2023年浙江农林大学博士入学考试英语.doc

2023年博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目: 英语 满分：100分 考试时间：180分钟
注意：所有试题答案写在答题纸上，答案写在试卷上无效。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: For each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.

1. The patient has been ____________ of the safety of the operation.
A. guaranteed B. assured C. entrusted D. confirmed
2. Some teenagers harbour a generalized resentment against society, which _________ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.
A. deprives B. restricts C. rejects D. denies
3. When travelling, you are advised to take travellers’ checks, which provide a secure ____________ to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute B. selection C. preference D. alternative
4. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ___________ attitude toward customers.
A. impartial B. mild C. hostile D. opposing
5. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ___________ the birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with B. in terms of
B. in favor of D. in honor of
6. No one imagined that the apparently _________ businessman was really a criminal.
A. respective B. respectable C. respectful D. receptacle
7. In some parts of the world the indigenous population has been completely _____
A. wiped up B. wiped out C. wiped away D. wiped off
8. ___________ the invention of the steam engine, most forms of transport were horse-drawn.
A. Akin to B. Prior to
C. In addition to D. With reference to
9. Because his workplace was so busy and noisy, he longed most of all for __________.
A. loneliness B. association C. solitude D. irrelevancy
10. Because Mark needed to pass the exam, he made studying a _____________ over watching his favorite television show.
A. priority B. conformity C. perplexity D. concept
11. The record of the past is always incomplete, and the historians who write about it __________ reflect the preoccupations of their own time.
A. bound to B. inevitably C. indispensably D. justifiably
12. Man is a ________ animal, and much more so in his mind than in his body: he may like to go alone for a walk, but he hates to stand alone in his __________.
A. conceited ... vanity B. solitary ... thoughts
C. gregarious ... opinions D. special ... uniqueness
13. He says he would write an English course book if he could find a(n) ________ to deal with the less interesting parts.
A. accomplice B. collaborator C. spouse D. kin
14. International travelers may have difficulties understanding the adjustment problems that _________ them.
A. amaze B. beset C. humiliate D. resurrect
15. The distinctive qualities of African music were not appreciated or even _________.
A. deplored B. perceived C. revered D. ignored
16. The spokesperson knew he had made a ___________ error when he prematurely announced that all of the victims had survived the accident.
A. glaring B. grievous C. dazed D. furtive
17. His _________ for wanting to stay on as manager is to see England as the top team in the world.
A. measurement B. motivation C. requirement D.presentation
18. Many of the villagers rely on fishing as their __________ source of income.
A.primary B.radical C.external D.noticeable
19. She couldn’t imagine herself in any form of ___________ with her employer, much as she liked him.
A.prejudice B. Fantasy C. intimacy D.conflict
20. The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally _________ to improvements in diet.
A.accounted B. referred C.credited D.attributed
21. Do you believe that he had killed a man with his __________ hands?
A.bare B.naked C.hollow D.sheer
22. It ___________ me as strange that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.
A. occurred B. dawned C. impressed D. struck
23. He definitely meant to be rude—it was quite _________.
A. spontaneous B. deliberate C. conscious D. expressive
24. The lawyer told the judge that his __________ did not have a criminal record.
A.client B.customer C.employer D.administrator
25. Attitudes learned at home __________ onto the playground.
A.carry out B. carry on C. carry forward D.carry over
26. I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it __________.
A.shrinks B.confines C. diminishes D.outweighs
27. After you’ve signed the contract, it will be impossible to _________.
A.back out B.back up C.break off D.break down
28. Korean newspapers only have four pages, so stories have to be very much ___________.
A.to the core B.to the effect C.to the point D.to be exact
29. She’s bought an exercise bike to keep _________.
A. in effect B.in shape C.in session D.in health
30. The judge _________ most of the police evidence, saying it was clearly fabricated.
A. disposed B. declined C.dismissed D.discarded

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)
Directions: There are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.
Text A
When we use a word in speech and writing, its most obvious purpose is to point to some thing or relation or property. This is the word’s “meaning.” We see a small four-footed animal on the road and call it a “dog,” indicating that it is a member of the class of four-footed animals we call dogs. The word “dog” as we have used it there has a plain, straight-forward, “objective” meaning. We have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.
Let us suppose also that one grandparent of the dog was a collie, another was an Irish terrier, another a fox terrier, and the fourth a bulldog. We can express these facts equally scientifically and objectively by saying that he is a dog of mixed breed. Still we have in no way gone beyond the requirements of exact scientific description.
Suppose, however, that we had called that same animal a “mongrel.” The matter is more complicated. We have used a word which objectively means the same as “dog of mixed breed,” but which also arouses in our hearers an emotional attitude of disapproval toward that particular dog. A word, therefore, can not only indicate an object, but can also suggest an emotional attitude toward it. Such suggestion of an emotional attitude does go beyond exact and scientific discussion because our approvals and disapprovals are individual—they belong to ourselves and not to the objects we approve or disapprove of. An animal which to the mind of its master is a faithful and noble dog of mixed ancestry may be a “mongrel” to his neighbor whose chickens are chased by it.
Once we are on the lookout for this difference between “objective” and “emotional” meanings, we shall notice that words which carry more or less strong suggestions of emotional attitudes are very common and are ordinarily used in the discussion of such controversial questions as those of politics, morals, and religion. This is one reason why such controversies cannot yet be settled.
There is a well-known saying that the word “firm” can be declined as follows: I am firm, thou are obstinate, he is pigheaded. That is a simple illustration of what is meant. “Firm,” “obstinate,” and “pigheaded” all have the same objective meaning—that is, following one’s own course of action and refusing to be influenced by other people’s opinion. They have, however, different emotional meanings: “firm” has an emotional meaning of strong approval, “obstinate” of mild disapproval, “pigheaded” of strong disapproval.
In much the same way when, during the World War, thoughts were dominated by emotions, the newspapers contrasted the spirit of our heroic boys with ruthlessness of the Huns （[贬义] 德国兵）, and the heroism of our troops with the enemy’s savagery. Now, with the more objective attitude that has been brought by the lapse of time, we can look back and see that spirit and ruthlessness are objectively the same thing, only the one word has an emotional meaning of approval, the other of disapproval. We can see, too, that a soldier going forward under shellfire to probable death is doing the same thing whether he is a German or one of our countrymen, and that to distinguish between them by applying the word savagery to the action of the one and heroism to that of the other is to distort reality by using words to make an emotional distinction between two actions which are objectively identical.
31. The author’s point in the first three paragraphs is that ___________.
A. there is no real difference between calling a dog a mongrel or calling it a dog of mixed breed
B. “a dog of mixed breed” is an emotional term
C “mongrel” is an objective term
D. words may suggest emotional attitudes as well as objective meanings
32. The author maintains that _________.
A. in discussing scientific subjects, emotional words are often used to make meanings clearer
B. in discussing controversial questions, objective terms are generally used to help clarify meanings
C. in discussing scientific subjects, objective terms are generally used, in order to avoid controversy
D. in discussing controversial questions, emotional terms are used very often
33. The author believes that people have disagreements on many subjects partially because _______.
A. people have not learned how to get along with each other without conflict and argument
B. words used in discussing those subjects carry emotional overtones which tend to antagonize people
C. words with objective meanings mean different things to different persons, and must be used carefully
D. politics, morals, and religion cause controversies that cannot yet be settled
34. Regarding war, the author believes that in World War I, _________.
A. our men showed spirit and heroism, while the Germans displayed ruthlessness and savagery
B. although our men acted heroically, there were occasions when they were almost as ruthless as the
Germans
C. there was no difference at all between the actions of our soldiers and of the German ones
D. at the time of the war, most people thought that both sides had fought equally bravely, but with the passage of time they began to realize how savage the Germans had really been

Text B
If Johnny can’t write, one of the reasons may be a conditioning based on speed rather than respect for the creative process. Speed is neither a valid test of nor a proper preparation for competence in writing. It makes for murkiness, glibness, disorganization. It takes the beauty out of the language. It rules out respect for the reflective thought that should precede expression. It runs counter to the word-by-word and line-by-line reworking that enables a piece to be finely knit.
This is not to minimize the value of genuine facility. With years of practice, a man may be able to put down words swiftly and expertly. But it is the same kind of swiftness that enables a cellist, after having invested years of efforts, to negotiate an intricate passage from Haydn. Speed writing is for stenographers and court reporters, not for anyone who wants to use language with precision and distinction.
Thomas Mann was not ashamed to admit that he would often take a full day to write 500 words, and another day to edit them, out of respect for the most difficult art in the world. Flaubert would ponder a paragraph for hours. Did it say what he wanted it to say—not approximately but exactly? Did the words turn into one another with proper rhythm and grace? Were they artistically and securely fitted together? Were they briskly alive, or were they full of fuzz and ragged edges? Were they likely to make things happen inside the mind of the reader, igniting the imagination and touching off all sorts of new anticipations? These questions are relevant not only for the established novelist but for anyone who attaches value to words as a medium of expression and communication.
E. B. White, whose respect for the environment of good writing is exceeded by no word-artist of our time, would rather have his fingers cut off than to be guilty of handling words lightly. No sculptor chipping away at a granite block in order to produce a delicate curve or feature has labored more painstakingly than White in fashioning a short paragraph. Obviously, we can’t expect our schools to make every Johnny into a White or a Flaubert or a Mann, but it is not unreasonable to expect more of them to provide the conditions that promote clear, careful, competent expression. Certainly the cumulative effort of the school experience should not have to be undone in later years.
35. According to the passage, competence in writing is ________.
A. an art that takes practice
B. a skill that requires dexterity
C. a technique that is easy to learn
D. a result of the spontaneous flow of words
36. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A. present an original idea
B. describe a new process
C. argue against an established practice
D. comment on a skill and its techniques
37. Our schools, according to the passage, ________.
A. are providing proper conditions for good writing
B. should not stress writing speed on a test
C. should give essay tests rather than multiple-choice tests
D. teach good writing primarily through reading
38. In describing White as a “word-artist,” the author means that White _________.
A. illustrated his stories
B. was colorful in his descriptions
C. was a great writer
D. had artistic background
39. It can be inferred from the passage that the author values good literature primarily for its ability
to ________.
A. relieve the boredom of everyday life
B. communicate ideas and experiences
C. accurately describe events as they occur
D. provide individuals with skills for success

Text C
The American university is a direct descendant from the ancient universities in Europe. These are the oldest institutions, aside from the church itself, in Western civilization. They have survived many periods of trouble, of revolution, and of persecution. But the tradition of learning and of scholarly inquiry has lived on.
Yet there are shortsighted people today who are saying that the modern university has outlived its usefulness; that it must be overthrown and replaced by something else whose