高三总复习教案名词性从句.doc

第4讲 名词性从句
单词短语回顾

单词荟萃
1. ___________ adj.吓人的， 可怕的→________ adj. 害怕的→________ vt. 使害怕→fright n. 惊吓
2. ________ n. 力气， 力量； 长处→________ v. 加强→strong adj. 强壮的
3. ___________ n. 环境， 围绕， 外界→environmental adj.环境的； 有关环境的
4. pollute v. 污染→________ adj.受污染的→________ n. 污染
5. major adj.主要的， 较大的→____ n. 大多数
6. ________ adj.关心的， 担心的 →concern n. 关心， 担心
7. _______ adj. 急迫的， 紧急的→urgency n. 紧急；紧急的事
8. complain v. 抱怨， 投诉 →___________ n. 抱怨， 投诉
9. __________ adv. 绝对地， 完全地→absolute adj. 绝对的， 完全的
10. protection n. 保护→________ v. 保护， 防护
短语积累
1. 受困于， 遭遇2. 砍倒
3. 作为……的结果；由于4. 建议某人做某事
5. 阻止某人做某事6. 接受；理解；吸收
7. 分发；发出；用完；耗尽8. 忍不住做某事
9. 简言之；概括地讲10. 改善环境
一、考点、热点回顾
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉和到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面：
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题；
2. 考查引导词that与what的区别；
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法；
4. 考查whether与if的区别；
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别；
6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题。
二、 典型例题
单选：
1. -What time will Mr. Brown be back to China
-----Sorry. I don’t know ________.
A. when did he go abroad B. why he is going abroad
C. how soon will he be back D. how long he will stay abroad
2. Now there is a danger ________ the ground may fall in (沉下) under the heavy traffic.
A. whether B. if C. ×D. that
3. The problem is ________will go to the meeting.
A. why B. when C. what D. who
4. –Do you know ________ the man with sunglasses is
-----I’m not sure. Maybe he is a reporter.
A. who B. what C. where D. how
分析句子：判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：
1. China is no longer what it used to be.
2. The truth that the earth turns around the sun is known to all.
3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.
4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.
5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.
8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.
9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school
10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.
三、 课堂讲解&.习题练习
名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
　　 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）
　　 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
　　 连接副词：when, where, how, why
（一）主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以和连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
A.  It+be + 形容词 + that 从句(obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) 如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
B.  It + be + 名词词组 + that 从句 (an honor, a fact, a pity, etc.）如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go.
C. It + be + 过去分词 + that 从句 (said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, etc.） 如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
D.  It + 不和物动词或短语 + that 从句
( seem，happen, doesn’t matter ,turn out） 。如：
It happened that I was out that day.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
（二）宾语从句
一、 定义：
在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。
Eg：He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语)
He asks him how long Mike has been down. (动词宾语)
Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语)
二、 宾语从句的引导词有三类：
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：
Eg：The radio says (that) the clouds will lift later on.
She told me (that) she would like to go with us.
(2) 以连接代词which, what, who等或连接副词how, where, why 等引导的宾语从句：
A. 特殊疑问词不是作主语，疑问词放在句首，其它部分按陈述句语序。
B. 如特殊疑问词作主语，语序不用动。
Do you know what he did with that thing 他知道他怎样处理那件事的吗？
Could you tell me who can look after her 你能告诉我谁能照顾她吗？
注：A. 主句是一般疑问，句尾用问号、用升调。 B. 主句不是一般疑问句，句尾用句号，用降调。
eg, Could you tell me what's the matter with youI want to know how soon it will begin.
(3) 以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序:
Eg I wonder if /whether you have told the news to Li Lei.
注意：在下列几种情况下，只能用whether,不能用if:
●当or not紧随连词之后时。如I don't know whether or not he will come on time.我不知道他能否按时来。
●从句用作介词宾语时。如：I am interested in whether he joined the army.我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。
●在带to的动词不定式前。如：She doesn't know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.
●当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。如：Whether this is true or not, I'm not sure. 这是否真实，我不敢肯定。
三、宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。
如： I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
四、“在be+形容词glad, sorry, sure, surprised等”后跟that引导的从句。意思上看起来是宾语从句，实际上引导的是原因状语从句，说明主句的原因。如：
I’m glad that you come to see me. 你来看我，我很高兴。
I’m sorry that everything hasn’t gone very well. 很抱歉一切事情进行很不顺利。
五、一般疑问句主要有think, believe, suppose, don’t you know这类词时。在句中主句的主谓结构是插入语，从句的疑问词一般放在主句前。
Who do you think is looking for you 你认为谁正在找你呢？
When don’t you know we’ll have meeting 你不知道我们什么时候开会吗？
Whom do you believe she can come with 你相信她能和谁来呢？
六、动词think, believe, suppose, expect等，否定时，到从句翻译，叫否定转移。
I don’t think she can lend it to the others, can she 我想她不会把它借给其他人，是吗？
I don’t believe everyone has done his homework, have they 我相信大家不没有做作业，是吗？
注：转意否定时，反意疑问句看从句部分。
七、注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
（三）表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
1.引导词：
(1) 从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address.  麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
1. He looked just as he had looked ten years before.  他看起来还与十年前一样。
2. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(4) 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。
This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。
The question is how he did it.  
(5) 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
That's because he didn't understand me.　(That's because...强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。(That's why...强调结果)
(6) 解释：
2.   在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
(四)同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.　 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here. （that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
课堂练习：
1. His success was because of ________ he had been working hard.
A. that B. the fact which C.the fact that D.the fact
2. “Is Mary from New York City” “I don't know _______.”
A. from what city does she come from B. from what city she come
C. what city does she come from D. what city she comes from
3.________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
4. The reason why I didn't go to Shanghai was ________ a new job.
A. because I got B. because of getting C. I got D. that I got
5. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
6. Henry killed the dog. I'll ask him why ________.
A. did he do that B. he did thatC. he did D. he has done so
7. Have you seen Henry lately My boss wants to know ________.
A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting along
C. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along
8. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D whenever
9. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what is the trouble B. what wrong was
C. what was the matter D. what trouble it is
10. I am sure ________ he said is true.
A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what
四、 课后练习
1. When and why he came here ________ yet.
A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not been
2.I wonder how much ________.
A. does the watch costB. did the watch cost
C. the watch costed D. the watch costs
3. Mary is ________ someone might recognize her.
A. afraid of B. afraid about C. afraid that D. afraid for
4.________ is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late
5. They came to the conclusion ________ by a computer.
A. that not all things can be done B. because of not all things be done
C. being not all things can be done D. because not all things can be done
6. Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless.
A. for B. because C. since D. that
7. I don't doubt ________ he'll come.
A. that B. if C. what D. whether
8. —“Why did you go to the wrong class, Mr. Wang ”
—“Well, I forget _______ I was supposed to go to.”
A. which the room B. which room C. what was the room D. what room was it
9. Output is now six times ________ it was before liberation.
A. that B. which C. what D. of which
10.______ surprised me most was ______ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.
A. That…what B. What…that C. That…which D. What…which