第一讲高中英语动词时态讲解.doc

动词时态
动词用以表示动作或存在状态。有人称和数的变化，有时态、语态和语气的特征。

一、动词时态-----
* 用不同的动词形式来表示不同时间里以不同方式状态发生的动作或存在。
* 时有，现在、过去、将来、过去将来；态有，一般、进行、完成、完成进行。
* 英语句子中，通过谓语动词的形式变化来指示动作的时间和状态，还有时间状语来参照帮助说明动作的时间和状态。
二、构成公式
时
态
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
* 动词原形
* 第三人称单数+ s
am, is, are, / v，v-ed
often, every day, always, sometimes, once a week,
on Sundays.
* 动词过去式
(v-ed/ was, were)
yesterday, last year, just now, in 1987,
two years ago,
at that time (moment)
shall
+ 动词原形
will (be / v)
be going to, be to
be about to
tomorrow, next week, in the future, later, next time
should
动词原形
would (be / v)
was/ were going to
was/ were to,
was/were about to
常用于宾语从句或间接引语中
进行
am
is + v-ing
are
now, at this moment,
at present,
（look, listen）
was
+ v-ing
were
then, at this /that time at 10 o’ yesterday, last night
shall
+ be + v-ing
will
should
+ be + v-ing
would
完成
have
+ 过去分词
has (been / v-ed)
just, already, never, yet, ever, once, lately, by this time, before, since, for a long time
had + 过去分词
(been / v-ed)
by, before, when引导的短语或从句。
by that time, before, by the end of,
by three o’clock
shall
+ have+过去分词
will (been / v-ed)
表将来的时间状语
should
+ have+过去分词
would (been / v-ed)
表过去将来的时间状语
完成进行
have
has + been+ v-ing
现在完成时强调已经完成，而现在完成进行时强调持续并可能继续持续下去
had + been + v-ing
以某一特定过去时间为前提。
shall
+ have + v-ing
will
should
+ have + v-ing
would

各种时态的句型变化：
1、一般现在时
肯定式
否定式

疑问式 一般
疑问式 特殊
肯定回答
否定回答
I study English at home everyday.

I am a student in the 12 high school now.

（更多的时态）

1、 一般现在时

①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC. Three plus three is six.
②表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
We always care for each other and help each other. She gets up at six every morning.
③表示主语的现状、性质、特征、状态时多用系动词或状态动词.
He is a student. She hates computer games. The bottle holds a quarter of a pound of ink.
Ice feels cold. He is happy. My father is at work.
④在时间、条件、让步状语从句（when, while, if, even though）中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
When he arrives, he will let you know. Even if it rains, the sports meeting will continue.
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，也只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. The plane takes off at 11:00
Tomorrow is Wednesday. The meeting begins at seven.
⑥一般现在时表正在进行的动作，用于Here comes….，There comes…。表达看或听到某种情况感到喜悦、惊讶发出喊叫。Look! Here flies a sparrow! There goes a thief! How strongly the wind blows!
⑦一般现在时代替现在完成时。主要用于say, see, hear, tell, understand, find, remember, read, write等表示互通信息的动词。They tell me it’s a fantastic film. I hear that you have read As You Like It.
表示知觉、态度、感情、的词表示现在发生的动作，不用进行时态，常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、 seem等。如：
I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
⑧一般现在时用于文章标题、剧本、图片说明等。“Earthquake kills more than 2000 people.”

2、 一般过去时 （动词过去式的规则和不规则变化）
① 表示过去具体时间发生的动作或所处的状态，常与表过去的时间状语连用：last night, yesterday, a few day ago, last year, the other day, at that time, at that moment, in 1999, just now, in old days.
The fire broke out during the night. Patrick looked very well when I last saw him.
Judy is going to marry the sailor she met in Rome last year.
② 过去经常、反复发生的动作，频率时间状语连用：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, regularly.
The children often went hungry in the old days. He played tennis regularly for years when he was young.
③ 没有具体时间的过去的动作或情况：I was brought up by my grandparents in the countryside.
-----Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? ----- Who wrote it?
当叙述某一动作或状态在过去持续了一段时间后终止，或者在过去某段时间发生了若干次时，用一般过去时，而不用现在完成时。
I lived in London for many years, but I have never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
④ 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中或表过去将来的动作（过去时背景下的主将从现）
She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.
Melissa told me that immediately she arrived, she would ring me up.
⑤ 在谈及已去世的人时多用过去时：Luxun was a great writer.
⑥ 常用一般过去时的句型： since---They have been friends ever since they were in primary school.
Why didn’t you think of that? I didn’t notice it. I didn’t recognize him.
I forgot to tell you I had been there before. used to do sth--- Tom used to play football.

3、 一般将来时
①将来要发生的动作或状态，用will / shall +动词（与表将来的时间状语tomorrow、next week, in the future, later,等连用）。 Next week we will take part in the Olympic Games. I will be better next time
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作，或将来某一时间内经常反复发生的动作。
We’ll die without air or water. I will come and see you every month next year.
③表示位置转移的瞬间动词如come、go、start、begin、leave、arrive、return、do, die, lose, fly等常用现在进行时表示预计即将发生的动作。 We’re leaving early tomorrow morning.
瞬间性动词用于进行时还可表示 A.动作的反复Having had a bad cold, I am coughing day and night.
B.短暂的持续性或非常慢的动作，“慢慢地，渐渐地”。It’s time to start now, because day is drawing.
④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别： * be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定或意图。 I’m going to quit my job. I will open the door.
be going to 也可指客观迹象表明将要发生。I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. It’s going to rain,
be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
*be to +动原.按计划安排在具体的时间将发生的动作，或表示命令、禁止，职责，义务，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 300 o’clock this afternoon. There is to be a concert on Saturday evening.
We are to take care of all these children. No one is to leave the room without permission.
*be about to do sth.表示客观“即将，正要”发生的动作，后面不能接具体时间状语，但可以有as或when引导的时间状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. The meeting is about to begin.
I’m not about to stop when I’m so close to success. As I came, she was about to go to the cinema.
⑤一些情况下一般现在时可以表将来-----见一般现在时讲解。
4、 过去将来时
①would / should + 动词原形，表示从过去来看将要发生的动作和状态，常用于宾从或间接引语。He said he would go to the north for the holiday. I told her I should (would) return the book in a few days.
②was/were going to 表示过去曾经打算或计划要做的事,或在过去时间里将要发生的客观迹象。
I thought it was going to rain. He told me he was going to learn another foreign language.
③was/were + to + 动词原形, 表示过去安排在具体的时间将发生的动作，或表示命令、禁止，职责，义务，可能性。He said he was to finish the work in a week. We were to do whatever they told us to do.
④was/were + about + to + 动词原形 I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
We were about to go into the cinema when Mary appeared.
5、 现在进行时
① 表示说话时正在发生着的动作或状态，常与now, at this moment, at present连用。
----Have you got any job offers? ----No. I am waiting. Listen. What language are they speaking?
② 表示现阶段在进行，但此时此刻不一定正在进行。The workers are building a new factory.
Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.
③表示位置转移的瞬间动词如come、go、start、begin、leave、arrive、return、do, die, lose, fly等常用现在进行时表示预计即将发生的动作。 We’re leaving early tomorrow morning.
瞬间性动词用于进行时还可表示 A.动作的反复Having had a bad cold, I am coughing day and night.
B.短暂的持续性或非常慢的动作，“慢慢地，渐渐地”。It’s time to start now, because day is drawing.
④与always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等时间频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩---赞扬，同情，不满，好奇等) She is always finding fault with others.
He is usually leaving things about. Why are you always coming late for class.
⑤hope, want, wonder等少数动词用现在进行时来表示比一般现在时更加委婉的语气。
I hope you can come and have supper with us. I am hoping you can come and have supper with us.
⑥系表的进行时表示一时的表现（平时不这样）。Tom is being a little impolite. You’re being annoying
⑦下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、感知，情感的动作：like, love, hate, know, forget, remember, understand, care, think, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：have, has, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, own, possess, belong to, depend on, have on.
（C）表示短暂性动作的动词：allow, accept, give, receive, decide, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感觉的感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste。
6、 过去进行时
① 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。What were you doing at ten o’clock last night?
常同at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday 连用.
② 过去某一时间段内发生或频繁发生。 We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday.
③ 用于介绍故事背景。Once an Arab was traveling in the desert.
④ 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，两个同时持续的动作，其中一个是由when或while引导的时间状从。 I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作业而他在听音乐。
⑤ 表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。如：
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。
⑥ 与always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等时间频度副词连用，表过去经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩---赞扬，同情，不满，好奇等) He was continually asking her questions.
⑦ 过去进行时表从过去看将要发生的动作。 He told me he was leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
7、 现在完成时（常与现在完成时连用的时间状语：already, yet, recently, lately, never, ever, once,
only twice, before, by this time, this morning, since then, since last year, since three years ago, ever since, for a long time, in the past ( last) three years.)
①表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作（暗含因果）。So far this year we have seen a fall in house price by between 5 and 10 percent. Thousands of miles of good roads have joined town and country.
②表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作，已成为某种经验。
I have only been to the Great wall once. All of you have heard of this many times.
Have been to 表示“去过”， have gone to 表示“去而未归”。It can’t be Jack. He has gone to Beijing.
③从过去某时开始延续到至今的动作或状态，用于某些延续性动词。可以和for、since引导的状语连用，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。 I have travelled to most of the cities in China since five years ago.
④在时间、条件状语从句中，现在完成时代替将来完成时（将来时间背景下的主将从现）
He will come as soon as he has finished the homework. Don’t get off until the bus has stopped.
If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.
⑤下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时

8、 过去完成时
①表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态。
I had read the book before two days. By the end of last month he had worked in Tianjin for twenty years.
The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.
We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.
②用来表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，常用的动词有：hope, think, want, mean, intend, expect, plan.
I had meant to come, but it rained. I had intended to come to the party, but I was so busy.
③特殊：hardly（scarcely）…when…; no sooner…than…, hardly,,,,,放在句首，主句要倒装。
I had hardly arrived at the station when the bus left. Hardly had I arrived at the bus when the train left.
④常用过去完成时的几种时间状语情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、when, before、since后接过去某一时间的短语或从句表示以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.（B时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（C）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. （D）在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed.

9、 现在完成进行时
①表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作，可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。
We have been looking for you for an hour. She has been teaching English since she graduated.
---I’m sure Andrew will win the prize in the final. ---I think so. He has been preparing for it for months.
②表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，带有感情色彩。
She’s been saying that twenty times. He has been calling on her several times this week.
We are been having a lot of rain recently.

10、 过去完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间开始，到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚结束。以某一特定的过去时间为前提。
I had been here waiting for 30 minutes before he arrived.
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
She couldn’t walk any further. She had been walking the whole day.

11、 将来完成时
表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并有产生影响的意味，常与表将来的时间状语连用。
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
By the time Jane gets home, her aunt will have left for London to attend a meeting.

12、 过去将来完成时
表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，并有产生影响的意味，常有表过去将来的时间状语连用。
The party would have arrived by four o’clock.
The day was drawing near when we would have completed the work.
He said he would not have done with my camera by the end of next month.

13、 注意几组时态的区别：
①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作和状态，和现在不发生联系。He has lived in Beijing since liberation. He lived in Beijing before liberation.
②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”的已经完成和造成的影响，一般过去时只单纯表示发生在过去的动作和状态，不关心和现在的联系；出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式只用一般过去时。
③现在完成和过去完成都常同表一段时间的状语连用，如：for a week, for two years, for a long time.
但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表过去特定时间的状语。
而过去完成是在过去某时间之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中有过去特定时间的状语。
She had been ill for a week before she came back. She has been ill for a week.
④现在完成时和现在完成进行时：现在完成时强调已经完成，现在完成进行时强调持续并可能继续持续下去。I have cleaned all the windows. I have been cleaning all the windows.
一些静态动词往往用现在完成进行时：lie, sit, rain, wait, stand,而一些状态、短暂、感官、情感动词see, feel, know, love等则不可，而用现在完成时。（参照现在进行时⑦四类不宜用现在进行时的动词）
⑤过去完成进行时和过去进行时。过去完成进行时强调动作在过去某一时刻之前一直在持续，而过去进行时强调的是过去某一时刻动作正在进行。
Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang.
Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang.
英语高考专题复习 动词时态
一、概说：英语一共有十六个时态（8种基本时态 +8种合成时态）如下:（以”write”为例）

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在

write
writes

am/is/are +writing

have/has +written

have/has + been writing
过去

wrote

was/were +writing

had + written

had + been writing
将来

shall/will +write

shall/will+be writing

shall/will+have written

shall/will + have been writing
过去将来
should
/would +write

should/would+be writing

should/would+ have written

should/would +have been writing

二、考点聚焦
1、动词时态考查要点简述
（1）一般现在时考点分析
①表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理谚语格言等（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
He said that the earth turns round the sun.
②表示经常发生、习惯性的动作,与 every day, usually, once a week 等时间状语连用。
He goes to school on foot everyday.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在when 引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。注意，此时，主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时态表示将来。
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.
I will write to her when I have time.
Do you know when he _will come_(come) back? When he comes back, pleas