自考英语写作复习资料自考考前串讲知识点归纳.doc

课文知识点精析
Ⅰ.narration叙事文
叙事文是我们最为熟悉的一种书写形式。叙事文讲述的是发生在当前或过去事情的经过。简言之，叙事文就是讲故事，包括人物和故事情节。
叙事文又可分为文学叙事和说明叙事，文学叙事以虚构为主，通常用于文学创作中，如轶事趣闻、传说和寓言、传奇故事、短篇故事、小说以及诗歌体故事等；说明叙事以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、游记、新闻报导和日记等。
介于这两种叙事文之间还有一种更为简单的叙事文，比短篇故事更着重事实而少虚构，而学生在学英语写作的基本技巧时学的就是这种简明扼要的叙事文。
What is narration?
Of the various forms of discourse narration is perhaps the most familiar to us. From Childhood when Grandma tells us "Once upon a time..." to old age when we recall the good old days, we are dealing with narration all the time. To narrate is to give an account of what happened or is happening. At its simplest, narration is the telling of a story, which involves characters and ongoing actions. It attempts to recreate events so that the reader may vicariously share the experiences.
Narration, according to its different uses, is divided into two types: literary and expository. Literary narrative is usually fictitious, found abundantly in literary creations such as anecdotes, tales and fables, romances, short stories, novels, and stories in verse. Expository narrative is the factual account of events, including history, biography, travels, news reports and journals. These two types of narrative, though one is used chiefly for experiential or aesthetic purpose and the other for informative or illustrative purpose, have much in common. And sometimes it is difficult to tell one from the other, for a piece of good expository narrative can also be experiential and aesthetic with its lively and vivid tale.
Apart from these two types of narrative, there is the simple narrative halfway in between. It is more factual, or less fictitious, than a short story. And it is this type of simple narrative that our students are trained to write as a basic skill in English composition.
Sample 1
The Road to Adulthood
Adulthood 成年
Adult education成人教育
Adulterer 奸夫
Adulteress 淫妇
Carnival 嘉年华会
Carnivore食肉动物
Cannibal同类相食
Grow up=mature长大，成熟
Like most little girls, I thought it would be very grown up to get my hair done in a beauty parlor instead of by my mother or older sister as it had been done for years. I also knew that at a beauty parlor I could get my limp dull hair changed into shining curls, and I wanted curls more than anything. I was positive that blond waves were just what I needed to acquire the maturity of popularity so essential in the third grade.
beauty parlor美容院更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
For a month I cried and badgered my family, promising everything if they would only let me get my hair done as I wished. Finally, after hearing enough of my whining, my mother gave in and made an appointment for me. I was sure I was on my way to becoming an adorable Shirley Temple.
badger纠缠
badger sb. to do（into doing）sth.
enough/much/little:
 eg: I can never have enough of it.
I haven’t seen much of you.
You have seen little of the sun. on my way to becoming（to 是介词）
Shirley Temple 上世纪美国著名童星 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
Things didn't turn out quite the way I imagined. To begin with I was not taken to one of the fashionable beauty houses I had often seen on my way home from school, but rather to the oldest salon in town. Its outdated interior hosted only a few older women getting their thin hair inexpertly teased over their visibly pink scalps. I should have suspected then and there that things would not be the way I dreamed, but still, naive, I waited for my transformation. I sat through my appointment nutmeat never questioning the mass of hair that fell to the floor nor the burning sensation as the rollers were pulled tight against my head. In fact it wasn't until I arrived home that I was able to take a good look in the mirror to see what had happened. Looking back at me was not a reflection of a cute, curly top, but instead a mop of indescribable frizz: the classic example of the overworked permanent.
host 接待，做东 airhostess 空姐
host team 主队 visiting team 客队
scalp 头皮 scalp cap 瓜皮帽
then and there 当时, 当场，就地
sat through my appointment 从头坐到尾
eg: I sat through the movie, though I didn’t like it at all.
Needless to say I overreacted and spent the remaining part of the day washing and re-washing my hair to remove the tangled mess. When this did little to improve the situation, I cried hysterically for hours, my head well hidden beneath a pillow. It took a week until I would see anyone without a towel over my head and a month before I could look at someone without feeling that they were making fun of me the minute I turned my back. 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
the minute 相当于as soon as…
When I think about how silly I behaved, I always laugh. Now it seems easy to accept such small disappointment, but if you had asked me then I would have assured you that nothing could possibly have been worse. In a way I feel that such a fruitless journey to the hairdresser actually helped me a bit further along the road to adulthood since it was a perfect example of a disappointing obstacle that can be improved only by time and patience, and not by tantrums or senseless worrying.
senseless worrying 瞎操心
Sample 2
Ⅱ.Description描述文
A.Establishing a dominant impression
In descriptive writing, we achieve unity by selecting details and arranging them in such a way that they emphasize a single characteristic, aspect, or feature of a person, place, object, or scene. This single characteristic, aspect, or feature, which is the central or unifying theme of a description, is called tile dominant impression. It may be some detail or some part of the subject that has struck us most forcibly, for example, a person's eyes, or a prevailing mood or feeling that the object of description has evoked in us.
在描述一个人物、地点、物体或景色时所选用的素材及细节必须能鲜明地反映所描绘对象的特点，如某人的一双不同一般的眼睛或是留给读者一种强烈的感情或不可磨灭的印象。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
B.Describing a person through one or more of the following means:
C.Describing a place
D.Describing a scene
Sample
Kittredge　of　Harvard（P41）
The sight of him as he came to the ten-o'clock class was in itself something that had to be recognized as dramatic. In the pleasant autumn or spring, men stood high on the steps or out on the turf in front and watched in the direction of Christ Church to see who could catch the first glimpse of him.
1.at the sight of… 一见到…
at the thought of… 一想到…
At the thought of her deceased grandmother, she couldn’t help crying.
at the mention of… 一提到…更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
The car drove in my direction. 
2.in the direction of
e.g.: The wind was blowing in my direction. 
3.glimpse: 一瞥
"There he comes!" somebody called, and then everybody who was in a position to see watched him as he hurried breezily along -- a graceful, tallish man in very light gray suit and gray fedora hat, with a full square beard at least as white as his suit, who moved with energy, and smoked passionately at a big cigar.
4.Here you are.
There you go. 
5. giant
tallish: rather tall, not very tall
on the short side 稍矮了些
Students used to say that he smoked an entire cigar while he walked the short distance along the iron fence of the old-burying ground and across the street to Johnston Gate.
But as he came through the gate he tossed the remnant of his cigar into the shrubbery with a bit of a flourish, and the students still outside hurried in and scrambled up the long stairway in order to be in their places -- as he liked -- before he himself entered. 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
6.toss 抛，扔
toss up a coin 扔硬币
win the toss
toss in one’s bed （躺在床上）翻来覆去
补充：womanish, girlish, boyish
Tom boy: 假小子
7.scrambled up = climb up, climb hurriedly on hands and knees 手脚并用的 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取

If any of them were still on the stairway when he came in at the outer door like a gust, they gave way and he pushed up past them, and into the good-sized room and down the aisle to the front, threw his hat on the table in the corner, mounted the two steps to the platform, looked about with a commanding eye, and there was sudden silence and unrestrained expectancy.  
8.give way 让路
make way/room for sb. 为某人让路/位置
make for 朝某地走去
9.drive past 开车经过…
10. good-sized 相当大的
life-sized statue 和真人一样大小的塑像
11.down the aisle 顺着过道
down the corridor
e.g.: Your office is down the corridor.
down the river 顺流而下
go down to the sea
12.throw oneself on the bed
throw oneself into work 投入工作
throw herself to the window 扑向窗口
13.mount the steps 反义词：dismount
Cyclists, please dismount at the gate. 骑自行车的同志，门前请下车。
14.about: 四周，到处 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
15.unrestrained: 不掩饰的
expectancy: 渴望，期望
life expectancy 期待寿命
The last two words “unrestrained expectancy” show how much the students admire their teacher and how much they expect to learn from him.
The following is a student essay on his father, which has one problem or another. Read it carefully, and then answer the questions given at the end of the essay. 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取

My Reasonable Father（P45）
Ⅲ. Exposition说明文
Ⅳ.Argumentation 议论文
一、《英语写作》课程简介
《英语写作》是英语专业本科段一门重要的实践课程，是英语专科阶段英语写作基础的继续。
《英语写作基础》和《英语写作》是英语写作的两个层次，即遣词造句和布局谋篇两个层次。前者更多地注重语言形式，以句子、段落为写作核心，后者注重整篇文章的结构合理，脉络清晰，强调整体感。因此《英语写作》学习要特别注意英语篇章结构的把握。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
《英语写作》重点教授的是如何用英语写好记叙文、描写文、说明文以及议论文等，而其中又以说明文和议论文为中心。
《英语写作》考核重点
《英语写作》的考核目标和出题原则在《考试大纲》中有明确的阐述。根据历年考题看，考核重点有以下三点：
1.应考生能写出内容充实，具有一定广度和深度的说明文和议论文；
2.要熟练掌握提纲及提要；
3.写作速度每小时 250-300 词。
《英语写作》备考方法：
1.注重过程，勤写多改；2.布局谋篇，分析范文；
3.广泛阅读，多想善思。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
《英语写作》不同于其它像《英语词汇学》、《欧洲文化入门》等知识性课程，它是实践性的，技能性的课程。对于英语写作的学习不能像学习知识性课程那样，只记忆知识脉络，就可以了，它需要考生功在平时，勤写多改，锻炼自己英语基本能力；英语写作有自己的规律性。在有限的时间那，要从一些散乱的、突发的、只言片语的想法发展到一篇结构合理，逻辑清晰的文章谈何容易?因此，考生在平时就要注重写作过程的练习，自觉遵从写作的流程。英语写作是要遵循一定的过程的。并不是信手拈来，或是急就章。一般来讲，一篇英语文章的完成，要经过构思，整理，撰写大纲，一稿，二稿，终稿。学生要遵循英语写作流程，才会有长远的进步。只有把握住了写作流程，才会高屋建瓴，从总体上布局谋篇，而不是“只见树木，不见树林”。一些考生写作不打草稿，随性而致，势必会影响作文的质量，这是不可取的。
《英语写作》重视整篇文章的撰写，注意布局谋篇，因此考生要仔细阅读教材相关章节，详细分析范文，把理论和实践相结合，将理论深化，内化为自己的写作指南。能够做到见到文章能抽象出文章的结构，见到题目能理出自己的写作思路，框架和结构。这正是考试撰写
大纲和文章写作的考核目的所在。因此，考生们要对英语典型的篇章结构了如指掌，做到心中有数。做题时方能游刃有余。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
《英语写作》还需要考生善于把握当下热点问题，并能就此发表个人看法，因此广泛阅读，多想善思会对英语写作大有裨益。考生可以从其它英语课程或是英文报刊等英语资源中汲取好的词汇，语句，结构，甚至是好的观点为我所用。其次，写作和阅读密不可分，相辅相成；考试对补齐段落和撰写大纲的考察都需要较强的阅读能力作为后盾，如果文章理解都出现问题，何来对补齐段落和撰写大纲；对英语写作的结构的了解反过来可以帮助考生提高阅读理解能力，特别是把握文章总体思想的能力。考生若能细心研习，必会大受其益。

二、考试题型、技巧及分析
高等教育自学考试《英语写作》考试满分 100 分，考试时间为 150 分钟。全部题目用英文做答。其形式相对固定，大题有三项：
I.补充段落更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
Supplying the missing paragraph (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph (introductory；body or conclusive) missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided.
这个题目占到考试总分的20%，考查目的是考查学生对英语篇章的整体把握和段落写作。解答此类题目，要遵循审题，阅读理解，写作的步骤。
这一题目审题要点有三点：1）补齐的段落是引言，正文还是结论段落；2）字数要求是100字；3）要和原文保持连贯（Unity），具体讲要做到语气一致，用词一致，语法句子复杂程度一致。前两点很容易把握，关键在第三点。语气一致就是要弄清楚作者对话题的态度，写作目的和中心思想。词汇一致指的是选词要和原文相符合，看原文用词是正式，学术词汇还是非正式的，日常用语。句法一致是指所补段落的句式复杂程度要和原文一致，是简单句为主还是复杂句为主。搞清楚这些以后，就要带着这些问题来进行阅读，找出相关信息。要阅读并理解文章的观点（Thesis），作者态度；阅读并理解文章的大纲，阅读并理解文章的重要细节；阅读并理解文章段落间的衔接，尤其是所缺段落与前文的联系。最后开始写作，引言段写作要遵循一般到具体的原则，引出话题，点明论点，论点可通过总结正文各段主题句或是结论中获得；正文段写作要注意从引言段论点出发，结合正文段其它段落主题句，确定本段主题句，还要注意和相邻正文前一段落的最后和后一段的第一句。结论段要重述论点，总结全文，注意和前一段落结尾的联系。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
II.撰写大纲
III.文章写作
三、《英语写作》考试要求及注意事项
(一)写作格式要求 (Format)
有一句话，大家可能都知道，叫“文如其人”，英文是“The style is the man himself”。从一个人的行文就能看出他的品德，品性。整洁的文风不仅是对读者的尊重，更是对自己的尊重。这从一个侧面说明了写作格式的重要性，它是写作的“面子”，马虎不的。一些考生认为，作文注重内容，不注重形式。这是一种误解，干净整洁的文章使人耳目一新，急于阅读，使人对作者产生一种办事认真，思路清晰的第一印象。相反，杂乱无章，急就章式的文字使人觉得作者思维混乱，不知所云。设想一下在阅卷时间紧迫，任务繁重的情况下，给阅卷人留下良好的第一印象是多么的重要啊！另外，严格的写作格式要求是英语写作不可分割的一部分，学习英语写作就必须遵守英语写作的规范，否则就不成其为英语写作。
总体上讲，英语写作格式要给人留下整洁，清晰的印象。具体写作时，要注意以下几点：
1.页边距(The margins)
2.题目位置：第一行居中。
3.题目中单词的大小写 (Capitalization in titles)
每个单词的第一个字母要大写，但是下列除外：冠词，少于四个字母的介词，并列连词如 and，or，but，nor，for，to 等。题目的第一个单词必须大写。
4.题目中的标点(Punctuation in titles) 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
题目可以是问句；论文题目，直接引要加引号；书名要用斜体。
5.段落缩进(The indention of each paragraph)
每段第一行要缩进 4-5 个字母；练习时，隔行写便于教师批阅。考试时，不必要。标点符号后要空格。
写作格式要求主要是一个习惯养成问题，考生在写作时要多加注意，养成习惯。
Format

(二)撰写大纲的基本要求
(三)写作类型：记叙文，描写文
(四)写作类型说明文
(五)说明文类型
四、《英语写作》常用句式更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
好的文章必须文字连贯，层次清楚，句式富于变化，这些都需要通过句子来实现，因此，句子好坏直接决定文章的成败。闪光的句子便成为考生写作的必备条件。下面汇集了多种用途的经典句式，有文章结构方面的，包括：开头、结尾、过渡、转折、对比等；还有功能型的，包括：描述、说明、举例、预测、建议等；掌握这些句式，可以很好地为考生解决文章的架构问题，以及上下文衔接过渡问题，使你的表达能力有效提升。
一）段首句
A. 常用句式
1.谈论热点问题
______已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
　___ has become a hot topic among people, especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
如今，有一场关于…问题的公开的(普遍的)讨论。
There is a public / general discussion nowadays as to the problem / issue of...
近来，…的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。
Recently the issue / problem / question / of... has been brought to public attention among the general public.
人们热烈讨论的话题之一就是…。更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is...
“为什么…?”／“能…?”在我所听到的诸多抱怨(辩论、问题)中，这个是最经常被提及的。
"Why...? / Can... ?" Of all the complaints / debate / questions I have heard, this is the one most frequently uttered / voiced.
2.谈论某事的重要性
随着…的快速增长，…在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。
With the rapid growth / development of... , ... have / has become increasingly important in our daily life.
随着…在…中的作用日益重要，越来越多的…。
With... playing an increasingly big role in... , more and more...
如今越来越多的人开始意识到…。
Now people in growing / significant numbers are beginning / coming to realize /accept / aware that...
如今，人们越来越意识到…的必要性。
Now there is a growing awareness / recognition of the necessity to...
对我们来说，…已经变得很明显。
It has become apparent to us that...

经过许多年的努力／热衷于…多年之后，人们开始…。
After a good many years of efforts to / enthusiasm for... , people begin to... 更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
每当看到(发现)…的时候，你会不禁为…所震动(惊讶)／对…留下印象。
Whenever you see / find... , you can't help being struck / surprised / astonished/ impressed by / at...
3.谈论不好/不利的事物
4. 谈论既有利又有弊的事物
5. 表明人们对某事物有两类对立的观点
6. Agree表个人观点：同意或支持某观点
7. Disagree表个人观点：不同意或对某观点持怀疑态度
8. 谈图表数据
B. 写作技巧
1. 开头万能公式一：靠名人名言 、常识
　　有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
　　原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？
　　经典句型：更多内容请与QQ：67460666索取
A proverb says：…… 有句谚语说：……/ As the proverb says：…… 如谚语说：……
A proverb says， “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)
　　As everyone knows / Everybody knows that…… 每个人都知道……
Generally speaking…… 一般说来……
　　It can be easily proved that…… 很容易证明……
　　It goes without saying that…… 不用说……
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)
There is no doubt that…… 无疑……
It is quite clear that……because…… 很明显……，因为……
　　It is often said that…… 人们常说……
　　Many people often ask this question：…… 许多人常问这个问题：……
　　It is true that…… ……是真实的
　　No one can deny that…… 谁也不能否认……
We must recognize that…… 我们必须承认……
　　We have reasons to belie