英国教育体系英文.pptx

Chapter 5 The British Educational SystemSchool TodayvPre-primary SchoolsvPrimary SchoolsvSecondary SchoolsvUniversity/CollegePre-Primary SchoolsvPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).vTheemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.1.StateSchools(公立学校):11-yearCompulsoryEducation(5-16)StatePrimarySchoolComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学):PrepSchoolPublic(Independent)School(7%)Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:Secondary Educationcomprehensiveschool(综合制中学)secondarymodernschool(现代中学)grammarschool（文法学校）Question:What are the main differences between the two?State schoolsPublic schoolsSchool FundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%Teaching Staff and FacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.PrimaryPhasevCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.vPupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).InfantsSchools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)JuniorSchools(for4yearsto11)vThereslittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.vPrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)Secondary SchoolsvStateSchools(93%)1.ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学)(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(文法中学)(“the11plus”examination选拔优秀小学生毕业考试,preparingstudentsforhighereducation)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(现代中学)(7%)vPublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)The National CurriculumvEnglishvDesign&TechnologyvGeographyvMathematicsvInformationTechnologyvMusicvSciencevArtvPhysicalEducationvHistoryvModernForeignLanguageExams vCompulsoryeducationendsatage16.vAt16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中学毕业证书)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.vOtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification国家专业资格证书,5levels).Tertiaryeducationv延续教育(FurtherEducation)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。v它分为两种体系：学业路线（AcademicRoute）和职业路线（VocationalRoute）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。vSomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswilltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育证书)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixth Form school(六年级学校)ortertiarycollege(三级学校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.vAt18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高级水平普通教育证书大学入学考试),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.ItsnecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertogotoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.WidelyHeldBeliefsvFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(赋予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干预)onlyifitsmanifestly(显而易见地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”vSecondly,“aschoolisnotonlyaplaceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”vQuestion for you:How do you interpret the beliefs above?vIndividualschoolsenjoygreatfreedomandspace!vAlthoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesntlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(规定、指定、开处方)anytextbooks.vTheQueenoncesaid,“AheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemostvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.CaseStudyvComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading)WHY?Is their Intelligence Quotient low?vAccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.Public SchoolsvIntheUKprivate schoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!vOnlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.vHightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)vMainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.vBoardingschools.vQuestion:Who are attending such schools?vThestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies.vDespitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.vBUTopponentsvoicedoubts:Its socially divisive and breeds elitism;they are offering more promising opportunities to 7%of British children,but its unfair for the remaining 93%!TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:vEtonCollege(伊顿公学)(1440byKingHenryVI)vHarrowSchool(哈罗公学)(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)vWinchesterCollege(温切斯特公学)(1394)vRugbySchool拉格贝公学)(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts1200to2000,even3500aterm.EtonCollegevForboysONLY!vItsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)vSofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.vTheschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.vHowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorHigher EducationvAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高校基金委员会)fromthegovernment.vOver42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.v110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)v3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).EntranceProceduresvInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.vApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会).vStudentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.vAdmissionselectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.vFee-charging(ontheaverage:1200-3000)vDegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts(文学学士)BSc:BachelorofScience(理学学士)BS:同上TeachingMethodsvTheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.vMostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:A.Lectures讲座vTheprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.vThesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.vNOprescribedtextbooksbutreading lists and handouts(讲稿讲稿)!B.Seminars讨论会vTheseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.vThestudentsaretoldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.vWhat is the point of attending seminars?Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstand a topic better in different perspectivesandhelpstudentsdevelop their communication skills.C.Tutorials导师辅导课vTutorialsgiveyoufocused guidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.vThesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20)Everystudenthastospeakinclass.vThestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividual guidance.D.IndependentworkvStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)vThisusuallyinvolvesworking individually or in a small groupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.vProducewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.E.Coursework课程论文学年作业vThismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.vCourseworkisassessedandgivengrades.vAssessment:acombinationofmethodsvQuestion:Is the written exam a must for course assessment?NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework 65%(group presentation 20%+individual reflection 20%+business plan 25%)+written exam 35%Plagiarism剽窃vPlagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeoplesworkasonesownwithout acknowledging the source or referencing.vCheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.vAdviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonan acceptable way and amount of referencing.(footnote/bibliography)CambridgeCambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.Famous StudentsvJohn MiltonvCharles DarwinvPrince CharlesVice-ChancellorProfessorAlisonRichardvCambridgeisoneoftheworldsgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.OxfordUniversityFamous StudentsvOscar WildevSamuel JohnsonvBill ClintonvTony BlairvMargaret ThatcherOxfordvLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12th centuryasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.ChancellorofOxfordvOxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.vChrisPattenOxbridgeBoatRacevThe Boat Race between Oxford&Cambridge started June 10,1829.vThe event is now a British national institution,and is televised live each year.The race has been won by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far.vThe race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard(6.8 km)stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.vOxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.vTheDarkBlueCrewvTheLightBlues&DarkBluesvGlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversityBuckinghamUni.vVerneyParkCampusvChandosRoadCampusvUniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridgeThatcher&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlairscabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.StudentsActivitiesOutingvPubbingSportsRugbyFootballChoirChinese Higher EducationenrollmentexpansionResources are straining.Education quality is suffering.Intense competitionin the job market.elite edu.vs.mass edu.dilemmaHaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationvDefect 1:Blind Enrollment ExpansionvDefect 2:Awkward Teaching MethodvDefect 3:Prescribed/Designated TextbooksvDefect 4:Unreasonable CurriculumvDefect 5:Unfair Assessment SystemDefect 1:Blind Enrollment ExpansionvUniversitiesseemtohaveenrolledmorethantheycanaccommodate!vLimitedfacilities&space,insufficientresources,shabbydorms(slum)vExpansionmeansalotmore!Fiercecompetitioninthejobmarket,Defect 2:Awkward Teaching MethodvTeacherstendtospoon-feedtheirstudentswhoareinturnspoon-fedandforce-fed!vMoretrust,freedom,interactionsandresponsibilitiesforthestudents!vTeachersshouldserveasadvisors&assistants!Defect 3:Prescribed/Designated TextbooksvAlackofflexibility(fewalternativechoices)vOutdatedcontents(keeppacewith)vTheprescribedtextbookscanbereplacedbyDefect 4:Unreasonable CurriculumvManyoutdatedcoursesshouldbeabolished!(Marxismphilosophy,DengXiaopingTheory,MaoZedongThoughts,MilitaryTheory.)vMoreutilitariancoursesarewelcome!(ComputerScience,Business,Finance,Accounting,Law)vOneshouldntbeconfinedtoonesspecificfield.vMoraleducationisinurgentdemand!(campusviolence,suicide,theft,murder)Defect 5:Unfair Assessment SystemvExam-orientedstyle!(Scorestalk!)vStudents:examsoflottery(memorytest/workovertimeshortlybeforethetest)vTeachers?Howtoimproveit?vItsatime-consuming&systematicproject.vNeverwaitfortheimprovement!Getamovenow!vYouandmearepartofChinesehighereducation!vTrytomakethebestandmostofthecurrentsituation!vStopcomplainingandtrytomakeadifferencefromnowon.HomeworkforNextWeekvCollecttheinformationabouttheBritishbroadcasting,newspapersandmagazinestobepreparedforChapter6BritishMassMediaandchapter7BritainandtheWorld.