2023年高中语法知识点虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气
　　1.概念
　　虚拟语气用来表达说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
　　2.在条件句中的应用
　　条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表达的是假设的或实际也许性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
² 真实条件句　真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况也许发生.
　　句型：条件从句 + 主句
　　 一般现在时 + shall/will + 动词原形
　　If he comes, he will bring his violin.
　　典型例题
　　The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
　　A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained
　　答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
　　注意：
　　1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表达将来，该用shall, will.
　　(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
　　(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
　　2） 表达真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
² 非真实条件句
　　时态：可以表达过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
　　a.同现在事实相反的假设。
　　句型： 条件从句 + 主句
　　 一般过去时 + should(would)+动词原形
　　If they were here, they would help you.
　　b.表达于过去事实相反的假设。
　　句型： 条件从句 + 主句
　　 过去完毕时 + should(would)have+ 过去分词
　If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
　The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
　If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
　　含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
　　含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
c.表达对将来的假想
　　句型：条件从句+主句
　　　　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句
　　　　 一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　　　　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
　If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
　If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.　
² 混合条件句　　主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
　　（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
² 虚拟条件句的倒装
　　虚拟条件句的从句部分假如具有were、should、或had可将if省略，再把were、should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。
　　Were they here now, they could help us.
　　=If they were here now, they could help us.
　　Had you come earlier, you would have met him
　　=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
　　Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
　　=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
　　注意：
　　在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
　If I were you, I would go to look for him.假如我是你，就会去找他。　　
　If he were here, everything would be all right.假如他在这儿，一切都会好的。　
　　典型例题
　　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
　　A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I
　　答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中假如有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were、should、had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do，而不能说 Weren't I to do.
I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
2. "It looks as if he were drunk." "So it does. _____."
A. He'd better give up drinking
B. He shouldn't have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
3. "Mary looks hot and dry." "So _____ you if you had so high a fever."
A. do B. are C. will D. would
4. "He will come tomorrow." "But I'd rather he _____ the day after tomorrow."
A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come
（1）"Shall I come tomorrow?" "I'd rather you ______."
A. won't B. didn't C. don't D. wouldn't
（2）"I've told him about it." "But I'd rather you ______."
A. didn't B. hadn't C. don't D. wouldn't

（3）"He will take you as well." "But I'd rather he ______."
A. won't B. didn't C. doesn't D. wouldn't
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
（1）The patient insisted that he _______ ill and _______ to the hospital.
A. wasn't, wasn't sent B. wasn't, shouldn't be sent
C. shouldn't be, wasn't sent D. shouldn't be, shouldn't be sent
（2）The man in prison insisted that he _______ nothing wrong and _______ set free.
A. should do, should be B. had done, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
（3）I advised that he ______ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he ______ quite well then.
A. was sent; felt B. be sent; was feeling
C. he sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel
6. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up
解析：
1、 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有也许误选。
【分析】对的答案选B.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐具有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn't forget where I read the article（要是我没忘掉我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话——但事实上忘了）。
2、【陷阱】几个干扰项均有也许误选，重要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D.关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，"他喝醉了"不是事实，只是他的言行仿佛是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D.
3、【陷阱】容易误选A或C.选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态
【分析】此题最佳答案为D.分析如下：
（1）"so + 助动词 + 主语"是一个很有用的结构，它表达"......也同样"时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也同样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
（2）由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D.
4、【陷阱】容易误选A或B.根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表白空白处应填一个一般将来时态。
【分析】但此题的最佳答案是 C.按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表达现在或将来，用过去完毕时表达过去。又如：
I'd rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。
I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。
I'd rather he hadn't told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。
（1、2、34答案均为B）：
5、【陷阱】几个干扰项均有也许误选。
【分析】最佳答案选 C.insist后的从句谓语有时用"should+动词原形"这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表达的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表达的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表达的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选C最合适。以下类似试题答案选B
6、【陷阱】容易误选 D.
【分析】对的答案应选B.之所以不能选D，是由于时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表白是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应当是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。此外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。
when, if, unless等引导的从句中,假如谓语包具有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致,或者主语是it ,就经常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
If necessary, I’ll have the letter duplicated.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.
than 或者as 引导的状语从句中
He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.
We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.
They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).
He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.
Their training is free, as is all education.
We will, as always, stand on your side.
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.

虚拟语气的几点补充：

1、 类似if 引导的虚拟条件句
Wish, would rather, as if/as though, if only + 主语 + 过去式（对现在情况虚拟）
过去完毕时（对过去情况虚拟）
(had done)
It is (high) time (that) + 主语 + 过去式 表达应当做某事了

2、 动词接should型的虚拟从句，should do，should 可以省略

“一、二、三、四”口诀
一个坚持——insist
两个命令——order，command
三个规定——demand，required，request
四个建议——suggest，advise，recommend，propose

[例]：Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school.
A. not allow B. do not allow C.mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow

The guard at the gate insisted that everybody the rules.
A. obeys B. would obey C. will obey D. obey

Jane’s pale face suggested that she ill, and her parents suggested that she a medical examination.
A.be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has

1. The Bennets'new neighbour
1 班纳特家的新邻居
It is a truth well known to all the world that an unmarried man in possession of in possession of 拥有、占有
eg:He is in possession of a large estate in the country.他在乡下拥有一大块地产。
a large fortune fortune 财富；运气
eg:Fortune smiles upon the brave and frownsupon the coward.财富总是对勇敢的人微笑，对懦弱的人皱眉头。
must be in need of a wife. And when such a man moves into a neighbourhood, even if nothing is known about his feelings or opinions, this truth is so clear to the surrounding families, that they think of him immediately as the future husband of one or other of their daughters.
My dear Mr Bennet,' said Mrs Bennet to her husband one day, 'have you heard that someone is going to rent Netherfield Park at last?'
'No, Mrs Bennet, I haven't.' said her husband.
“我还没听说，班纳特太太，”她丈夫说。
'Don't you want to know who is renting it?' cried Mrs Bennet impatiently.
“难道你不想知道是谁要租吗？”班纳特太太不耐烦地嚷了起来。
'You want to tell me, and I don't mind listening.'
“你要想告诉我，我也不妨听听。”
Mrs Bennet needed no further encouragement. 'Well, my dear, I hear that he's a very rich young man from the north of England. It seems he came to see Netherfield on Monday and was so delighted with it that he arranged to rent it at once. Of course, it is the finest house in the area, with the largest gardens. His servants will be here by the end of the week, and he will be arriving soon afterwards!
After listening to their praise of the officers one morning, Mr Bennet said coolly, 'From what I can see, you must be two of the silliest girls in the country. I've suspected it for some time, but now I'm convinced.'
一天早上，班纳特先生听了她们对军官的称赞以后冷冷地说：“依我看，你们俩肯定是全英国最傻的女孩。过去，我还一直怀疑这个，现在我彻底相信了。”
Kitty was embarrassed and did not reply, but Lydia, the youngest, continued to express her admiration for a certain Captain Carter, with perfect indifference.
吉蒂感到害臊，没有吱声。可是最小的丽迪亚毫不在意，继续表达她对一个什么卡特尔上尉的爱慕之情。
'I am very surprised, my dear,' said Mrs Bennet, 'that you should be so ready to think your own children silly. As it happens, they are all very clever.'
“我真感到奇怪，亲爱的，”班纳特夫人说，“你为什么总是爱把自己的孩子想得那么傻。巧得很，她们都很聪明。”
'That is the only point, I think, on which we do not agree I am afraid I must say that I consider our two youngest daughters unusually foolish.'
“我想，只有这一点我们俩意见不一致。恐怕我得说，我们的两个小女儿还不是一般的愚蠢。”
'My dear Mr Bennet, you mustn't expect such young girls to have the common sense of their father or mother. I remember when I used to like a red coat myself, and indeed I still do. If a good-looking officer with five or six thousand a year wanted to marry one of my girls, I wouldn't turn him down. And I thought Colonel Forster looked very handsome last night at Sir William's, in his regimental uniform.'
“我亲爱的班纳特先生，她们还小呢，你不能指望她们有父母同样的见识。我记得自己过去就很喜欢红色的外套，的确，我现在还喜欢假如哪一位年收入五六千英镑的美丽军官想娶我们的哪个姑娘，我是不会拒绝他的。我觉得福斯特上校昨天晚上在威廉爵士家身穿兵团制服看起来很英俊。”
Just then a servant entered with a note for Jane, which had come from Netherfield. Mrs Bennet's eyes shone with pleasure and she called out eagerly, while her daughter was reading it, 'Well, Jane, who is it from? What does he say? Tell us, tell us quickly, my love!'

rent 租借、出租
eg: I rent an apartment in town.
我在城里租了一个公寓。
mind 作动词表达介意、注意；作名词意为理智、精神、智力
eg: Do you mind my closing the window?
我关窗您不会介意吧?
by the end of 到结束时、在……之前
eg: We've finished our task by the end of the deadline.
在截止日期之前我们就完毕了任务。
convinced 确信的深信的
eg: He is convinced that she could make him happy.
虽然他对她了解不多，但是他坚信她可以让自己过得快乐。
embarrassed 尴尬的、窘迫的
eg: Jim was embarrased for making such a big mistake.
吉姆对自己犯了那么大个错误而感到尴尬不已。
indifference 漠不关心、冷淡；相应的形容词形式为 indifferent
eg: Everyone can feel his indifference.
每个人都能感受到他的冷淡。
expect 盼望、指望、预期；其名词形式为expectation
eg: I never expect that you will come.
我没想到你回来。
turn down 拒绝、回绝
eg: Why did you turn down his invitation？
你为什么回绝了他的邀请？