.

试题
They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ______their exams.
A. have finished
B. finish
C. finished
D. was finishing

2、一般过去时
考生必须熟悉动词变为过去式的形式，同时最重要的要认清句中陈述出来的时间状语，如yesterday, ago, in 1949等。

例：The children went out just now.
The foreign guests visited Nanjing last summer.

试题: You’ve already missed too many classes this term. You _____two classes just last week.
A. missed
B. would miss
C. had missed
D. have missed

3、一般将来时
考生必须了解一般将来时的构成方式。
如shall, will +do, am (is are) + going to do, am (is, are) +about to do, am (is are) + to do等。

同时要注意句中体现出来的时间状语及动作未来的含义。
如tomorrow, next year, this term, in the future等。

例：We are going to have a party tomorrow afternoon.

The highway is to be opened next year.

The talk is about to begin.

试题：A large proportion of the heat ____ (absorb) if the water does not boil.

答案：will be absorbed。
4、过去将来时
考生在熟悉一般将来时的构成及用法后，只需要在过去将来时中的 be 改为 was , were即可表示过去将来时的概念。需要注意的是句中陈述的是：“在过去某一时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。

例：He said that he would let me know as soon as possible.

试题I thought youhave any objection to it.

A. won’t
B. would be
C. wouldn’t
D. will

5、现在进行时
考生必须熟悉该时态的基本构成及用法，既要注意ing的构词形式，也要认清句中陈述的时间状语及动作正在进行的含义，如now等。同时应注意：如果句中表示的是一种经常性的动作或状态，尤其是和always, constantly等副词连用，表示的不满、抱怨情绪时，也要用现在进行时表示。

例：We are struggling with backwardness and poverty.
He is always doubting my word.

试题: It is reported that a new TV center______ (set up) in our city.

答案：is being set up。

6、过去进行时
用法基本上与现在进行时类似，只需要把be改为was , were即可。需要用表示过去时间的状语或看清上下文动作之间的联系状态。

例：The sun was just setting as we reached home.

试题：I fell and hurt myself while Itennis.
A. was playing
B. am playing
C. play
D. played

7、将来进行时
考生需注意其构成形式中必须含有be动词，即will be doing，注意句中陈述出来的在将来某一具体时刻正在发生的动作。

例：I shall be having a meeting with Mr. Roy in 2 minutes.

试题: We are told the popular singers _____ (stay) for five days in the downtown.

答案：will be staying。
8、现在完成时
考生要熟悉该时态的基本用法及构成形式，并注意标志性的时间用语，如so far, by now/up to now, for a long time, since, in the past years, already, yet, lately等。
同时需加强注意两个句型：It(/This) is (will be) the first (second, third…last) time…结构的从句中要求用现在完成时；It(/This) is the best (worst, most interesting)+名词+that…结构中从句要求用现在完成时。

例：I haven’t seen much of her lately.
It is the first time I’ve heard her sing.
This is the most interesting film he has ever seen.

试题：You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it____undrinkable by now.
A. became
B. has become
C. had become
D. becomes

9、过去完成时
强调的是过去的过去，考生需熟悉该时态的结构并要注意：

(1)   经常用于said, reported, thought等引导的间接引语中。
(2)   常用在有hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner…than…等副词的句子中，这种结构表示“刚…就…。”
(3)   It was the first (second, third…last) time that…句型的从句中使用过去完成时。
(4)   与过去的事实相反的虚拟语气中。

例：
He said that he had missed the train.
She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.
It was the first time that he had lost the game.
If I had tried harder, I would have won.

试题：Weour breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had
B. have just had
C. just had
D. had just had

Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.
A. had produced
B. have been produced
C. would have produced
D. had been produced

10、将来完成时
考生需注意该时态的结构，并首先注意应是未来的时间，然后是陈述者认为是在未来时间之前已经完成的动作，注意时间状语，如by the time, by the end of等。

例：I’ll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening.

试题：By the year 2010,scientists probablya cure for cancer.
A. will be discovering
B. are discovering
C. will have discovered
D. have discovered

11、现在完成进行时
考生需注意该时态的结构，并注意强调动作从过去到现在的“一直性”，这个动作有可能继续进行下去。注意：考题中经常会出现如wait for, writing letter, study, work等词。

例：She has been working hard at English since last term.

试题：Ion the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
A. was knocking
B. am knocking
C. knocking
D. have been knocking

12、过去完成进行时
强调过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。该时态由于在高自考中出题较少，故不作为重点时态掌握。

例：She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.

试题：When I first met Ann, shefor Exxon for 15 years.
A. had been working
B. have been working
C. worked
D. has worked
(二)关于被动语态的问题
关于被动语态的问题，大家可以在大学英语一的第191-195页学习到，由于时间关系，这里就不介绍了。希望大家注意一点：被动语态实际常用的只用八种，但与非谓语动词、情态动词连用起来，也需要大家时刻注意。大家在做题过程中，多问问自己：“该题是不是被动。”因为主动的题目大家再熟悉不过了，就是由于心情过去兴奋或过去急躁，才对被动语态进行了忽视。切记：多问一句是不是“被动”是很有好处的。
(三)动词不定式的用法讲解1、做主语
做主语时，经常会考主谓一致性的问题，换句话说，谓语动词在不定式做主语时往往用单数形式。

例：To make a plan for our future is important.

★ 形式主语为翻译题考试的侧重点。
例：It is important to get a good command of English at the university.
2、做表语
考生需要熟悉一些词汇，如objective, plan, goal, reason, intention, wish , desire, purpose, aim，这些在主语位置上时，应考虑不定式做表语。

例：My plan is to pass the exam.
3、做宾语
考生要熟悉课本P220的词汇。
在consider, think, find, feel动词后+it+形容词(或名词)+不定式，这种用法称之为it做形式宾语代替真正的做宾语的不定式。

例：We consider it very important to study English well.
4、做定语
不定式通常不放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面做定语，这与汉语的定语位置是不同的。

例：She was the only one to look after the child.
5、做状语
考题的主要方向是要求大家掌握不定式做目的和结果状语。考生在做题时经常问问自己这句话是为了什么目的，或产生了怎样的结果，这样一来就不难选择用不定式形式了。

例：In 1980, he went to China to study Weiqi. (目的)
A few years later she came home to find that her hometown had greatly changed. (结果)
6、做宾补
其含义就是动词后加了一个sb.+to do，换句话说，就是比做宾语中间多了一个人而已。考生应熟悉P222的词汇。

不带to的不定式用词：make, let, see, hear, watch, notice, feel其结构为make sb. do, let sb. do,etc.。
不定式形式的变化及用法
1、一般式：作为一般性了解，熟悉教材P224。
2、进行式：说明动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，结构为to be doing。

例：He pretended to be working when I came in.

试题：Of course, we should like everything to_____smoothly.
A. have been gone
B. going
C. have been going
D. be going

3、完成式：在seem, appear, be supposed, be said等词后表示在更早一些时间发生的事情。

例：He seems to have been ill.

试题：The book is saidinto several foreign language up to now.
A. to translate
B. to have translated
C. to have been translated
D. to be translated

4、被动式：熟悉教材P225，尽可能理解书上提供的例子。

试题：An old man entered the inn and asked for accommodation___ for him.
A. to be made B. should be made
C. being made D. should make

还需要注意的问题：
1、“wh-疑问连词+不定式”结构做主、表、宾或同位语。

例：They don’t know whether to come or not.

2、使役动词have(/get)+宾语+过去分词，表示“叫某人完成某件事情”。

例：I’ll have a garage built.
I’ll get my hair cut.
(四)分词难点讲解
考生必须了解：
－－现在分词表示主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。
－－现在分词常修饰的是事物，译为“令人……”，过去分词常修饰人，译为“感到。”

对与分词做定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语的内容，大家可以在教材P251-P255找到，这里就不详述了需要考生注意的是：
1、分词的独立结构
分词短语用做状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。但它有时也可以有自己的逻辑主语，形成“名词(代词)+分词(或分词短语)”结构，称之为分词的独立主格结构。
例：Weather permitting, the students in our class will go to the mountains.

试题：Other things, copper heats up faster than iron.
A. being the same
B. having been the same
C. to be the same
D. be the same

2、在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后，用现在分词表示动作正在发生

我们观察到了动作的一部分，用不定式时，表示动作已经发生了，即全部过程结束了。

例：Looking out of the window, I saw a little boy crossing the road.
I watched a little boy cross the road and enter a shop.

试题：A phone call sent himback to the office.
A. hurry
B. hurrying
C. to hurry
D. hurried

3、现在分词的完成式
现在分词的完成式(having done)主要用做状语，表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前已经发生完成。

例：Having finished his book, the writer went to the seaside for a holiday.

试题：, the teacher asked whether anyone wished to ask a question.
A. Finishing his lecture
B. Having been finished the lecture
C. Having finished his lecture
D. Finished the lecture

4、现在分词的被动式
现在分词的被动式 (being done)表示一个被动的动作，正在进行或该动作与谓语的动作同时发生。

例：The problem being discussed is very important.

如果被动的动作在谓语动作之前发生，要用分词的完成被动式(having been done)。

例：Not having been given directions, the taxi driver didn’t know where to go.

试题：by a crowd of spectators, he felt nervous.
A. Being watched
B. Watching
C. Having watched
D. Having been watched

(五)动名词
1、动名词做主语文时，谓语动词往往用单数。
例：Breathing has become more difficult here.

牢记与动名词有关的句型：It is no use (good, a waste, foolish, nice, worth…)doing； There is no point in doing sth.等等。

试题：There is no useover split milk.
A. of being crying
B. to cry
C. crying
D. if it will cry

2、动名词做宾语：牢记P284所有词汇。
3、动名词做介词宾语时，首先要选对形式，其次要注意是否有被动含义。这里考生时刻小心与to搭配的短语，这些短语中的to并不是不定式的符号，而是介词，后面需用动名词形式。

如object to, attach importance to, approach to, subject to, solution to, contribute to, in addition to, stick to, look forward to等等。

试题：I am sure your suggestion willthe problem.
A. contribute to solving
B. contribute to solve
C. be contributed to solve
D. be contributed to solving

4、注意区别remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean, go on等词后动名词与不定式连用时含义上的不同。

5、在need, require, deserve后，动名词做宾语时表示被动，无须用被动结构。
例：My bike needs repairing.

6、动名词的完成式
如果动名词表示的动作在谓语动作所表示的动作之前发生，用动名词的完成式(having done)。

例：I regret having done such a thing.

试题：I don’t remember.
A. ever to be saying
B. to have been said
C. having ever said that
D. ever said that

7、动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，用形容词性的物主代词，表示有生命的名词，用名词¡°¡¯s¡±所有格。

例：Your denying everything will get you nowhere.
Mary’s grumbling annoyed him.

试题：He insisted onreading the document.
A. I’m
B. my
C. mine
D. I

(六)关于形容词与副词的比较级
本章学生掌握起来相对较容易，由于时间关系，我在这里就不再详述了，希望大家在教材P319中认真学习。这种语法现象在考卷中的词汇与句子结构部分、完型填空、词型转换中很容易发现它们的痕迹，重要的是我们能不能发现“than”、“as…as”以及“the 比较级， the比较级”这几个词语，同时要牢记关于形容词、副词比较级的变化。
(七)介词与介词短语
介词的用法与介词短语的搭配种类繁多，学生记忆起来较为繁琐，但只有通过日积月累，不断地练习，反复地强化自己的记忆能力，才能有效地记住一些固定的搭配。大家可以抽出一些时间仔细看看教材P348。
(八)冠词与情态动词
这两部分，说实话，在考试当中相对占的比重较少，但大家决不能忽略它们，万一最后失误就在这两方面，将造成终身遗憾，要不学习它们，将遗憾终生。大家可以在教材P380和P409学习一些相关的内容，但要合理地分配一下学习时间，我在这里就不熬述了。
(九)名词从句
名词性从句就是起了名词的作用，只不过是以句的形式出现的。

1、主语从句：当这种从句出现在主语位置上时，谓语动词用单数。一般来讲，如果这种从句的含义陈述得十分完整，前面只需加主从连词that，其他词汇如if, what, when, where都有着与主语的某些含义上的牵连，希望大家能认真地给予学习。

例：That the earth is round is true.

试题：made the first United States flag is widely believed.
A. When Betsy Ross
B. That Betsy Ross
C. Betsy Ross
D. Whether Betsy Ross

2、宾语和表语从句：这两种从句大家可以熟悉教材P448。
3、同位语从句：大家可以熟悉一些句型，并用that引出从句做同位语。

如：It is a fact (a good thing, well-known, said, recorded, noted, has been found, can be seen…)that…。

试题：_____a table spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon.
A. Remarkably
B. Quite remarkably
C. It is remarkable that
D. It is remarkably fact that

(十)定语从句的问题
大家必须知道，关系代词与关系副词在定语从句中所承担的成份，这样一来在选择that, which, where等连接词时就不觉得困难了

介词可放在which (whom)引出的定语从句之前，也可以放在句末。

例：This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.

试题：The engineer withI’m working is good at playing the violin.
A. who
B. which
C. whom
D. that

非限制性与限制性定语从句的区别：由于考生要复习的内容很多，这里只告诉大家一点：简单地看是否有逗号，再观察后句是否是对前半句的补充说明，就可以判定两种定语从句。非限制性定语从句决不会出现that，相对来说选择which, where, whose较多。

当非限定性定语从句位于句首时，只用as不用which。
例：As was natural, he married her.

当非限制性定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹是表示主句所述内容，不带有“如……那样”的含义时，用which，不用as。
例：They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.

当非限定性定语从句中有“如同……那样”的含义时用as更为常见。
例：as we know as is known to all as we all can see

当非限定性定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时，只用which。
例：The West Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is in Hangzhou.

试题：is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
A. What
B. That
C. It
D. As

(十一)状语从句
考生务必了解九种状语从句的概念，特别是它们各自的引导词，该部分由于相对来说较易掌握，所以请大家参考教材P507-513。
(十二)虚拟语气
这一部分对于学员来说，学习的呼声较高，因为大家感到虚拟语气十分难以掌握。但只要大家记住一些公式化的东西，如对过去的虚拟，后面要用过去完成，对现在和未来的虚拟，后面要用动词过去式(包括被动形式)，这些情况适用于wish, as if, as though等固定词汇在句中的用法。

例：I feel as if I were ten years younger.
I felt as if we had known each other for years.

试题：He talks as if heall about it.
A. has known
B. knew
C. knows
D. know

1、用在主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句中需要注意的词汇，大家一定要熟悉教材P542-544，这些词汇无论是什么形式或词性，后面的从句中需要用动词原形(包括被动)

2、would rather, had rather, would sooner等宾语从句后

(1)   接动词原形时，表示现在或未来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择。
例：I’d rather do it today.

(2)   接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当。
例：I’d rather not have stayed at home than went to the dull film.

试题：I’d much rather that youtomorrow than today.
A. came
B. will come
C. had come
D. is coming

3、“It is (about, high) time that…”后面的虚拟语气用动词的过去式。

例：It’s time you turned in for the night.

试题：It is high time that weoff.
A. are
B. will be
C. had been
D were

4、注意句型If+主语+动词+……，主语+would (should, could, might)+动词原形……。属于与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句。
例：If I knew his address, I would write to him.

该句型条件句中的be，不管主语人称的单复数一律用were。
例：If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there.

试题：If the sea500 feet, India would become an island.
A. is to rise
B. has risen
C. were risen
D. were to rise

5、★★注意句型If +主语+had+动词过去分词……，主语+would (should, could, might) +have+动词过去分词……，属于与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。

例：If I had known your address, I would have written to you.

试题：Had he worked harder, hethe exam.
A. must have got through
B. could get through
C. would get through
D. would have got through

6、注意句型If +主语+were to+动词原形……，主语+would (should could, might)+动词原形，属于与将来事实相反。

该句型无论主语人称是什么，一律接were to。

试题：If th