杰克伦敦浪漫主义情结.doc

哈尔滨商业大学毕业论文

从巴克的多重性格看《野性的呼唤》中
杰克·伦敦的浪漫主义情结

学 生 姓 名 张忠彦

指 导 教 师 张 泳

专 业 英 语

学 院 外语学院

2014年 04 月 12 日

Harbin University of Commerce
Graduation Thesis

Jack London’s Romantic Complex Perceived from Buck’s Multiple Personality in
The Call of the Wild

Student
Zhang Zhongyan
Supervisor
Zhang Yong
Specialty
English Language
School
School of Foreign Languages

April 12, 2014
毕业论文任务书
姓名：张忠彦
学院：外语学院
班级：10级1班
专业：英语
毕业论文题目：

Jack London’s Romantic Complex Perceived from Buck’s Multiple Personality in The Call of the Wild
从巴克的多重性格看《野性的呼唤》中杰克·伦敦的浪漫主义情结
立题目的与意义：

《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦著名的动物小说之一。作为现实主义作家，杰克·伦敦却有着超越现实生活中自我矛盾与渴望自我个性的解放，渴望自由的浪漫主义，这种情结在他的动物小说中体现的最为明显。笔者认为这部小说更能体现作者探索自我与追求自由的浪漫主义情结。本文从主人公巴克的多重性格视角，通过对其抗争与反叛精神，自我矛盾，自我解放及渴望自由的性格分析来解读杰克伦敦的浪漫主义情结，对于研究作者传奇的人生及其作品具有引导意义。
技术要求与工作计划：

技术要求：
1． 调查语篇。利用多种途径查阅英汉习语相关资料，如互联网、图书馆等。
2． 分析文献。根据导师的指导，从查阅到的大量资料中筛选精品来重点分析。
3． 在初稿的拟定以及多次修改当中深化对题目意义的理解。
4． 通过导师的指导与一系列的分析得出结论，并通过答辩来检验工作的成果。
工作计划：
第一步：查找资料，确定论文选题。
第二步：完成关于论文的调研，取得相关资料。
第三步：根据掌握的调研资料，进行系统地分析、整理，找到问题切入点。
第四步：阅读与论文相关的书刊，以及国家的各种统计数据，从理性上加以分析。
第五步：组织、整理相关资料，准备论文撰写。
第六步：完成论文写作提纲。
第七步：开始论文写作，形成初稿。
第八步：根据导师提出的论文修改意见，完成论文写作。
第九步：论文定稿、打印、装订、准备答辩。
第十步：毕业论文答辩。

时间安排：

1. 12月20日前拟定出具体论文题目，与指导教师见面商议定题。
2. 12.月25日将详细提纲交送到导师处。
3. 12月30日开题。
4. 1月1日—4月初收集资料，提交完整的初稿。
5. 4月20日—中期检查。
6. 4月21日—5月末修改论文。
7. 6月上旬，定稿，打印装订。
8. 6月15日—20日论文答辩。
指导教师要求：

1. 严格按照与导师沟通过确定的论文选题，指导教师提出的技术要求，工作计划与时间安排，独立完成论文写作任务。
2. 尽可能收集相关材料，理论联系实际，利用自己所收集到的材料及学到的知识解决问题。
3. 论文写作应严格执行学校及学院的论文写作规范及规定。
4. 注明引文文献出处，杜绝抄袭。
5. 论据要充分，结构要完整，注意表达的准确性。

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教研室主任意见：

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院长意见：

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毕业论文审阅评语

一、指导教师评语：

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二、评阅人评语：

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毕业论文答辩评语及成绩

三、答辩委员会评语：

四、毕业论文成绩：

专业答辩组负责人签字：

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五、答辩委员会主任单位： （签章）

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哈尔滨商业大学毕业论文

摘 要

《野性的呼唤》作为杰克·伦敦著名的动物小说之一，最能体现作者探索自我与追求自由的浪漫主义情结。他的这种浪漫主义情结主要体现在他典型的个人主义，对大自然的热爱，对自由的追求与对爱的渴望。从主人公巴克的多重性格视角，通过对其抗争与反叛精神，自我矛盾，自我解放及渴望自由的性格分析来解读杰克伦敦的浪漫主义情结，对于研究作者传奇的人生及其作品具有引导意义。
关键词：杰克·伦敦；浪漫主义情结；《野性的呼唤》；巴克

Abstract

The Call of the Wild is one of jack London’s famous animal novel. This romantic complex is mainly reflected in his typical individualism, love of nature, the pursuit of freedom and the longing for love. This novel can best reveal London’s romantic complex of self-exploration and the pursuit of freedom. This article, from the hero Buck’s multiple personality perspective, is through the struggle and the rebellious spirit, self contradiction, emancipation and the desire for freedom of Buck’s personality feature to interpret Jack London’s romantic complex, which has an instructive significance to study the author’s legendary life and his works.
Key words: Jack London; romantic complex; The Call of the Wild; Buck

Contents

摘 要………………………………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………ii
1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1
2 Jack London’s Romantic Complex……………………………………………………4
2.1 American Romanticism………………………………………………………………4
2.2 Jack London’s Romantic Complex……………………………………………………5
3 Buck’s Multiple Personality……………………………………………………………9
3.1 Spirit of Rebellion and Belief of the Survival of the Fittest……………9
3.2 The Desire for Freedom and Nature………………………………………………13
4 Jack London’s Romantic Complex and Its Reflection on Jack London……18
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………22
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………25
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………27

iii

哈尔滨商业大学毕业论文

1 Introduction

The Call of the Wild is London’s most popular work and is considered the masterpiece of his so-called “early period.” H.L.Menken wrote of London’s story: “No other popular writer of his time did any better writing than you will find in The Call of the Wild” (Doctorow 4).As Doctorow points out, it is good episodic writing that embodies the style of magazine adventure writing popular in that period. “It leaves us with satisfaction at its outcome, a story well and truly told”(Pizer 107).Jack London is one of the most outstanding and active writers in the age of American Realism. The Call of the Wild was published in 1903,which secured London a place in the canon of American literature.
In the early 19 century, America began the west expansion, and the territory soon expanded to the west coast of California. The unprecedented gold rush not only stimulated the westward expansion but also boosted the development of the west of American. Before the gold rush, gold was also discovered near Los Angeles and in southern California. Due to the backward economy, the Indians did not attach much importance to gold. Because the limit of communication with other states, the news of discovery of gold could not spread widely.
While in California, the immigrants’ coming improved the native economy, and they all saw the profit. That is why people from all over the world came here. The Gold Rush began on January 24,1848 when gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in many people coming from the rest of the United States and all abroad.
By 1897,Jack London had traveled around the United States and returned to California. He then sailed to the Klondike by way of Alaska during the hei9ght of the Klondike Gold Rush and this was the setting for some of his first successful stories. “It was in Klondike I found myself”(Barnes 23).He said the experience later. London stayed in the Klondike for almost a year, however, he developed scurvy and returned to San Francisco because fresh produce was unavailable in the Arctic winter.
In Alaska, London found the material that inspired him to write the novel The Call of the Wild. The road to Klondike is too steep and harsh for the prospectors to navigated the only route the White Pass, which became known as “Dead Horse Pass”, where horse carcasses littering the road. Therefore dogs replaced horses to transport material over the pass, and at that time strong dogs with thick fur were “much desired, scarce and high in price”(Barnes 301).
London would have seen many sled dogs in his journey. And later he wrote a letter to his friend Marshall Latham Bond, who possessed a mixed St. Bernard-Scotch Collie dog, “Yes, Buck is based on your dog at Dawson”(Tavenier 242). He first proposed a story about his adventure in Alaska to the San Francisco Bulletin but rejected ,and later he wrote a short story about a dog named Batard, who killed his master at the end of the story. Then London expected to write a short story companied to Batard, but he explained: “but it got away from me, and instead of 4000words it ran 32,000 before I could call a halt”(Labor 40).
Although Jack London is regarded himself as realistic writer, but The Call of the Wild has a strong flavor of Romanticism. Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin demonstrates that while the call is a “naturalistic, a mythical, and an archetypal novel, it is also a romantic book[in which] London created a world vibrantly alive [and through which his own] passionate love of municates itself to even the most jaded reader”(6).London put special emphasis on imagination and illusion. The title, The Call of the Wild is very lyrical, giving an infinite imagination. The description such as “wilderness Aurora borealis cold shining overhead, sometimes beating in the dance, the stars and the earth under the ice and snow in cold numbed and froze”(105), has a very strong sentiment, and the language is very elegant and beautiful. The romanticism is not a general sense bluntly, but combined with realism. London took dog as the protagonist and endowed him human’s personality and experiences, in fact, the dog Buck’s multiple personality and experiences are reflections of the writer’s romanticism complex.

2 Jack London’s Romantic Complex

Although jack London was known as a realism writer, because of his growth environment, he had a personality with romantic feature. His life was full of romance, adventures which accompanied by his romantic complex. The romantic complex can be found mainly in his education, ideology, individualism, rebellious spirit and love of nature and the unremitting pursuit of dreams and freedom.
2.1 American Romanticism
Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originated in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. First, the American national experience of “pioneering into the west” proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America’s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. Second, the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau’s Walden and, later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Third, with the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.

2.2 Jack London’s Romantic Complex
Although Jack London is regarded as a realistic writer, living in America, a country which was built up from nothing with a romantic legend, London also has the national romantic personality and spirit of adventure. At the turn of the century, American is undergoing a tremendous change of turning the agricultural country to industrial power. While the social change brought by industrialization conflicts with American republican ideal, then the euphoria will come disappointment, and the feeling of unease begins to trouble the whole nation. And, people widely desire for returning back to the traditional society, for getting rid of the restraint of civilization and withdrawing from society and live in solitude. This also has provided the soil for London’s romanticism.
London lived in a romantic life, in which his romantic personalities were involved. “Strikingly handsome, full of laughter, restless and courageous to a fault, always eager for adventure on land or sea, he was one of the most attractive and romantic figure of his time”(http// His romanticism reflects on the following aspects. First, he is a typical Individualism which is one of American personality features. And his individualism stems from a kind of inferiority complex and sense of shame as the identity of an illegitimacy. In order to shake off them, he quests for success at all costs and tries to make everything perfect. It seems that only in this way he can realizes his value, but at the same time, he stepped into idealism, trying to create an ideal world. From his family background which was full of fervent dream, he greatly took after his parents. His father, Professor W.H. Chaney was a faithful astrologer and he spent most of life time on astrology. And for all we know, astrology was a metaphysical subject, which was non-rational and impractical. But Chaney perceived it as the right science and regarded it as his faith. In order to promote astrology, he can make free public speech, free tuition for students even spent his own money. This was his idealism, also his subjective perception on nature. Although he didn’t admit father-child relationship with London, they are amazingly like. To London’s mother, she was not only a astrologer but also zealous for séance, announcing to communicate with the death. She was quite an idealist. Born in the family like that, though London did not live with his father, but with his mother, a romanticism who gave the priority to her won faith and ideal, no matter from the blood relationship or family relationship, he had inherited romantic gene. From the educational aspect, despite his lack of a formal education, his desire and pursuit for knowledge was endless. From the age of eight, he found his lifetime friend---book, and some of them had played decisive role in his life, such as “Alhambra” by Irving Stone; Garfield’s Biography; Ouida’s long Victorian novel “Signa”, a lyrical tale telling about a pair of Italian farm girl and an illegitimate child of street artists who grow up poor become great composer in Italy, “While London practice the story naturally”(Irving 8).London also credited this as the seed of his literary success. We can see it clearly that these are the books about sailing, traveling, adventure, expedition, all having extremely strong romantic color. And in his ninety days of hunting seals, he repeatedly read Melville’s Moby Dick, a representative work of romantic writer. His most romantic feature dwelled in his deepest love for nature and freedom. From his life we can see that he was eager to seek adventure and enjoyed the excitement and thrill that nature bro