英语词性词类详细讲解(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第二课,英语词类讲解,1,10,种英语词类,6,种英语实词（有实义）：,名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词,4,种英语虚词：,冠词、介词、连词和感叹词,2,6,种英语实词,1.,名词（,noun,，缩写式为,n,）,普通名词,(common noun):,是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。,luggage,success,traffic,专有名词,(propernoun):,是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。,Tom,China,A Tale of Two Cities,March,Saturday,可数性：可数名词（,countable nouns)&,不可数名词（,uncountable nouns),冠词的使用,单复数,s/es,谓语动词的搭配,*集合类名词：,council,，,government,，,group,，,jury,team,family,3,名词的功能,:,1,主语：,The bags,are in the desk.,2,宾语：,I washed,my clothes,yesterday.,3,表语：,This is,a good book,.,4,宾语补足语,:We selected him,our monitor,.,5,介词宾语,:Mary lives with,her parents,.,6,定语：,She is a,Party,member.,women,doctors,meeting,rooms,4,2.,动词（,verb,）,分类：,实义动词（行为动词），连系动词，助动词，情态动词,基本形式：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词,（,1,）实义动词：,及物动词（,transitive verb,）：,Hes reading a magazine.,他正在读一本杂志。（单宾语）,Mr Zhang teaches us English.,张老师教我们英语。（双宾语：,us,是间接宾语，,English,是直接宾语）,不及物动词（,intransitive verb,）,:,The sun rises.,He works hard.,5,2.,动词（,verb,）,（,2,）连系动词：,be,动词,(is,am,are,was,were,have/has been),感官系动词（,feel,，,smell,，,taste,，,look,，,sound,）：后面一般加形容词,变化系动词（,become,get,grow,turn,）：后面一般加形容词,6,2.,动词（,verb,）,（,3,）助动词：,最常用的助动词有：,be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,1),助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用,2),助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，,a.,表示时态，,He has got married.,b.,表示语态，,He was sent to England.,c.,构成疑问句，,Do you like college life?,d.,与否定副词,not,合用，构成否定句，,I dont like him.,e.,加强语气，,He did know that.,7,2.,动词（,verb,）,（,4,）情态动词,:,情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。,must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),need,dare,have(had,has)to,used to,只做情态动词：,must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),可做情态动词又可做实义动词：,need,dare,具有情态动词特征：,have(had,has)to,used to,8,3.,形容词（,adjective,adj,）,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为,形容词,以,-able,-al,-ful,-ish,-less,-ous,-y,等后缀结尾的词功能：,1.,定语：,The,high,price surprised him.,She told us something,interesting,.(,后置定语）,enough,food,beautiful,enough,2.,表语,:The sun was,hot,.,3.,补语,:They find the book quite,interesting,.,4.,主语或宾语,:,The rich,like living in the countryside.,5.,状语：,Wet or fine,he got up at six and took a walk in the parkWhether it was wet or fine,he got up at six and took a walk in the park.,9,3.,形容词（,adjective,）,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为,形容词,以,-able,-al,-ful,-ish,-less,-ous,-y,等后缀结尾的词,-ed,人的感受：,tired,tiring;amazed,amazing;fascinated,fascinating;,I was amazed at the variety of wonderful animals.,-ing,引发情感的事物或人：,Its an absolutely amazing city to visit.,Exercise 1:-ed,-ing,：,1.I was really_ (please)when I opened my present because it was just what I wanted.,2.The jungle was full of strange noises and I felt_(frighten)during the whole trip.,3.Having a warm bath can be very _(relax)after exercise.,4.My trip through the jungle was the most _(excite),Adventure Ive ever had.I cant wait to go back.,10,注意：,一,.,以,-ly,结尾的形容词,1,）,friendly,，,deadly,，,lovely,，,lonely,，,likely,，,lively,，,ugly,，,brotherly,，仍为形容词。,2,）有些以,-ly,结尾既为形容词，也为副词。,daily,，,weekly,，,monthly,，,yearly,，,early,The Times is a daily paper.,The Times is published daily.,二,.,用形容词表示类别和整体,某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：,the dead,，,the living,，,the rich,，,the poor,，,the blind,，,the hungry,三,.,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,限定词,-,数词,-,描绘词,-(,大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色,)-,出处,-,材料性质，类别,-,名词,a small round table,；,a tall gray building,；,a dirty old brown shirt,；,a famous German medical school,11,形容词的比较等级,一,.,原级,1,）,asas,2,）,not as(so)as,3,）数词,+times+as+,原级,+as,二,.,比较级,1,）形容词比较级的构成：,单音节形容词后加,-er,，以不发音的,e,结尾加,-r,：,short-short,er,nice-nice,r,2.,辅音字母,+y,结尾的双音节词，改,y,为,i,加,-er,：,heavy-heav,ier,happy,happ,ier,3.,末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅音字母再加,-er:,big-big,ger,hot-hot,ter,4.,部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加,more:,athletic-,more,athletic,5.,部分形容词不规则变化,:,good-,better,12,形容词不规则变化,:,原级 比较级,good,well,bad,badly,ill,many,much,little,far,better,worse,more,less,farther/further,13,形容词的比较等级,二,.,比较级的用法,1,）比较级,+than,2,）比较级,+and+,比较级，,more and more+,原级,3,）,the+,比较级，,the+,比较级,4,）,the+,比较级,+of the two,14,形容词的比较等级,三,.,最高级,1.,形容词最高级的构成：,1,）单音节形容词后加,-est,，以不发音的,e,结尾加,-st,：,2,）,short-short,est,nice-nice,st,2.,辅音字母,+y,结尾的双音节词，改,y,为,i,加,-est,：,heavy-heav,ie,st,happy,happ,ie,st,3.,末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅音字母再加,-est:,big-big,ge,st,hot-hot,te,st,4.,部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加,the most:,athletic-,the most,athletic,5.,部分形容词不规则变化,:,good-,best15,形容词的比较等级,二,.,最高级的用法,1,）三者或三者以上比较，用,the+,最高级,+,名词,+,范围,This is the cleanest place of the city.,2,）表示“最,之一”，用“,on of the+,形容词最高级,+,名词复数”,This is one of the most interesting books that Ive ever read.,16,一、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成,1,、规则变化,构 成 方 法,原 级,比 较 级,最 高 级,单音节词和少数多音节词,一般在词尾加,-er/,/,或,-est/ist/,cold,colder,coldest,fast,faster,fastest,以字母,e,结尾的形容词，加,-r,或,-st,nice,nicer,nicest,large,larger,largest,重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母；再加,-es,或,-est,big,bigger,biggest,hot,hotter,hottest,以“辅音字母,+y”,结尾的双音节词，先改“,+y”,结尾,的,双音节词，先改“,y,”,为“,i”,再加,-er,或,-est,easy,easier,easiest,early,earlier,earliest,多音节词和部分双音节词,在词前加,more,或,most,tired,more tired,most tired,easily,more easily,most easily,17,原级,比较级,最高级,good/well,better,best,bad/badly/ill,worse,worst,many/much,more,most,little,less,least,far,farther,farthest,further,furthest,old,older,oldest,elder,eldest,形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成,2,、不规则变化,18,4.,副词（,Adverb,adv,）,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,（,1,）一般副词主要分为以下几种,:,时间副词,如,:today,now,tomorrow,for 3 minutes,地点副词,如,:here,there,above,outside,方式副词,如,:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,程度副词,如,:very,quite,much,still,almost,频率副词,如,:,often,always,sometimes,never,（,2,）疑问副词,(,放在特殊疑问句的句首,),如,:how,when,where,why,（,3,）关系副词,(,放在定语从句句首,),如,:when,where,why,（,4,）连接副词,(,放在名词从句句首,),如,:how,when,where,why,whether,19,功能：,1.,作状语,:,a.You should,always,review your lessons.,b.The visitors are,warmly,welcomed by the students.,c.,Certainly,we should try out best to improve our work.,2.,作表语,:,a.He is,abroad,.,b.The class is,over,.,c.The football match is,on,.,3.,作定语,:,a.He turned the radio down so that he shouldnt disturb the old lady,downstairs,.(,后置定语）,4.,作补语,a.I found all the lights,on,when I got home last night.,20,形容词、副词比较等级,有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式,意义上也有所不同,如,:older/oldest(,比较老,/,最老的,),elder/eldest(,年龄比较大的,/,最大的,);farther/farthest,用于本义,表示“比较远的,/,最远的”,而,further/furthest,常用于引申意义,表示“更进一步的,更深一层的,/,最深层的”,a.He is the oldest comrade in our office.,b.He is the eldest son in the family.,c.He went abroad for further studies.,表示“比,多,(,大,),几倍”时,用“倍数,+asas”,结构或“倍数,+,比较级,+than”,表示,a.This book costs twice as much as that one.,b.The university is three times as big as it was in 1980.=The university is three times bigger than it was in 1980.,21,可用,much,far,still,even,等修饰比较级,表示“更,”,“,得多”之意,Her handwriting is much better than mine.,This street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.,可用“名词词组或数词词组,+,比较级”的结构来表示“比,相差多少”,ten minutes later,two meters longer,a few steps further,比较级,+and+,比较级表示“越来越,”.,Summer is coming.It is getting hotter and hotter.,“the+,比较级,+,主语,+,谓语,+,其他,the+,比较级,+,主语,+,谓语,+,其他”表示“越,就越,”,The harder you study,the more knowledge you will get.,morethan,有时表示“与其说,倒不如说,”,He is more diligent than wise.,与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋,He is more a friend than a teacher.,与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友,22,“no+,比较级,+than”,和“,not+,比较级,+than”,所表示的意思不相同,前者表示“和,一样不,”(,即两者都不,),后者表示“不比,更,”(,仅否定前者,即表示前者不如后者,),His English is no better than mine.,两人的英语都不好,His English is not better than mine.,他的英语不如我的英语好,有时用比较级表示最高级的意思,a.It cant be safer.,再安全不过了,.,b.She cant be more beautiful.,她简直美极了,c.He works harder than the other students in his class.,d.He works harder than any other student in his class.,“the+,序数词,+,最高级”表示“第几”之意,China is the third largest country in the world.,The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.,23,5.,代词（,pronoun,pron,人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词（,each other,），指示代词（,this,that,these,those,），疑问代词（,who,whom,whose,which,what),，关系代词,(who,whom,whose,which,that),，不定代词,(each,every,most,either,neither,both),人称,主格,宾格,形容词性的物主代词,名词性的物主代词,反身代词,我,I,me,my,mine,myself,你,you,you,your,yours,yourself,他,he,him,his,his,himself,她,she,her,herhers,herself,它,It,it,its,its,itself,我们,we,us,we,ours,ourselves,你们,you,you,your,yours,yourselves,他们,they,them,they,theirs,ourselves,24,6.,数词（,numeral,）,（,1,）基数词,One,five,thirty,Hundred,thousand,million,billion,（,2,）序数词,first/firstly/first of all/in the first place,second,secondly,secondofall,inthesecondplace,25,1.,冠词,(Article),不定冠词,(,indefinitearticle),：,a,an,（发音以元音开头）,Exercise:,university,umbrella,honest child,Italian,定冠词,(definitearticle),：,the,特定的一个或一些，独一无二,the sun,，,the international market,the most beautiful,，,play the guitar,冠词,an,的使用,(1),拼写以辅音字母开头读音却以元音开头的单词,hour,honest,honor,等单词的拼写虽然以辅音字母,h,开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用,an,。,(2),拼写以元音字母开头读音却以辅音开头的单词,useful,university,usual,united,European,one-eyed,one-way,等单词的拼写虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用,a,。,(3),在,26,个英文字母,中，,a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x,这,12,个字母的读音是以元音开头的，其余字母的读音则是以辅音开头的,The word empty includes _ m“and _ y.,4,种英语虚词,26,2.,介词,(preposition),(1),表示时间：,A,、表示 在 某时间,.,常用介词,at,on,in,等。,a,、用,at,来表示在某一段时刻：,at dawn/at noon/at night/at midnight,at six,：在,6,点钟,b,、用,at,来表示在,岁时,at sixteen/at the age of sixteen,：,16,岁的时候,c,、用,on,来表示在星期几,/,某日,on Monday,：在星期一,on June 4th,：在,6,月,4,日,on Christmas Day,：在圣诞节那一天,B,、表示期间常用介词,during,for,over,within,throughout,from,和,to,等。,a.during,用于已知的一段时间包括大家熟知的节日或者某种已确切限定的时期或阶段之前,27,during the Middle Ages,在中世纪,during 1942,：在,1942,年中,during the summer,（,of that year,）：在（那一年的）夏季,during his childhood,：在他童年时期,b,、,for,用来表示一段时间,for six years,：六年之久,for two months,：有两个月,for ever,：永远,c,、表示其他时间概念的介词有,before,after,since,until,till,between,by,up to,等,(2),表示方位,A.,表示位置的介词有,at,on,in,before,after,above,among,below,behind,between,beside,near,over,under,等。,28,B.,表示方向的介词有,to,into,along,at,down,for,from,out of,toward,up,等。,C.,表示“经过，穿过”的介词有,across,by,over,through,past,等。,D.,表示“遍及”的介词有,throughout,all over,all along,等。,(3),表示原因,表示原因常用的介词有,because of,for,with,等,(4),表示 方法 手段,表示“方法，手段”的介词常用,by,in,with,through,等,(5),表示数量,表示数量的常用介词有,about(around),over,等,29,3.,连词,(conjunction),是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。,连词主要可分为两类：,并列连词,和,从属连词,。,并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：,and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then,等等。,从属连词经常引导一个从句,如,:when,where,because,if,as,等,30,4.,感叹词,31,Review,page 3-34,32,33,