雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析.docx

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）

　Ｔime　tｏ cool it
　１　REFRIGERATORS ａre ｔhe　epitoｍe ｏf ｃｌuｎkｙ tｅchnology： solid, reliabｌe ａnd ｊust ａ lｉttle bit ｄull. Ｔｈeｙ have ｎoｔ changed much　ｏｖer the pａｓｔ century, buｔ thｅn they ｈave not nｅｅｄed ｔo.　They　arｅ　basｅd on a robust　and eｆfｅctive ideａ-－ｄraw heａｔ ｆｒom　ｔｈe tｈing yoｕ wａnｔ ｔo cooｌ by ｅｖaporaｔing a liqｕid nexｔ to iｔ，　aｎd then ｄump　tｈaｔ hｅat　by pumｐing tｈe vａpｏuｒ elｓewhere aｎd　condｅｎsｉｎg　ｉt.　Thｉs ｍetｈoｄ　ｏf　ｐumping heａt from ｏne placｅ to ａnｏtｈer　sｅrvｅｄ mankｉnd wｅll whｅn refrigerａtｏrs' main　jobs weｒｅ pｒｅsｅｒvｉnｇ foｏd　ａnd, ａs air ｃondｉｔiｏｎers， cooｌiｎg　ｂｕｉlｄingｓ．　Today's ｈiｇh-tech ｗorld， ｈoweｖer, dｅmands hiｇh－tech　ｒefｒigeｒａtion. Ｈeat pｕmps ａrｅ no lｏｎger　uｐ ｔo thｅ joｂ. Ｔhｅ searcｈ is　oｎ for somｅthiｎg　to repｌａce them．
2　Ｏｎe set　of　caｎdidaｔes　aｒe known ａｓ　pａraelectriｃ materｉａls. Ｔｈeｓe act like　battｅrｉes wｈｅn thｅy uｎdｅｒgo a tempeｒａture ｃｈangｅ： attach electｒodes to ｔhｅm aｎd　tｈeｙ　gｅnerａte　ａ currｅｎt. Thｉs ｅffｅcｔ ｉs　ｕsed ｉn　infra-red cameｒas．　An array ｏf tｉnｙ piｅces of pａｒaelecｔrｉc matｅrial　caｎ sensｅ　tｈｅ heaｔ　radiated by， fｏr examｐle, a peｒson, anｄ the pａｔｔerｎ of ｔhe　arrａy's elｅcｔrｉｃal ｏｕｔputs cａn tｈen bｅ uｓed to　cｏnｓtruct　an ｉｍａge. Buｔ untｉl rｅceｎtly nｏ oｎe had bothered mucｈ　wｉtｈ the inveｒｓe ｏf this process.　Thａt inveｒse ｅxｉsts，　howeｖer.　Apply an appropｒiaｔe　curｒent ｔｏ a pａraelectriｃ materiaｌ and it wilｌ cｏｏl doｗn.
3 Someone who　ｉs ｌooking aｔ this　ｉｎｖerse　ｅffect is Aｌex Ｍischenko,　of　Caｍｂriｄge　Universｉty. Usｉng cｏｍmｅrcially ａvaiｌable parａeｌectｒic　ｆilm, hｅ and　hｉｓ　collｅagueｓ ｈaｖe generateｄ tempｅrａtｕre　dropｓ　fｉｖｅ tｉmes bｉggｅr ｔhan ａny ｐｒeviousｌy recｏrdｅd.　Ｔhaｔ ｍay ｂe ｅnoｕｇｈ tｏ cｈangｅ ｔhe phenomeｎon　ｆrｏｍ　a　laboratｏry ｃｕｒioｓity to sometｈing wiｔh ｃommｅrcial applicaｔｉons.
　　4 Aｓ to　whaｔ ｔｈosｅ appｌicatiｏｎs ｍight ｂｅ， Dr Miscｈenko is stｉll ａ　liｔtle ｈazy. He　haｓ， neveｒtheｌｅｓs,　set ｕp ａ company to ｐurｓue them. He　ｆoresees　puｔtinｇ his discovｅｒy tｏ uｓe in moｒe　ｅfficiｅnｔ　doｍｅｓtiｃ fｒidgeｓ ａnd　ａｉｒ cｏnditｉｏneｒｓ． The ｒｅaｌ money， thoｕgh，　mａy be ｉn coolｉng cｏmputers.
　５ Gadgｅts ｃoｎｔaｉｎing　mｉｃroproceｓsoｒｓ　have been ｇettｉng　hｏtｔer for a ｌｏng timｅ. One　conｓequence of Mooｒe's Ｌaw， whiｃh　describes the　doublinｇ　of the　ｎuｍber　ｏf tｒansiｓｔoｒs on a　chiｐ evｅry １8 ｍonths, is thaｔ thｅ　amount of　ｈeat produｃｅｄ ｄoｕbles as　wｅll． In fａｃt， ｉｔ ｍoｒｅ tｈaｎ　doubleｓ， becａuse besiｄeｓ inｃreasing iｎ numｂer，　ｔhｅ　ｃｏｍｐｏnentｓ are ｇｅｔtinｇ　fａsｔeｒ. Heaｔ　ｉs reｌeased　evｅry ｔｉme ａ loｇical operaｔiｏn is pｅrforｍed insidｅ a　ｍicropｒｏcessｏｒ,　so ｔhe faｓtｅr thｅ procesｓoｒ ｉs，　thｅ　mｏre heａt　ｉt ｇeneratｅs. Doｕbling the　frequency quadｒuｐｌes ｔhe ｈeａｔ output. Ａnd the　frequeｎcy haｓ doubｌｅd a　lot. Tｈe firｓt Ｐｅntｉum　chips sold by Dr Ｍｏｏrｅ'ｓ　ｃompａnｙ,　Ｉnｔel， in １9９3， ｒan at 60ｍ cｙcleｓ a second． Ｔｈe Pentium 4--tｈe　ｌaｓt "ｓｉngｌｅ-core" desktoｐ procｅssｏr--clocked up 3.2 bilｌion　cycles a second.
　 6　Dｉsｐｏsing of ｔｈiｓ heat is　a　ｂｉg　obstｒｕctiｏn to fuｒther miｎiaｔuriｓatioｎ anｄ　ｈigｈer ｓpeeds． The iｎnards of ａ ｄeｓktｏp cｏmputｅr cｏmmonly ｈｉt ８0℃. Ａt ８5℃, tｈｅy　stoｐ wｏｒｋing． Tweaｋing the pｒocessｏr'ｓ ｈeaｔ sinks (ｃoｐper or aluｍｉnｉum boxeｓ desiｇｎed to radiａｔe ｈｅaｔ awａy) has reａched ｉts limit． Sｏ has tｗeakiｎg tｈｅ fanｓ that cｉｒculate air oｖer thｏsｅ ｈeaｔ sinks.　Aｎd　the　idea　of sｈiｆｔｉng from single-core ｐrｏｃeｓsors tｏ ｓyｓteｍs ｔｈat divided prｏcｅｓsing　power ｂetween fｉrｓt tｗo, and theｎ fｏuｒ,　ｓｕbuｎｉts, in　oｒder to ｓprｅad ｔhe tｈermal lｏad, alｓo seems to hａｖe ｔhe ｅｎd of tｈe roａd iｎ　sｉght.
7 One ｗay out of ｔhis ｍay be a sｅcond cｕrｉouｓ ｐhｙｓiｃal pheｎomenon， the thermoeｌecｔric　efｆｅct. Like paｒａelecｔric materｉaｌs，　this　gｅｎｅrａtes　elｅcｔｒｉcｉｔy from a　heat soｕrce ａnｄ ｐroｄucｅs　coolｉng　frｏm　an ｅlｅctrｉcal ｓoｕｒce.　Uｎlike ｐaraelｅctｒics， a significant bodｙ ｏf ｒｅseａrcｈerｓ is alｒｅady　wｏrｋing oｎ iｔ.
　 8 Tｈe tricｋ　to a gｏod ｔhｅｒmoeｌｅｃtric maｔeriａl iｓ　a crystal　strｕctｕｒｅ ｉn which elｅctrons cａｎ ｆloｗ freｅly, ｂuｔ the path　ｏｆ phonｏｎs－-hｅat-carrｙｉnｇ vｉbratｉonｓ　ｔｈat aｒe larger ｔｈａｎ　ｅlｅctｒons--ｉs cｏnｓtantly　intｅrrupｔeｄ. Ｉｎ pracｔice,　thｉｓ ｔriｃk is ｈaｒd ｔo ｐulｌ　ofｆ，　ａnｄ tｈermoｅlectric mａterials are ｔhｕs less　efｆiciｅnｔ ｔhａｎ　paraeleｃｔrｉc　ｏnes (oｒ, ａt leaｓｔ,　than those　eｘaｍinｅd bｙ Dr　Mischｅｎko).　Neverｔheless,　Rama Ｖeｎｋatasuｂrａmanｉａｎ, of Ｎｅｘtreme　Theｒｍal Soｌutｉons in North Ｃarｏlina， claims to havｅ mａde tｈｅrmoelｅctric refrigｅratoｒｓ　that can sｉｔ on　the baｃk　of cｏｍpｕter　cｈiｐs anｄ coｏl hotｓpoｔs　ｂｙ　10℃. Aｌi Shakoｕrｉ, oｆ tｈe Unｉｖersity　ｏｆ Ｃａlifornｉa, Sａntａ　Crｕz， sａys his are eveｎ ｓmaｌleｒ--sｏ　small thａt tｈey can　gｏ　ｉnside　the　chip．
　　9 The　ｌａｓt　woｒd　iｎ computer coｏｌinｇ, thｏｕｇｈ，　may ｇｏ to ａ ｓystem even　less　techy　tｈａn a ｈeat　pｕmp--a miｎiaｔure ｖｅrsion of a ｃａｒ　radiatｏｒ. Lａｓt ｙｅaｒ　Ａｐplｅ laｕnched ａ ｐeｒsonal cｏmｐutｅr　that ｉs cooled by lｉｑuid that iｓ　pumpｅd thrｏuｇh liｔtlｅ ｃhａｎnels in　the ｐrocessoｒ, and　ｔhence to ａ radiａtoｒ, whｅｒe it ｇｉｖｅs ｕp iｔｓ heat to　the ａｔmosｐherｅ. To improve on ｔｈｉs， IBＭ's resｅarch　laｂorａtorｙ　in Zuｒｉch　ｉs exｐｅriｍｅntinｇ ｗiｔｈ ｔｉnｙ jets that stｉr thｅ　liqｕid ｕｐ aｎd tｈuｓ ｍake sｕre ａlｌ of it　evenｔualｌy　tｏｕches ｔhe ｏuｔｓｉde ｏf ｔｈe　channeｌ--tｈe　ｐａrt ｗｈere tｈｅ heａt ｅxchaｎgｅ　tａkes　pｌａce. In ｔhｅ　fｕtｕre, therefore， a combination oｆ mｉcroｃhａnnｅls　and eitheｒ therｍoelectrics or　paraｅｌectricｓ might　cooｌ　coｍputers． The　old，　aｓ iｔ　were， ｈａnｄ　in　ｈａnd ｗith tｈe new.
　　Ｑuestiｏns １-5　　Cｏmpleｔｅ eａch oｆ the　follｏｗｉｎg　statemｅnts witｈ　the　sｃiｅntｉｓt　or ｃｏmpａny　name frｏm the box below．
　　Ｗrｉｔe ｔhe　appｒoｐrｉａte lｅttｅrs Ａ-Ｆ　ｉn boxes 1-5 on yｏur　answｅr shｅet.
　　A． Aｐple
　　Ｂ． IBM
　　Ｃ.　Iｎtｅｌ
D. Ａlex Miscｈenko
　Ｅ. Alｉ　Shakouri
　 F. Ｒａma Vｅｎkatasubramａｎian
　1.　．．.aｎd his rｅsｅarch ｇｒouｐ ｕse paraelectric　fｉlm　ａvaiｌａbｌe　from the markｅt　tｏ ｐｒoｄｕce cooling．
　2. ...sold ｍicｒoprocｅｓsｏrｓ　runnｉng　at 60m cycles a　sｅcond ｉn １993．
　3. ...sａys ｔhａt he haｓ　ｍade refrｉgｅraｔors wｈｉｃh　caｎ　cｏｏl ｔhe ｈotspｏts ｏf　computｅr chiｐs bｙ 1０℃.
　　4. ...claims　tｏ haｖｅ mａｄe a reｆriｇeｒator ｓmall enoｕｇh　ｔo be　built into a ｃｏmputｅr cｈip.
　　5.　．．.attｅmｐts　to produｃe bｅtｔer ｃｏｏlｉｎg ｉn　ｐｅｒsonal computeｒs　ｂｙ sｔiｒring up liquｉd wiｔh tｉｎy jeｔs ｔo make sure maxiｍum hｅat　ｅｘchange.
Ｑｕeｓtiｏns 6-9 Do the foｌloｗｉng stateｍentｓ agｒee　wｉth thｅ　iｎforｍatiｏn given　in the　ｒｅading ｐasｓaｇe？
　Ｉn　boxes 6-9 oｎ　youｒ ａｎsweｒ　sｈeｅt write
ＴRUＥ　iｆ tｈe　sｔatｅｍeｎt ｉs ｔrue acｃordｉng　to the ｐassａｇe
　 FALSＥ if the staｔement is false aｃｃordiｎｇ　to thｅ pａｓsａｇｅ
　ＮOＴ GIＶEN if the iｎｆｏrmation ｉs ｎot ｇｉven in tｈe passage
　　6.　Parａeｌectric ｍaterials can ｇｅneraｔe a cｕrreｎt ｗheｎ elecｔrｏｄeｓ ａre attaｃheｄ　ｔｏ ｔｈｅm．
　　７． Dr. Mｉscheｎko haｓ ｓucｃessfｕlly　applｉed his lａbｏｒatｏry discoｖｅry to manuｆacturｉnｇ　mｏre efｆiciｅｎt refeｒigerators.
　　8. Douｂling thｅ ｆｒeqｕencｙ ｏf　ｌoｇiｃaｌ opｅratiｏns ｉnsidｅ ａ　ｍicroprｏceｓsor　ｄoubles ｔhe heaｔ ｏutput．
　9. ＩＢM　ｗｉll achｉeve bｅtｔer　cｏmputeｒ　ｃooling by comｂiｎｉｎg mｉcｒochanｎｅls　wｉtｈ paｒaeｌectｒics.
　　Quｅstion 10 　Cｈoｏｓe ｔhｅ　ａpｐrｏpｒiatｅ　ｌetｔｅrs A-D anｄ wｒite theｍ iｎ　box 1０ on youｒ aｎｓwｅr sｈeeｔ.
　 10. Which meｔhoｄ ｏf　dispoｓinｇ heat in　ｃoｍpｕters ｍay　havｅ ａ bright ｐｒｏspect？
　 Ａ. Twｅakｉｎg thｅ　prｏcesｓorｓ？heat siｎｋｓ.
　 B.　Tｗeaｋing the fａｎs thaｔ　ciｒculate ａiｒ　oｖer the ｐrocｅssor抯 heａt　ｓinks.
C. Shiftiｎg from　singｌｅ-ｃorｅ ｐrocessorｓ to systeｍｓ of subｕnits.
　　D.　None　oｆ the aboｖｅ.
　Queｓtions １１-14 Ｃomplete ｔｈe　nｏtes beｌｏw．
　 Ｃhoose　one suｉtaｂｌe ｗorｄ from　tｈｅ Readｉng Paｓｓage above foｒ eａch　aｎsｗｅr．
Write yoｕｒ ａnswｅrs in boxes 1114 oｎ　ｙour　aｎswer sｈｅet.
Tｒaditioｎal refrigeraｔors ｕｓｅ...1１...pumpｓ ｔo　droｐ temperatuｒe．　Aｔ　ｐreｓent, scieｎtists aｒe seaｒchｉng for othｅr methｏds　to　ｐrodｕce rｅｆrigeration， eｓpｅｃiａlly in coｍpｕｔer mｉcrｏprocesｓors...．12...materｉａｌs haｖｅ beeｎ tried to generaｔe ｔemｐeraｔurｅ　drops　five timｅｓ ｂigｇｅr ｔhan any prｅviouｓlｙ recoｒdｅｄ． ...１3...ｅffｅct　has　aｌso bｅｅn adoptｅd　by　maｎｙ researchers to coｏｌ ｈotspots in compuｔeｒｓ. Ａ miｎiature vｅrsion oｆ a cａｒ　..．14... may also be a syｓｔem to ｒｅａlize ｉｄeaｌ　compｕｔer cooｌing　in　tｈe ｆuturｅ.
Key　aｎd Explanａtｉons：
　　１. D
　Ｓee　Parａgraph ３： ...Alex　Misｃhenkｏ, of　Camｂridge Univｅrsity. Usiｎg　ｃｏmmerciaｌly avａｉlable paraｅlecｔｒｉc fｉlｍ,　he aｎｄ hｉs　coｌleagues havｅ genｅrａted temperature drｏps...
　 2. C
　　Sｅｅ Parａgｒaph 5： The ｆirst Peｎtiｕm ｃhｉｐｓ soｌｄ by　Dr Mｏore＇ｓ compaｎy，　Ｉnｔｅl，　in １9９３, rａｎ　ａt 60m cycles　a second.
　 ３. F
　　Ｓｅｅ Parａｇｒａph 8:　..．Ｒama Venkａtasubｒaｍａnian， ｏｆ　Nextreme Thermal　Solutｉons iｎ Ｎoｒth Cａｒｏlina, cｌaims to　have ｍade　therｍoelｅｃtric　ｒefｒigｅratoｒｓ that ｃan siｔ oｎ　tｈe back of coｍputer chｉps　and coｏｌ hotsｐots bｙ　10℃.
4． E
　 Ｓee　Pａragrａpｈ 8：　Alｉ Shakourｉ, oｆ　the Uｎｉversitｙ　of Cａｌiforｎiａ,　Sａnta Ｃrｕｚ， ｓays hｉs are　ｅveｎ smaｌler梥o　sｍalｌ that　thｅy ｃａｎ　go　ｉｎside ｔｈe cｈiｐ.
　 5. B
　 See　Ｐａrａgraｐｈ 9： Tｏ improｖe ｏn　ｔhis， IBM's ｒeｓearｃｈ ｌaｂoratｏｒy　in Ｚurich is experｉmentｉng　wiｔh tinｙ jetｓ that ｓｔiｒ thｅ　liｑuid up and　ｔhus ｍａkｅ ｓuｒｅ all　of it ｅvｅｎtually　tｏucｈｅｓ　the ｏutsｉde ｏｆ the chaｎnel--ｔｈe part wｈerｅ the　ｈｅａt eｘchａngｅ　takes ｐlace.
　 6． TRＵE
　 See　Paragｒaph　2：　..．paraeｌecｔｒｉc　matｅｒials. Ｔhese act　like baｔteries when ｔheｙ undergｏ　a ｔemperature chaｎge： aｔtａｃh ｅlectｒｏdｅs　tｏ　ｔhｅm and they ｇｅneratｅ a cuｒreｎt.
　　７.　ＦALSE
　　Sｅｅ Ｐａｒagｒａｐh 3 (That　mａy be enough to　ｃhａnｇｅ thｅ phｅnｏmｅnon froｍ a laｂoraｔoｒy curiosｉｔｙ to ｓｏmeｔhing with　coｍmｅrｃiａl　apｐlicａtｉoｎｓ.　) and Paraｇraph 4 (Ａs to ｗhａｔ ｔhｏse ａｐpｌicatｉons ｍight be， Dr Ｍｉschenko　is stiｌl　a ｌitｔle　ｈazy.　He has，　ｎevertｈelesｓ， set　uｐ ａ companｙ　tｏ　ｐuｒｓｕｅ thｅｍ． He ｆoreseeｓ　puttinｇ hｉs discｏvery to　use ｉｎ　morｅ ｅfｆｉcｉｅnt ｄomestic fｒidges?
　８. FALＳE
　　Ｓee Ｐarａgraph　5: Heａｔ iｓ releaseｄ eveｒｙ　time a lｏｇiｃaｌ　ｏperaｔion ｉs ｐerfｏrｍed　ｉnｓｉde　a microprｏcｅssoｒ，　sｏ tｈe　fasteｒ tｈe procｅsｓor iｓ， the　ｍore　hｅａt it　ｇeneratｅs. Doｕblｉｎｇ　the fｒequｅnｃy　ｑuadrupleｓ　the heat oｕtｐｕt.
　　9.　NOT ＧIVEN
See　Paragｒaｐh　９： Ｉｎ　tｈe fuｔｕｒe， tｈeｒeｆｏre， a ｃｏmｂiｎａｔion oｆ micｒｏｃhannｅls　ａｎd ｅitｈｅr ｔheｒmoｅｌectrics or paｒａｅｌeｃtｒics　miｇht coｏl ｃomｐuｔers.
　 10． D
　Ｓee　Paraｇrａｐh 6: Tweaking the proceｓsor's　heａt sｉnkｓ　？has reached its　ｌimit. So hａs twｅaking the　fans tｈat cｉｒｃuｌate　ａｉr ｏver tｈosｅ heａt sｉｎks. And thｅ iｄea ｏｆ sｈifting from sinｇlｅ-cｏre proｃessorｓ to systｅms?ａlｓo ｓｅems tｏ　have the　ｅnｄ ｏf the road　iｎ siｇht.
　 11. ｈeat
Seｅ Ｐarａgraph １: Toｄaｙ's　hｉgh－tｅcｈ　ｗorlｄ， howeｖｅｒ， ｄｅｍandｓ　high-tech　refrigerａtiｏn.　Heaｔ puｍｐｓ aｒｅ ｎo lｏnger ｕp ｔo the jｏb. The　searcｈ is ｏn fｏｒ ｓomething ｔo repｌace theｍ．
　　12. pａraelｅcｔrｉc
　 Ｓeｅ Pａragraｐh 3: Uｓing coｍmeｒciａlly avａilablｅ　parａeｌｅctｒｉc fｉlm, hｅ aｎｄ his cｏｌleagｕｅs haｖe　generatｅｄ teｍperａｔurｅ　ｄｒoｐｓ　fiｖe timeｓ bｉgger ｔhan ａny previoｕｓlｙ　recorｄｅd.
1３. ｔｈerｍoelｅctric
　See　Pａragｒaph　７: ...tｈｅ ｔherｍｏelectｒｉc eｆｆect． Ｌike pａrａｅｌｅｃｔric maｔeｒiａls， this　ｇenerａtes eｌectricitｙ fｒom ａ hｅａt souｒce aｎd produceｓ cｏoｌing　from　an　ｅｌectｒicaｌ sｏurce. Ｕｎlｉｋe　ｐaraelectｒiｃｓ, a ｓigｎificaｎt bｏdy of researchers is　already working　ｏn ｉt.
　　14． ｒaｄｉatｏr
　　Sｅe Paｒagrapｈ 9: The lａst word　in computｅr coolinｇ, thoｕgh,　may　go to a syｓtem evｅｎ　ｌeｓs　ｔｅchy ｔhan　a heat pump－－a　mｉｎｉaｔｕre version ｏf　a ｃar ｒａdiａｔor.