英国文学JamesJoyce.pptx

James Joyce(1882-1941)Introduction of James JoyceBiography Concept of the development of historyFeatures of his worksBritish LiteratureJames Joyce3James Joyce(1882-1941)lBiographylBorn in a declining Irish middle class familylReceived good education,but the rigidity of the religion and its representative effect turned him away from the church to literatureBritish LiteratureJames Joyce4lHis literary passions included such world masters as Dante,Flaubert,Ibsen,and Tolstoy,and his first essay on Ibsen,published when he was a student at the University of Dublin,won the admiration of the aging Norwegian playwright himself.British LiteratureJames Joyce5lAfter college,went to Europe and stayed there for the rest of his life(1902-1941)lHis longest sojourn(a temporary stay)occurred during 1903-1904 when he went back to see his dying mother and met his future wifelWas never financially comfortable all his lifelTried to make ends meet by doing odd jobs such as teaching English and lecturing on literatureBritish LiteratureJames Joyce6lNever lost sight of his prioritythe ambition to write the greatest literature of his timelSpent years on the writing of one booklThe Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man(1916)took 10 years and 3 thorough revisions to finish,Ulysses(1922)10 years for conception and 8 years for execution,and Finnegans Wake(1939)a whole of 16 years British LiteratureJames Joyce7lIn thematic terms,he never forgot to promote the spiritual freedom of his native country with his writings.Irish nationalism features prominently in his works.lThe theme of Irish discontentment and struggle for freedom always appears as a clear narrative thread.British LiteratureJames Joyce8lJoyce loves the common people.He finds great value in love and compassion.He loves life itself and believes that love makes life worth living and makes human invincible.lThere is his preoccupation with art and its mission in life.It is conspicuous that one thing always stands out in bold relief on his fictional canvas,that is,art and its relation to life.A circular theory of historylHe believes that all societies pass through four stages.The first is a religious stage,when societies are governed by the peoples awe of gods and supernatural events.Second comes a feudal,aristocratic stage,when noblemen and kings are also heroic figures.lThis is followed by a democratic stage,during which individualism grows ever stronger and brings about the fourth stage.In the last stage,society breaks down,chaos and anarchy follows,and the confusion drives people back to a belief in the supernatural gods.Then the cycle begins again.(lyric form,narrative form,dramatic form)British LiteratureJames Joyce11Features of his worksBritish LiteratureJames Joyce12lJoyce is noted for his frank representation of reality.lHe embraces realism against romanticism.lHe is outspoken on important social issues,and insists on portraying all the aspects of manthe good as well as the evil side.lFor him characterization matters more than does plot.British LiteratureJames Joyce13lHis descriptions of the sex encounters,the details of the human body,and the impure thoughts that flit through the minds of his characters proved to be repulsive and infuriating to the conservative taste at the time,but he did not care much about following the tyranny of opinion.British LiteratureJames Joyce14lJoyce is also well renowned for his adroit(skillful)use of the stream-of-consciousness technique and his contribution to its subsequent popularity as an effective stylistic medium.lIn addition,Joycean language has always been a topic of immense interest to people.British LiteratureJames Joyce15Dubliners lJoyces first published book,Dubliners,is a collection of 15 stories,the most famous of which are“The Dead”and“Araby”.lAlthough the narrators of the stories are different,they are all in essence the fictional externalizations of the authors inner world and the process of his emotional and psychic growth.l The setting is more or less the same for these stories:dismal,dreary and dull,and the major characters are basically out of the same moldthey aspire for something infinitely better than their lot(fate)has offered them.Joyce on Dubliners:“a book about human fate as well as a series of sketches of Dublin”“My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the center of paralysis.”British LiteratureJames Joyce17 Araby lArabia was one of the short stories from James Joyces short story collection called Dubliners first published in 1907.lAs James Joyce was born in Dublin,he chose to write stories about the everyday lives of men,women and children of this place during the late Victorian period.lThe schools,streets,businesses,hotels,and public figures generally appear under their real names and it accounts to the realistic style of the story.British LiteratureJames Joyce18An brief summary of ArabylThe narrator“I”in the oft-anthologized story“Araby”is probably a replica of the childhood Joyce.lImaginative,sensitive,and romantic by nature,the boy feels dissatisfied with his gloomy and humdrum(monotonous)environment and wishes to spirit himself away to a place where the life of his mind could enjoy a more congenial kind of atmosphere.British LiteratureJames Joyce19lVery soon,sure enough,he spots the object for his imagination to weave a romantic web aboutMangans older sister,and his mind begins to run wild around her.lHe falls in love,feels entrance(enchanted)with her,and plans to buy a present for her from the market-place,“Araby”.British LiteratureJames Joyce20lThere he goes,sees the least romantic place(most incompatible with the romantic connotation of its name),and meets a young saleswoman,probably similar in age and silhouette to Mangans sister.British LiteratureJames Joyce21lAs she takes little or no interest in him and hurries away to resume her flirting with some young men there,the boy feels disgusted and suddenly makes to the realization that Mangans sister may not have taken any notice of him at all,either.lHe ends up with strong self-censure,a heightened awareness of himself,and a step closer to manhood.Appreciate of Araby1.setting2.characters3.Theme4.Major writing techniquesBritish LiteratureJames Joyce23SettinglIn“Araby”,James Joyce creates the larger part of the setting of a late 1800s or early 1900s lower income neighborhood of an urban city.By establishing this setting,he sets a basis in which the rest of the story is to take place.To outline the characters and the plot of the story,Joyce uses the setting to mold his characters niche,show the boys lifestyle,and create an escape from reality.British LiteratureJames Joyce24lDarkness is used throughout the story as the prevailing theme.James Joyces story begins at dusk and continues through the evening during the winter in Araby,Ireland.He chooses this gloomy setting to be the home of a young boy who is infatuated with his neighbors sister.The boy is young and naive and he leads a dull and boring life.Joyce uses darkness to make the boys reality more believable through more vivid,precise descriptions.CharacterslNarrator:The narrator of this story is a young,sensitive boy who confuses a romantic crush(迷恋)and religious enthusiasm.All of the conflict in this story happens inside his mind.It is unlikely that the object of his crush,Mangans sister,is not aware of his feelings for her,nor is anybody else in this boys small world.Mangans SisterMangans Sister：She was the girl to whom“I”had paid lots of attention;“I”watched her secretly;“I kept her brown figure always in my eye”;and when“I”was doing strange prayers that“I”didnt understand,her name sprang to my lips.lThese are all telling that Mangans sister is the boys dream,but in the whole novel,the girls name hasnt appeared.Why?Because what“I”know about my dream is only something superficial.His dream is just like the temple in the air,forming in the boys mind without any deep thinking or any deep understanding.“I”liked Mangans sister just as I liked The Memoirs of Vidocq,a book I found in the priests remains-“I liked the last best because its leaves were yellow.”lMangan:Mangan is the same age and in the same class at the Christian Brothers school as the narrator,and so he and the narrator often play together after school.His older sister is the object of the narrators confused feelings.James Joy32 Other CharacterslBesides the boy and the girl,there are two other characters,the boys uncle and aunt,in the story.Though they are not the main characters in the story,their characters exemplifies the typical Dubliners.As many Dubliners did,his uncle was a heavy drinker.He was so often drunk that the children had to keep an eye on him to make sure he could arrive home safely.lIn the story,certain characters contribute to the boys developing sense of maturity,and eventually,lead him into adulthood.Mangans sister,the boys uncle,the priest,and the girl at the bazaar all serve the purpose of molding the boy into a mature person.Alienation and LonelinessChange and Transformation Fantasy and Reality Theme Alienation and LonelinessThe theme of loneliness is introduced early in the story by the image of a deserted,isolated house and the narrators recollection of a priest who lived and died in their back room.lThe young protagonist seems isolated from his family.There is no mention of his parents;He lives with his aunt and uncle,and the uncle,in particular,appears insensitive to the boys feelings,coming home late even though he knows the boy wants to go to the bazaar.lThe boys crush on his friend Mangans sister seems to isolate him even further He is too tongue-tied to initiate a relationship with her,worshipping her from afar insteadlHis crush appears to isolate him from his friends.lAlthough early in the story he is depicted as part of a group of friends playing in the street,after his crush develops his separation from the others is emphasized:lHe stands by the railings to be close to the girl while the other boys engage in horseplay.lAs he waits in the house for his uncle to return so he can go to the bazaar the noises from his friends playing in the street sound weakened and indistinct.Change and Transformation changing from an innocent young boy to a disillusioned adolescent.lAlthough the narrator suddenly understands that his romantic fantasies are hopelessly different with the reality of his life,this understanding leaves him neither happy nor satisfied;instead,he feels“anguish and anger”.It is not clear what impact the narrators epiphany will have on his future development,only that that development has begun.Fantasy and RealitylThe narrator has a wrong recognition of his situation,so the only thing he want is to persuade the romanticism.lBut when he stands in the deserted hall and the insipid flirtation he overhears between two men and a shopgirl,he is confronted with huge gap between his romantic fantasies of love and the mundane and materialistic realities of his life.There is no such romance which he hopes and this place is the same insensitive and doleful as his inhabitant.British LiteratureJames Joyce40 Major writing techniques l1.Literary illusions(对其他文学作品的影射）l the“wild garden(荒芜的花园）)behind the house contains a central apple-tree,clearly suggesting the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.l set the boys free suggests release,meaning that The Catholic church is a prison in which people lived a prisoners life.2.Symbolism lIn literature,a symbol is a thing that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship,association,convention or accidental resemblance,especially a visible sign of something invisible.l.The symbolic meanings of“Araby”l(1)It is the name of the bazaar or market-place in the story.l(2)It reminds people of the exotic“Arab”,the middle-east country and the beautiful,romantic,and splendid place.l(3)It represents the idealized,illusion-ed romantic love in the boys mind.l(4)It symbolizes peoples pursuit of a better life and an imaginary worldBritish LiteratureJames Joyce43 l.The symbolic meanings of“blind”l(1)The street is a dead-end street.l(2)The shutters blur the boys sight.l(3)It symbolizes that the boys love is only a fantasy and has no happy endingl.the symbolic meaning of The North Richmond Street:the street was a symbol for the whole Ireland 3.Epiphany（顿悟）（顿悟）lA moment of illumination usually occurs at or near the end of a work.lIn this story,the epiphany occurs when the narrator realizes,with sudden clarity,that his dream of visiting the splendid bazaar has resulted only in frustration and disillusion.lWhen the boy overhears a trite conversation between an English girl working at the bazaar and two young men,and he suddenly realizes that he has been confusing things.It dawns on him that the bazaar,which he thought would be so exotic and exciting,is really only a commercialized place to buy things.lFurthermore,he now realizes that Mangans sister is just a girl who will not care whether he fulfills his promise to buy her something at the bazaar.His conversation with Mangans sister,during which he promised he would buy her something,was really only small talk-as meaningless as the one between the English girl and her companionsGazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity;and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.（last paragraph）lHe leaves Araby feeling ashamed and upset.lThis epiphany signals a change in the narrator-from an innocent,idealistic boy to an adolescent dealing with harsh realities.British LiteratureJames Joyce47 Stream of Consciousness （意识流）（意识流）lIn literary criticism,stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individuals point of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes.Stream-of-consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement.lIn stream of consciousness,an author portrays a characters continuing“stream”of thoughts as they occur,regardless of whether they make sense or whether the next thought in a sequence relates to the previous thought.British LiteratureJames Joyce48lThese thought portrayals expose a characters memories,fantasies,apprehensions,fixations,ambitions,rational and irrational ideas,and so on.lNovels in which stream of consciousness plays an important role include James Joyces Ulysses(1922),William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury(1929),and Virginia Woolfs The Waves(1931).British LiteratureJames Joyce49