丹尼尔笛福英文简介.doc

丹尼尔笛福英文简介

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丹尼尔·笛福简介ﻫ 　Daniｅｌ Deｆoｅ (1660 ~ １７31),　Bｒｉtiｓh wｒiｔer. Britｉsｈ Enlightenｍent ｅｒa ｒeaｌｉsm　rich noveｌs ｆounder, knｏwn aｓ thｅ　"ｆatｈer　of　the noｖeｌ", "ｔhe fａther of　Britisｈ　nｏvels" and "tｈe fathｅr　ｏｆ tｈe British newsｐａｐeｒ"　aｎd so on.　Hiｓ works are ｒｅadａble. Beｌieve ｉn protestanｔ Wilｌiam III． Hｉs ｒeｐreseｎｔａtｉve "Roｂinｓon　Crｕsoe＂, ｏｐtimisｔｉｃ aｎd　brａvｅ Robiｎｓoｎ　through ｔhe efforts,　bｙ virｔuｅ of wｉsｄom ａnｄ　courage tｏ oｖerｃｏme ｔhe diｆfiｃｕltｉes, the ｐerfｏrmａｎcｅ ｏf the pｕrｓuiｔ of adventｕｒｅ,　ａdvｏcate ｐｅｒsoｎal strugｇle of　tｈe sｏcial aｔmospherｅ.ﻫ 　丹尼尔·笛福人物生平
　　Daniel　Defoe (1６60 ~ １7３1), Britｉｓh novｅlist, foundｅｒ oｆ tｈe Britiｓh　Enlｉghｔｅnment era ｏｆ　realism noveｌs,　known　as ｔhe ＂ｆａｔhｅr of Ｅuroｐean ｎｏvels."　Was　bｏrｎ ｉｎ tｈe Bｒｉtiｓh cａpｉtal ｏf　Lｏndon, ｆatｈeｒ cａmp slauｇｈterｉng ｉｎdustｒy (ｏne thａt iｓ oil candｌe ｂusiness)，　sｏ ｉnsｔeａｄ ｃhosｅ to do　busiｎｅss. Hｅ travel extenｓivｅlｙ, opeｒatｉnｇ uｎｄerwear iｎ thｅ early　yｅａrs, tobａcco and ａlcohol, ｗｏol fabric, brick industry, went to the　mａinland buｓinｅss.ﻫ Iｎ 1６84, Defｏe married a ｄaughtｅr ｏｆ ａ wｉｎe business, ｇot the woman's hoｍe wｏrtｈ ３７0０ pｏunｄs oｆ dowｒy. He ｓtroｋes his　brotｈeｒ and brother　and brｏther　as ａ　paｒｔneｒ ｔo ｓtart a　ｓmall depａrｔmｅｎt　store trading. In adｄition, it is sｔiｌｌ doing ｂｕｓinｅｓs　iｎ　Ｅurope, ofｔen mａkｉng wine trａde　to　ｉnｃrｅase revenｕe.　Hoｗｅｖer，　he　fｏｌlowed the　purｉtａn princｉplｅ ｉｎ the　"drunｋen＂ bｕsineｓｓ, ａgaiｎｓt tｈｅ　ｓaｌe of ｇin and　the uｓual spiｒｉts.ﻫ Ｉn １685 Deｆoe ａtｔended thｅ rｅbeｌlioｎ oｆ the Ｄｕｋe　oｆ Ｍｏnmouth　agaiｎsｔ　the Cathｏlic kings.ﻫ 　Ｉｎ 1688 thｅ Dｕｔcｈ　bｅlieve in pｒoteｓtａnt Wiｌliam　ｌｅｄ　ｈiｓ ａrmy ｔｏ　ｌand　ｉn　Enｇland, ｉnhｅｒited ｔhｅ Briｔｉｓｈ thｒonｅ， Defoe pａｒｔicｉpaｔeｄ in　his army.ﻫ 　Ｉn １692　he was　baｎｋｒuｐt， ｄｅbt　amounｔed　ｔｏ 17,00０ poundｓ,　and later　faｉlｅd， and thｕｓ　hａd ｔo ｕｓｅ a ｖaｒiety oｆ wayｓ to ｍaｋe a living． He hａｓ acted　ａs a ｓｅcｒet　intｅｌｌｉｇｅnce ｏｆｆｉｃer ｏf thｅ government， dｅｓiｇｎｅd various deｖｅlopmｅnｔ ｕnｄertａkｉngs, and eｎgageｄ ｉn ｗriｔｉng.ﻫ 　Ｉn １６98 hｅ pｕblisｈｅd "oｎ thｅ ｄeｖelｏpment", tｏ ｐｒomotｅ ｈiｇhway ｃoｎstrｕctiｏn, bａnk,　ｂankruptcy ｌaw， set up crａzy hｏmｅｓ, ｄｏ wａteｒ anｄ fｉre insｕrance, leｖｙ　iｎcomｅ　tax,　ｓｃhool and　ｓo on．
In　1701 he pｕblisｈed　a saｔｉｒical　poｅｍ "reａl Britiｓh", thaｔ theｒe　ｉs nｏ purｅｂred Britｉｓh,　ａgainsｔ tｈｅ ａrisｔｏｃratｉc Ｃatｈoliｃ　foｒｃes,　ｆor the fｏｒｅiｇn faith ｉｎ proｔｅstant Wｉｌliam IIＩ　defense.　This　sｏng　is ｐrinｔed wｉtｈ versｉoｎ 9.ﻫ 　170２ iｓsued a　ｐoｌitｉcaｌ ｔheoｒy　"ｔo eｌimiｎate ｔｈe　dｉfｆerent sectｓ of the ｓhoｒtcut",　ｗitｈ　irony, ａgainst the natioｎaｌ reｌｉgｉｏn oppressioｎ oｆ ｄifferｅｎｔ sects， cleｖeｒ ｗritｉnｇ,　ｂｅgan ｔo be ｓeen iｓ aｇａinst Chrisｔiａnｓ, after bｅing found，　by the　fｉne ａnd　jail puniｓｈｍeｎｔ,　imprisｏｎｍeｎt ６ Ｍｏnｔh， flｏg ｔhｒee　tiｍes， but by tｈｅ ｐeoplｅ of London aｓ　ａ ｈerｏ. In　the prison　he　imiｔateｄ the Gｒeek poｅｔ ｐinarｒoｓs＇ｓ ｓoｎg to write a　"lｉｅ" (17０３)， satiricａl law uｎｆairly.
　　Iｎ 1704,　Daniel Defｏe　won thｅ　＂Ｒevｉeｗ" mａgａzinｅ foｒ Ｗhig's parｔy leader Hａrry, wｈiｃh　was　suｐported by Haｒｒy's Engｌand-Ｓcoｔtisｈ coａlｉtiｏn policy. After 1１　yｅaｒs he hａｓ beeｎ ｂetweｅｎ Englaｎd ａｎd Scoｔlａnd, as Hａrry　aｎd his ｓｕcｃｅsｓｏｒ Ｔｏｌi piｅ Gｏrｄorfｅｎ　seｃｒet inteｌｌigence ｏfｆicer， to collecｔ ｐuｂlic opinion． Ｄurinｇ ｔhis　pｅrｉoｄ, he wｒｏte ａ short ｔeｒm impｒiｓoｎmenｔ, ｂｕｔ ｎever terｍｉnated ｆｏr ｔhe Whiｇ　party ｉn　powｅr to ｃoｌleｃｔ intｅlligｅnｃe, ｎewspaper, write aｒtiｃlｅs.
Deｆoe began wｒiｔｉnｇ ｎoveｌs　aｔ thｅ age of 59. In　171９ the ｆiｒｓt ｎｏｖel， "Robinsｏn　Crusｏe" publｉshｅd, ｐoｐular，　he succｅedeｄ　ｉｎ shapinｇ the imａge of an ｉdealizｅd　bｏurgeoｉs, in the histｏry oｆ Ｅuropｅaｎ　nｏvｅls iｓ　ａ piｏneering ｗoｒｋ． Thｅ sａme year and ｐｕbliｓhｅd　ａ sequｅｌ.
　1720 and　wｒｏte "Robinsoｎ's peｎsｉｖｅ seｔ." Ｓinｃe then,　hｅ hａｓ wriｔten ｓeveral　noｖeｌs: "Captａin Ｓinｇｌｅｔon" "Mooｒe　Ｆlandｅrs" ＂Ｃoloneｌ Jack＂ ａｎd sｏ on. In addｉtion， hｅ aｌso wｒote a numｂer　of bｉograpｈies,　ｓｕch as "ｄeaf man Cａmpｂｅlｌ", "peter Empｅror Ji", seｖｅrａｌ domｅsｔiｃ anｄ　foreigｎ trａvel, suｃh as "New Ｇlobal　Ｔravel" "Ｒobｅrｔｓ Capｔaｉn　fouｒ ｔrａvｅl" aｎd so oｎ. His noveｌ ｔo "Robinsoｎ Crｕsｏe"　ｓpread thｅ most ｗideｌｙ,　is　considered his masｔerpｉece．ﻫ　　It is ｓaid　that Fluｔe has beｅｎ ａsｓｏcｉaｔed ｗitｈ ２６ ｍａgazｉｎes, soｍe　ｐｅoｐｌe ｃａlｌ ｈim ＂the father ｏf moｄern nｅwｓ reｐortｓ．"　Hｉs　works，　ｉncluｄing　a　large　numbeｒ ｏｆ　ｐｏliticａl ｂｏoks,　a toｔaｌ　of 250　speｃies， aｎd boｔh are ｔhe nｅed to ｄｅｖeｌｏp　thｅ deveｌopmｅnt of thｅ ｂouｒgｅｏｉsｉe, wriｔe　tｈe　ｃity midｄle ｃlass inｔerested　and ｃoｎcerned　ａboｕt the　iｓsｕe. （1722）, ｗritteｎ ｉn 1665 Lｏｎdoｎ plaguｅ, the ｏccurrenｃe oｆ the　plagｕe, ｔhe sｐｒead of　ｔhe　plaguｅ， tｈｅ ｐｌａｇuｅ　ｏf the plａgｕｅ, tｈe plａgue ｏf ｔhe ｐlaｇue, It ｃaｕsｅｄ ｔerror ａnd pａniｃ, aｓ ｗｅｌｌ as ｔhe ｎumｂer of　ｄeａths，　tｈe siｔuation oｆ　the escａpe was wｒiｔｔen ａs iｍｍerｓiｖe.　At　ｔhat　time ｔｈe Ｆrｅnｃｈ Maｒsｅｉｌｌe　plaｇue epiｄemic, causｉnｇ pｅoplｅ'ｓ ｓpecial　ａttention, Dｅfoe's　ｗoｒｋ tｏ　meet the publｉc's curｉｏsity on plａｇue.ﻫ After ｔhe "Rｏbinｓｏn　Crusoe", ｈｅ wrotｅ some eｘcｅlｌｅnt works, iｎcludinｇ "Mｏoｒe Flａnｄeｒs"　aｎd "Cｏlonｅl Jack", which were　cｌａssiｆieｄ as Ｂritｉｓｈ　ｌｉtｅraｒｙ　classｉcs.ﻫ　　＂Ｒｏbinｓｏｎ Cruｓoe" best-selling ｐｒompted　ｈｉm to　writｅ "Robｉnson Crｕsoe sequel"， he　ｌｅt his hero mａde ａ　global ｔravel, Robinson'ｓ　ｍｏst journｅy ｉs stａrtiｎg froｍ Ｂeｉjinｇ,　across Sｉbeｒia　ｔo Rusｓia Hanｇeersk. He　has nｏt beｅn to Chｉna， ｂut iｎ　thｅ sｅquel　ｔａlked　ａbout thｅ time tｈe　Europｅan pｅopｌｅ do not kｎow Hｅｉlongjiang.ﻫ Defoe waｓ tｏo cｏmｆorｔａble　ｉn　hｉs lａｔｅｒ yｅaｒｓ， ａnd wrote a　few bｏoks, some　ｃreditors ｈａｖe ｄied, he sold ａ smaｌl brｉｃk　faｃｔoｒy with a smaｌl amount ｏf mｏｎeｙ back to　otｈer pｅople's debｔ　stiｌl not　ｆａr from　Ｌoｎdｏn tｏ ｐｕrchasｅ A suｉｔe. Howｅvｅr, he aｌｓo ｈaｓ upｓ ａnd downｓ， and　ｃｒeditｏrs lｉｖｅ　in harmｏnｙ, and　could　ｎot ｅxpｅct　a ｃrｅditoｒ＇ｓ widow madｅ a nｅw　ｌａｗsuｉt, the judiciaｌ mａcｈine　agａｉn　ｓpin up,　he wａs ｔo aｖoiｄ　the　ｐｒｏpeｒｔy　ｗaｓ　coｎfiｓｃated, the hoｕｓing aｎｄ ｐrｏｐｅrｔｙ ｔransfeｒ to his sｏn Tｈe　Hiｓ　sｏn ｉs a cａpable ｊoｕｒｎalisｔ, ｗho waｎtｓ hiｍ ｏｒ a villａin． Defoｅ wrｏte: "Ｉ puｔ mysｅlｆ in his sｕbｏｒｄinａte ｐｏsition, ｔrust him, entｒusted him to other ｃｈildren wｈo hａｖe no ｌiｖiｎｇ seｃｕrity, and he ｈａs ｎot even ｃｏmｐａsｓionatｅ， ｔortured the　ｃhｉldren， ｔortuｒed himsｅlf The uｎfortunate　mｏｔher,　who　ｌiｖed a　vｅry　ｒich life．
　　The fｌｕtｅ ｏf　thｅ ｓｅｖenties had ｔo　hidｅ　from thｅ debt,　and ｈｅ had reｎteｄ　roｏms in the ｃenter of Loｎdoｎ's old town.ﻫ　　On thｅ day of the 17３1 dａy, tｈe Londｏn Couriｅr　ｒeｐoｒted that thｅ　eveninｇ ｏｆ the eveｎiｎg, ｔhｅ ｆamｏus Ｄanｉel Dｅｆoe　died ｉn his ｏwｎ ａpａrｔment in thｅ　Ｃａｎakａn　Boｕlevard． Thｅ　Brｉｔish　lｏｖe to ｗritｅ ｔheir own　ｐretｅnse, wｒiｔten　ｃute, witｔy aｎｄ brief． Defoe also　wrote that he wａntｅd　ｔo write on ｈiｓ tombｓtone: "Daｎiel Dｅｆoe". But　tｈｅy　arｅ　anothｅr　ｃonｓiderａtion, they ｗｒｏte oｎ　his toｍbstoｎe：　＂Dａnieｌ Defｏe:＂ Ｒobiｎson Ｃruｓoｅ "author.
丹尼尔·笛福人物评价
Ｄefoe　lives　iｎ ｔhe peｒioｄ　of cａｐitaｌｉｓｔ dｅvelopmｅnｔ,　he ｂelongs tｏ the bｏurgeoiｓie,　hｅ ｉｓ tｈe mｉｄdｌe　clａss bｏurgeｏis spｏkesperｓｏｎ.
　　Dｅfoe　life　iｓ mosｔ cｏｎcernｅｄ abｏut thｅ dｅvelopment　oｆ capitａlism， ｈe stroｎgｌｙ ｐraｉseｄ tｈｅ　bouｒgｅoiｓie，　hｅ belｉeｖes　tｈａt ｔhｅ ｃore ｉssuｅ of a cｏunｔry＇s dｅｖelｏpment is the dｅveｌopｍent oｆ　tｒade． ＂Give　us traｄｅ ｉs to gｉve ｕs everythiｎg", "trade　iｓ tｈe world'ｓ　prospｅroｕs life"， which is his mｏst fundaｍentａl ｐｒｏpｏsitioｎ. Bｅcause ｈe　thought thａｔ trade　made thｅ manｕｆａcturinｇ ａnd　mａrｉtime indｕstry　developmｅnt, sｏ thａt ｐeople havｅ　worｋ, ｔhere are clotｈing tｏ wear, ｈave food, materialｓ anｄ tｈｅrefoｒｅ　can maiｎtaiｎ high prices， anｄ　caｎ　ｍaiｎtaiｎ a high rent,　so　thｅ upper ｓocｉetｙ alsｏ bｅneｆｉｔ.　As ｌoｎg as there are hａｒd-wｏrking people to　deveｌop　trade, any pｌａcｅ ｗill flｏuｒｉsh． Alｌ ｈis　ecｏnomic works and somｅ political　ｗｏrks　hａve ｐｌayed ｔhis ｐrｏｐｏsｉtion, pｕt foｒward ａ　numbｅｒ of specifｉc　recomｍendations.　Deｆａrge＇ｓ ｉdｅa of developｉnｇ tｈe economy ｉs　conduciｖe　ｔｏ tｈe dｅvelopment oｆ the　Britｉsh socｉｅｔy, buｔ　ｈe enthｕsiasticalｌy suｐpｏrtｓ　tｈe ｃoloniａｌ sｙsteｍ,　ｐｒoposes　ｔo　seize ａnd opeｒａte thｅ colｏnｉes,　propｏｓe　ways　to ｅxpanｄ　trade　wiｔｈ bａｃkwaｒd ｃountries, anｄ　embrace slaｖes. Alｌ　ｔhis　ｓhoｗs　hiｓ ｃlaｓs ｌｉmitatiｏnｓ．ﻫ　 Deｆｏｅ was so　disgustｅd ｗｉth the ａristoｃｒaｔs ｗho wｅre ｐroud of the dooｒ, and he trｉed to ceｌeｂrａte the boｕｒgｅｏisｉe， not tｈe upｐer clａss,　anｄ　criticizeｄ thｅ ＂gｅｎtlemａn＂ ｗhｏ　lookｅd ｄown　ｏn "ｃivｉliａns". Hｅ ｓaｉd that　ｔｈe ａncｅstｏｒ　of ｔhe　peoｐle　is ｗｏrking.　He stｒｅssed tｈat bｕsinｅsｓmｅn ａrｅ　ｕsefｕl　peｏｐlｅ, ａｎd gｅnｔlｅmen cｈanｇe businesｓｍen, businessｍｅn chａngｅ the gentｌeｍａｎ is a ｒeaｓonable thing, ａｎd ｓｏ　on.　praisｅd ｈiｓ　clａss, ｈe in the　＂Roｓａnna" ｗhere tｈeｒe is　a ｐaragrａpｈ of the　moｓt obvioｕs:
　Ｂaron Rｏbert　ａnd my view　ｏf　the　ｂusｉｎessｍａn is exａctly ｔhe same． Baron Ｒobｅｒt saiｄ - I　ｔhink he is　perfectly　corｒect　-　ａn ａuｔheｎtiｃ　busｉｎeｓsman ｉs　tｈe bｅst gentｌeman in tｈe　country,　ｂoth in knowｌｅdge,　in ｔhe ritual or in jｕdｇｍｅnｔ, tｈｅ ｂuｓiｎeｓsｍａn　is　ｓtroｎgeｒ　than　mａny nｏｂlｅs.　Once　ｔhey　coｎtｒol the wｏｒld,　althoｕｇｈ there　is no　rｅal eｓtatｅ, but aｌso ricｈ than thｅ ｒｅal　estａte of tｈe ｇeｎtｌeｍan.
Dｅfoe'ｓ attiｔude　tｏwａｒds the workiｎg peoｐle is tｗｏfold. He believｅs　thaｔ　tｈｅ ｒｏｏｔ ｏf　ｔｈe　ｃrｉmｅ ｉs ｐoor,　rich　people are not guilｔy. Moore Fｌanderｓ anｄ Rohsａnａ ａre　ｅmbraceｄ ｂy the　gloriｏuｓ ｐatｈ， ｂeｃａｕse ｏf　poverｔy, sｏ he is also　symｐａtheｔic ｔｏ thｅ tｗｏ chaｒａｃtｅrs. He ａdvｏcateｄ ｔhe develｏpmｅnt of industｒy aｎd cｏmmerｃe to ｍaｋｅ the peｏple worｋ． Bｕt on the other　haｎd,　he was tｈe wｏrkｅrs ｗorkiｎg long ｔimｅ, low　waｇes,　uｎｄerage cｈilｄｒeｎ wｉlｌ wｏｒk ａｎd oｔher　brutaｌ exｐｌoitａｔion of ｔhe ｐｈenomenon　as ａ maｔter oｆ　cｏursｅ. Thiｓ is　the　eｍplｏｙer＇s pｏint ｏｆ ｖieｗ.ﻫ　 Defoe ａcｃｅptｅｄ　Lockｅ's politicaｌ　thｏugｈt opposes despｏｔism， ａｎd adｖocａtes　civil rights．　At tｈａｔ　time　the Ｂritiｓｈ pａrｌｉamｅnｔ was tｈｅ uｐｐｅｒ echｅlon of ｐoｌiｔicians figｈting inｆigｈtiｎg　ｐｌaces， bｒibing　and ａll kiｎds ｏf ｄｉrｔy　mｅans　of pubｌiｃ. Workeｒs, peasａnts　aｎｄ the pｅtty bourgｅoisie　are ｎoｔ reｐrｅseｎｔｅd　at aｌl．　Dｅfoe　advｏｃates that　ｔｈe basｉc ｒight of man iｓ tｈat nｏ one,　ｉncluding the kinｇ, the cabiｎｅt, aｎd the congresｓ,　can　ｎoｔ　be vｉｏlaｔed． "Ｔhｅ　Brｉtiｓh　ａｒe ｎeiｔher　kinｇs nor ｓlavｅs of　Congｒｅss." Defoe advocated　freｅdoｍ　ｏf ｒeligioｕs belief, alｔｈougｈ　ｔｈe Brｉtｉsh ｄｉd nｏt like France,　Sｐain, as　iｎ　the reliｇious　iｓsue oｆ extremｅ ａutocｒacｙ，　but ｔｈｅ rｅｌigｉoｎ oｕtsｉｄe tｈe　proｔesｔaｎt　deｎomｉnaｔions and　Cａｔholic believerｓ aｒe　aｌso a vａｒｉｅtｙ ｏf　restrｉｃtioｎs. Ｈe　is a non-sｔate　reｌｉｇｉoｎ prｏtestanｔ, who is a ｐｅttｙ　bｏurgeoiｓie ｗho ｄemanｄｓ　a ｐoliticａｌ ｓyｓtem　that ｉs in　linｅ with the "revｏlｕtionaｒｙ principle＂　and deｍanｄs frｅedoｍ oｆ belief. Defoe ｉs ｔｈe sｐｏkesman for this fａctioｎ. He aｒgues ｔｈａt the ｐeople　shｏｕlｄ　be educaｔed and aｄｖｏcaｔｅｄ fｏr women ｔo be educated.ﻫ In generａl， tｈｅ thought of Ｄｅfｏｅ waｓ progressiｖe at ｔｈe ｔime, bｕt　ｔhｅ ｌｉｍｉtations oｆ　his　thoｕght ｗere ｇreａt.　The ｂouｒgeoｉsie was stiｌl a proｇreｓsive clａss　and stiｌl　stｒuｇglｅd agaiｎst fｅudａl forｃeｓ．　Conservatｉve ａｒisｔocraｔｓ, lanｄlords do not prｏduce, siｔ　huge　ｒenｔ incoｍｅ,　thｅ bｏuｒgｅoisiｅ orgａnized ｌarｇe-scale induｓtriaｌ anｄ ｃomｍｅrcｉal　ｐromotiｏn of　ｓoｃial deveｌopｍenｔ.ﻫ　　Tｈｅ ｐeｔtｙ　boｕrgeｏiｓｉe, ｏn the　ｏne hａnd, ｈas tｈe samｅ ｐｌａcｅ as tｈe　big ｂｏurgｅoｉｓie,　ａnd on the other, ｗitｈ the　rulｉng claｓｓ bｉg　bｏｕｒgeoisiｅ anｄ ａriｓtoｃrats, and　demanｄ more　liｂｅrａl　politics.　Therefoｒｅ, Ｄefoe's ｖiｅws oｎ the development of caｐitａlisｍ， ａgaiｎｓt feuｄal foｒceｓ, agａiｎst ｐolitｉcal undemoｃratic,　ａnd ａｇainsｔ ｍonopoｌieｓ are all ｐrｏgreｓsive. But hｅ was sｕbjecｔ tｏ　thｅ coｎsｔrainｔs of the tiｍeｓ and cｌａｓs pｒejｕｄｉce and ｃoｌonｉal system ａnｄ raｃiaｌ　diｓｃrimiｎatioｎ,　whiｃｈ is　ｃonsistent　with the big bourgeｏisiｅ, iｓ　rｅaｃtiｏｎary. Ｔo the working pｅoｐle， he　ｉｓ ｏnly　conｃｅrｎed witｈ ｍaｋing thｅm ｗｏrk anｄ prｏducinｇ wealth,　whｉch　coincｉdes　witｈ tｈｅ dｅmands of ｃapitalism. Ｄｅｆｏｅ　thoｕgｈt　oｎ　ｔｈｉs　duａlｉty， clｅarlｙ manifeｓted iｎ ｈis ｌitｅraｒy works.ﻫ Dｅｆoe is dｅepｌy unｄｅrｓtood by ｔhｅ chaｒacters　he deｓcribｅｓ,　and he ｉs good　aｔ ｗritiｎg　individuals to oｖeｒcｏme difficｕｌties　in an uｎｆａvｏrable　environmｅnｔ． Ｈｉs　hero　is inteｌligent， eｎｅｒgetiｃ, unbelｉｅf, beｌiｅve　in ＂common sensｅ". ｐｌｏt,　sｔructｕｒe doｅs ｎｏt fall ａx chiｓeｌ traｃe． He　ｉs paｒｔicuｌarｌy gｏod　at describｉng the environmｅｎt，　the dｅtaｉlｓ　of thｅ fidｅliｔy, fictional sceｎe wｒitten ｓｏ thaｔ pｅoｐle ａs imｍersive.
Deｆoｅ wａｓ sｏ　dｉｓｇusｔｅd wiｔh　the　ariｓtoｃrats wｈo weｒe proud　of ｔhe ｄoor， anｄ he　ｔrieｄ to ｃelｅbｒate　the　boｕrgeoiｓｉe, noｔ ｔｈe　upｐeｒ clasｓ， and criticizｅｄ tｈe ＂genｔｌemaｎ＂　ｗho lｏoｋed ｄown on "ｃｉvilｉaｎs". Ｈｅ said ｔｈａｔ the ancesｔor oｆ the　people ｉs working. Ｈe　ｓｔrｅｓsed　that bｕsｉｎessmen　aｒe uｓeful pｅople， ａnd　gentleｍeｎ chaｎｇe bｕsinessmeｎ,　businessmeｎ ｃhange the　gｅnｔleｍaｎ ｉｓ　a reasｏnabｌe　tｈiｎg, and　so on. praised hｉs class, he　in the "Ｒoｓanｎａ＂　wｈｅre ｔhere iｓ a paragraph　ｏf ｔｈe moｓt oｂvious:ﻫ 　Baｒoｎ Ｒｏbert and my　viｅw　of ｔhe bｕsiｎeｓsman is ｅxacｔｌy tｈｅ ｓamｅ. Baroｎ Ｒoｂert said　－ I thinｋ he is　ｐerｆectly ｃoｒｒect　－　an　auｔhenｔic bｕｓinｅssmａn iｓ thｅ best gｅntleｍan　in tｈe couｎｔｒy, both　in kｎowlｅdge,　ｉn the　ritｕaｌ ｏr ｉn jｕdｇｍeｎt, tｈe　bｕsinessmａn　is strｏnｇer tｈaｎ　maｎy　nｏblｅs. Ｏncｅ they　cｏntrol　the world,　aｌthough tｈeｒe　is ｎｏ real　ｅｓtate， ｂut alｓo ricｈ thaｎ ｔｈe　ｒeaｌ　eｓtａte of　tｈe　genｔｌemａｎ.ﻫ