主谓一致语法讲解.doc

语法基本概念
单词
实词：名词、动词、数词、代词、形容词、副词
虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词
短语
不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语、介词短语、独立短语
句子
1. 主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）
Every minute counts.
2. 主语+谓语动词（及物动词）+宾语
The students all love their English teacher.
3. 主语+系动词+表语
Truth is the daughter of time.
4. 主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
He often gives his seat to an old person.
5. 主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补语
They considered that a downright lie. 他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。
名词
个体名词
集体名词
物质名词
抽象名词
个体名词
通常作不可数名词
fun, advice, weather, progress, information, bread, butter, baggage, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, juice, luggage, luck, music, milk, meat, production, permission, practice, rubber, rice, soup, wealth, word (=news)
特殊意义的名词复数
papers文件，试卷，报纸，论文 goods货物，商品 glasses眼镜 sands沙滩 woods树林 times时代 arms武器 looks外表 works工产 pains努力 waters水域
集体名词
1. 通常作不可数名词的集体名词
Clothing 衣服 furniture 家具 baggage/luggage行李 equipment设备 traffic交通machinery机械 produce产物
这类集体名词的用法与不可数名词相当
1） 形式上总是单数，没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语用单数。如：
Our clothing protects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冷。
2） 不可直接与a(n)或数词连用，表数量时用much, little, some, a piece of, an article of等，如：
Each room has four pieces of furniture. 每间房有四件家具。
3） 若需用代词，用单数代词。如：
Do you want to see my jewelry? It is in the box. 你想看我的珠宝吗？它在我的箱子里。
2. 通常作复数的集体名词
police警察 cattle牛，家畜
这些集体名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
The police are looking for him. 警察当局正在找他。
3. 即可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
people人们，人民 family家庭，家人 team队 public公众，人群 audience听众 group团体 government政府
这些集体名词当作一个整体，用作单数，且常常与定冠词the连用；若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时，看作复数。
The family are all fund of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。
4. A committee, etc. of+复数名词
如果主语是由“a committee/panel/board... of+复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。如：
A committee of six men and five women is to consider the matter. 六男五女组成的委员会将考虑这个问题。
例：The police _____investigating the murder case. A. is B. are C. was D. were
New machinery_____introduced in the factory. A. is B. are C. was D. were

B C
抽象名词的惯用法
1） of+抽象名词=形容词，如：a man of ability=an able man有能力的人
2） of+great+抽象名词=very+形容词，如：It is of great value.=It is very valuable. 这东西很贵重。
3） of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词，如：It is of no use.=It is not useful.
以-s结尾的名词的数
1. 表示学科、游戏、疾病的名称以及像the United States这样的专有名词，用作单数。
Physics is the mother of sciences. 物理为一切学科之母。
Statistics is a branch of mathematics. 统计学是数学的分支。
The statistics in that report are incorrect. 那份报告里的统计数字不正确。
2. 表示衣物（如jeans, trousers, pants, pajamas），表示两部分构成的工具机械（如scissors, ）glasses, binoculars, scales, spectacles），表示山脉、群岛、瀑布的专有名词，某些以-ings结尾的名词（earnings, savings, surroundings），表示某类东西的总称9如clothes）以及不表示学科的以-ics结尾的词（如politics），都用作复数。如：
My clothes are dirty. 我的衣服脏了。
My earnings this year are not half of yours. 我今年的收入不到你的一半。
限定词与名词的搭配关系
只接单数
Each, every, either, neither, many a(n), such a(n), what a(n)等
只接复数
Several, both, (a) few, a couple of, a number of等
只接不可数名词
(a) little, much, less, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等
只接可数名词
the first, the second, the last, the next等
例：The statistics___that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.
A. proves B. is proving C. are proving D. prove

D

主谓一致语法讲解（语法一致、意义一致和就近原则）
1. 不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式；但如果主语为and连接的两个不定式、动名词以及从句时，谓语用复数形式。
Reading often means learning.
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
2. 当主语由and连接，表示同一人、同一物或者同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，此时and连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The actor and singer was well received by the audience.
3. 由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each，every，many a(n)，no时，谓语动词用单数。
Each book and (each) paper is found in its place.
4. each，every，each and every，either，neither，one，another，litter，a little和much作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
注意：复数主语+each之后用复数动词
We each have our advantages.=We have our advantages each.
5. Everyone，everybody，everything，anyone，anybody，anything，someone，somebody，something，no one，nobody，nothing作主语时，用单数动词。
There is something wrong with my watch.
6. None，some，any，more，most，all等代词作主语时，动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right.
All are present.
7. “all，none，most，majority，part，enough，some，one half，the rest，the remainder，a portion等+of...”短语，或者more than...作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常由所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。
More than one person is going to lose his job.
More than 500 people are going to lose their jobs.
8. 当中心词为度量、距离、时间、价格等复数名词的时候，谓语动词采用单数形式。
Two miles is a short distance.
9. 一般来说，不可数名词及可数名词的谓语用动词单数，可数名词复数的谓语用动词复数，但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Two thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
10. 当主语后面跟有including，with，together with，along with，like，in addition to，as well as，rather than，as much as，more than，no less than，but，except，accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词不受这些词组的影响，与前面的主语一致。
He as well as I wants to go boating.
11. 在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中充当主语，谓语的数要跟先行词一致。
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.
12. 当or，either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also连接两个以上主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here，there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
13. 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
14. “the+形容词”作主语，代表单数名词时用单词动词；如果意义指一类人，则应视为复数，谓语动词也应该用复数。
In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
15. 疑问代词which作主语时，其动词是单数还是复数根据which所指的单复数而定；但who作主语时，即使被问者是复数，通常也用单数动词。
Which is more valuable, health or wealth?
Which are prettier, these or those?
Who wants to come with me?--We do.

1. All the President’s Men_________one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.
A. remain B. remains C. remained D. is remaining
2. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, ______for Europe this afternoon.
A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. Leave
3. How close parents are to their children______ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A. have B. has C. having D. to have
4. It is futile(徒劳无益的）to discuss the matter further, because_______going to agree upon anything today.
A. neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is C. neither you nor I am D. neither me nor you are
5. You may find each children in the kindergarten_____a different answer to the question.
A. give B gives C. gave D. Giving
6. The iron and steel industry____an important part in our economy.
A. plays B. played C. play D. playing
7. My cousin, who _____ a painter, is in Japan at present.
A. are B is C was D were
8. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _____saved for other purposes.
A is B are C was D were
9. One-third of the country ____covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ____ black people.
A. is;are B. is;is C. are;are D. are;is
10. Either you or one of your students ____to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. Be
练习题
1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.
A. hundreds people B. hundred people
C. hundreds peoples D. hundred peoples
2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out
C. are handing out D. is to hand out
3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.
A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is
5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.
A. were; it B. are; them C. was; it D. is; them
6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.
A. is exploited B. are exploited C. had exploited D. have exploited
7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
8. Mathematics _______ the language of science.
A. are B. are going to be
C. is D. is to be
9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently?
A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is
11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.
A. are watching B. is watching C. is seeing D. are seeing
13. Nothing but several glasses _____ bought by my father the day before yesterday.
A. was B. were C. have been D. would be
14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young
people on their way to the village.
A. were B. was C. is D. sits
15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.
A. are not preserved B. is not preserved C. were preserved D. have not been preserved
16. There ______ little change in that middle school.
A. have B. had C. have been D. has been
17. What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.
A. going to be B. / C. is D. that
18. Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water.
A. is covered B. is covering C. were covered D. are covered
19. The following ______ some other mental diseases.
A. being B. are C. was D. were
20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.
A. are B. is C. am D. were
21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history.
A. have told B. tells C. were told D. was told
22. You and I _____ twin sisters.
A. were B. are C. is D. am
23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.
A. are telling B. is telling C. are given D. were given
24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.
A. rots away B. rot away C. has rotted away D. are rotted away
25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.
A. is cleaning B. are cleaning C. were cleaning D. have cleaned
26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.
A. have known B. knows C. is known D. are known
27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.
A. were B. has been C. had been D. was
28. “ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？”
“______ .”
A. Nobody of us has B. Nobody of us have
C. None of us has D. None of us did
29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing B. were advanced
C. was advancing D. advancing
30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.
A. is enjoy B. were enjoying
C. enjoys D. enjoy