会计英语资产负债表及利润表.doc

· 会计报表中英文对照

Accounting
1. Financial reporting（财务报告） includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprise’s accounting system----that is, information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations, earnings, etc.
2. Objectives of financial reporting: 财务报告的目标
Financial reporting should:
(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.
(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows.
(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.
3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设
(1) Economic entity assumption 会计主体假设
This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.
(2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设
This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.
This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.
This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.
(3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设
This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.
The most typical time segment = Calendar Year
Next most typical time segment = Fiscal Year
(4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设
This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.
In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.
This assumption provides support for the "Historical Cost" principle.
4. Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计
5. Qualitative characteristics 会计信息质量特征
(1) Reliability 可靠性
For accounting information to be reliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy.
Accounting information is reliable to the extend that it is:
Verifiable: means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion.
Representationally faithful: that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activities of the company.
Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias.
(2) Relevance 相关性
Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value).

(3) Understandability 可理解性
Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning.
(4) Comparability 可比性
Comparability: suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices.
Consistency: suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount.
(5) Substance over form 实质重于形式
Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.
It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.
(6) Materiality 重要性
Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entity’s financial report. Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or misstatement. Deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise.
(7) Conservatism 谨慎性
Conservatism dictates that when in doubt, choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilities and expenses.
(8) Timeliness 及时性
Timeliness means having information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. If information becomes available only after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence that decision and thus lacks relevance.
6. Basic accounting elements 基本会计要素
(1) Asset 资产
An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise.
(2) Liability 负债
A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise.
A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circumstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities.
(3) owners’ equity 所有者权益
Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.
Owners’ equity of a company is also known as shareholders’ equity.
(4) Revenue 收入
Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners.
(5) Expense 费用
Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners.
(6) Profit 利润
Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.
7. Five measurement attributes 会计计量属性
(1) Historical cost 历史成本
Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business.
(2) Current replacement cost 现时重置成本
Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation.
(3) Net realizable value 可实现净值
Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments.
(4) Present value 现值
Assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period.
(5) Fair value 公允价值
Assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
8. Financial statements 财务报表
(1) Balance sheet 资产负债表
A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date.
(2) Income statement 损益表
An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.
(3) Statement of cash flows 现金流量表
A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.
(4) Statement of changes in owners’equity 所有者权益变动表
A statement of changes in owners’ equity reports the changes in owners’ equity for a specific period of time.
(5) Notes to financial statements 财务报表附注
Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.
9. Accounting entry 会计分录
Debit: Cash
Credit: Common Stock
10. Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式
Assets = Liabilities + owners’ equity
11. List of present and potential users of financial information 财务信息的使用者
investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies.

Definitions of Four Categories of Financial Assets
　　A financial asset or liability held for trading is one that was acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealers margin. A financial asset should be classified as held for trading if, regardless of why it was acquired, it is part of a portfolio for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking. Derivative financial assets and derivative financial liabilities are always deemed held for trading unless they are designated and effective hedging instruments.
　　Held-to-maturity investments are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity that an enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity other than loans and receivables originated by the enterprise.
　四类金融资产的定义
　　为交易而持有的金融资产或金融负债,指主要为了从价格或交易商保证金的短期波动中获利而购置的金融资产或承担的金融负债。一项金融资产不论因何种原因购置，如果它属于投资组合的组成部分，且有证据说明最近该组合可实际获得短期收益，则该金融资产应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。对于衍生金融资产和衍生金融负债，除非它们被指定且是有效的套期工具，否则应认为是为交易而持有的金融资产和金融负债.
　　持有至到期日的投资指具有固定或可确定金额和固定期限，且企业明确打算并能够持有至到期日的金融资产。企业源生的贷款和应收款项不包括在内。
　　企业源生的贷款和应收款项,指企业直接向债务人提供资金、商品或劳务所形成的金融资产。但打算立即或在短期内就转让的贷款和应收款项不包括在内，而应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。在本准则中，企业源生的贷款和应收款项不应包括在持有至到期日的投资内，而应另行归类。
　　可供出售的金融资产,指不属于以下三类的金融资产：（1）企业源生的贷款和应收款项；（2）持有至到期日的投资；（3）为交易而持有的金融资产。

开发阶段
　　只有当企业可证明以下所有各项时,开发（或内部项目的开发阶段）产生的无形资产应予确认：
　　1.完成该无形资产,使其能使用或销售,在技术上可行；
　　2.有意完成该无形资产并使用或销售它；
　　3.有能力使用或销售该无形资产；
　　4.该无形资产如何产生很可能的未来经济利益.其中,企业应证明存在着无形资产的产出市场或无形资产本身的市场；如果该无形资产将在内部使用,那么应证明该无形资产的有用性；
　　5.有足够的技术、财务资源和其他资源支持,以完成该无形资产的开发,并使用或销售该无形资产；
　　6.对归属于该无形资产开发阶段的支出,能够可靠地计量.

Development Phase
　　An intangible asset arising from development （or from the development phase of an internal project） should be recognised if, and only if, an enterprise can demonstrate all of the following：
　　（a）the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale；
　　（b）its intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it；
　　（c）its ability to use or sell the intangible asset；
　　（d）how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits. Among other things, the enterprise should demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself or, if it is to be used internally, the usefulness of the intangible asset；
　　（e）the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset；
　　（f）its ability to measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development reliably

1 资产 assets
11~ 12 流动资产 current assets
111 现金及约当现金 cash and cash equivalents
1111 库存现金 cash on hand 
1112 零用金/周转金 petty cash/revolving funds 
1113  银行存款 cash in banks 
1116 在途现金 cash in transit 
1117 约当现金 cash equivalents 
1118 其它现金及 约当现金 other cash and cash equivalents 
112 短期投资 short-term investment
1121 短期投资 -股票 short-term investments - stock 
1122 短期投资 -短期票券  short-term investments - short-term notes and bills 
1123  短期投资 -政府债券  short-term investments - government bonds 
1124  短期投资 -受益凭证  short-term investments - beneficiary certificates 
1125  短期投资 -公司债  short-term investments - corporate bonds 
1128 短期投资 -其它 short-term investments - other 
1129  备抵短期投资跌价损失 allowance for reduction of short-term investment to market 
113 应收票据 notes receivable
1131 应收票据 notes receivable 
1132 应收票据贴现  discounted notes receivable 
1137 应收票据 -关系人  notes receivable - related parties 
1138  其它应收票据  other notes receivable 
1139 备抵呆帐 －应收票据  allowance for uncollec- tible accounts- notes receivable 
114 应收帐款 accounts receivable
1141 应收帐款  accounts receivable 
1142 应收分期帐款  installment accounts receivable 
1147 应收帐款 -关系人  accounts receivable - related parties 
1149 备抵呆帐 －应收帐款  allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - accounts receivable 
118 其它应收款 other receivables
1181  应收出售远汇款  forward exchange contract receivable 
1182 应收远汇款 -外币  forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies 
1183 买卖远汇折价  discount on forward ex-change contract 
1184 应收收益  earned revenue receivable 
1185 应收退税款  income tax refund receivable 
1187 其它应收款 - 关系人  other receivables - related parties 
1188 其它应收款 - 其它  other receivables - other 
1189 备抵呆帐 - 其它应收款  allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - other receivables 
121~122 存货 inventories
1211 商品存货  merchandise inventory 
1212 寄销商品 consigned goods 
1213  在途商品 goods in transit 
1219  备抵存货跌价损失  allowance for reduction of inventory to market 
1221 制成品  finished goods 
1222 寄销制成品  consigned finished goods 
1223 副产品  by-products 
1224  在制品  work in process 
1225 委外加工  work in process - outsourced 
1226 原料  raw materials 
1227 物料  supplies 
1228 在途原物料  materials and supplies in transit 
1229 备抵存货跌价损失  allowance for reduction of inventory to market 
125 预付费用 prepaid expenses
1251 预付