过去式与过去分词分规则变化和不规则变化两种.doc

分规则变化和不规则变化两种。不规则变化需逐个记忆，规则变化遵循以下原则：

(1) 一般情况下，在动词后加ed构成：work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。

(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d：close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled等。

(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-ed：study / studied, carry / carried等。

(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且(中间只有一个元音字母）且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed：stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。

【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词，若末尾一个音节为重读音节，则必须双写l再加-ed，如control / controlled，但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节，则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语)，如travel / travel(l)ed。

(2) 动词picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是picnicked，不是picniced。

(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是：在清辅音后读作[t]，元音和浊辅音后读作[d]，在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[id]。
参考资料：引用
过去式和过去分词构成法
1）英语中大部分动词都以加-ed词尾的办法构成过去式及过去分词：
现在时（动词原形） 过去式 过去分词

work worked worked
appear appeared appeared
talk talked talked
play played played
这类动词称为规则动词（Regular Verbs）。
2）在加-ed 词尾时要注意几个问题：
a．若末尾已有字母e，则只加-d:
live —— lived please —— pleased free —— freed
b．若以“辅音（字母）＋y”结尾，先变y为i再加-ed:
try —— tried study —— studied simplify —— simplified
c．若是以“一个元音字母＋ 一个辅音字母”结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾字母要双写，然后再加-ed:
stop —— stopped fit —— fitted chat —— chatted
d．其他的词都直接加-ed:
lack —— lacked open —— opened repeat —— repeated
3）另外，还有几点值得注意：
a．以“一个元音＋l”结尾的词，英国人都把l双写，美国人都不双写：
travel —— travelled (英)，traveled (美)
marvel —— marvelled (美)，marveled (美)
b．l前若有两个元音，l一概不双写（英美都如此）：
reveal —— revealled appeal —— appealed
c．有少数词，尽管末尾音节并不重读，末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写：
worship —— worshipped (英) ，worshiped (美)
kidnap —— kidnapped (英)， kidnapped (美)
但progarm—— programmed（英，美），progarmed（美国人有时用这种拼法）。
d．以x结尾的词，x不双写：
mix —— mixed fix —— fixed
4）在英语中，在加-ed词尾时，末尾字母双写的词常见的有：
ban
chop
drop
grip
knit
net
plan
rub
shrug
slam
star
swap
trap
abet
control
expel
recap
bar
clap
drum
gun
lag
nip
plod
scan
shun
slap
stem
tag
trim
abhor
defer
incur
refer
bat
cram
dub
hop
man
nod
plug
scar
sin
slip
step
tan
trip
acquit
deter
instil
regret
beg
crop
fan
hug
mar
pad
pop
scrap
sip
snap
stop
tap
trot
admit
distil
occur
remit
blot
dam
fit
hum
mob
pat
prop
skrub
skid
sob
strap
thin
wag
allot
emit
omit
repel
brag
dip
flag
jam
mop
pen
rip
ship
skim
spot
strip
throb
wrap
commit
enrol
outwit
submit
brim
dot
grap
jog

mug
pin
rob
shop
skin
squat
stun
tip

compel
equip
patrol
transmit
chat
drag
grin
jot
nag
pit
rot
shred
skip
stap
sun
top

confer
excel
propel
handicap
5）下面的词在加-ed时，在英国末尾字母要双写，而在美国却不一定双写：
cancel
label
program
shrivel
dial
level
quarrel
total
equal
marvel
refuel
travel
hiccup
model
revel
tunnel
initial
pedal
rival
unravel
kidnap
pencil
shovel
worship
注：在加-ing 词尾时，4）中所列词的情况也一样。
不规则动词
1．原形同过去式和过去分词相同的不规则动词
cost-cost-cost
cut-cut-cut
hit-hit-hit
hurt-hurt-hurt
let-let-let
put-put-put
read-read-read
2．原式同过去分词或过去式相同的不规则动词
become-became-become
come-came-come
run-ran-run
beat-beat-beaten
3．过去分词同过去式相同的不规则动词
bring-brought-brought
buy-bought-bought
fight-fought-fought
think-thought-thought
catch-caught-caught
teach-taught-taught 
build-built-built
lend-lent-lent
send-sent-sent
spend-spentspent
lose-lost-lost
smell-smelt-smelt（smell-smelled-smelled）
feel-felt-felt
keep-kept-kept
sleep-slept-slept
sweep-swept-swept
leave-left-left
meet-met-met
burn-burnt-burnt（burn-burned-burned）
learn-learnt-learnt（learn-learned-learned）
mean-meant-meant
sell-sold-sold
telltold-told
hold-held-held
shine-shone-shone（shine-shined-shined）
win-won-won
get-got-got
stand-stood-stood
understand-understood-understood
dig-dug-dug
hang-hung-hung
have(has)-had-had
hear-heard-heard
make-made-made
pay-paid-paid
say-said-said
sit-sat-sat
find-found-found
4．原形、过去式和过去分词三者都不相同的不规则动词
be(am,is)-was-been
be(are)-were-been
do-did-done
go-went-gone
wear-wore-worn
lie-lay-lain（lie-lied-lied撒谎）
see-saw-seen
begin-began-begun
drink-drank-drunk
ring-rang-rung
sing-sang-sung
swim-swam-swum
drive-drove-driven
rise-rose-risen
ride-rode-ridden
write-wrote-written
blow-blew-blown
grow-grew-grown
know-knew-known
throw-threw-thrown
fly-flew-flown
draw-drew-drawn
show-showed-shown
break-broke-broken
speak-spoke-spoken
choose-chose-chosen
take-took-taken
mistake-mistook-mistaken
wake-woke-woken（wake-waked-waked）
eat-ate-eaten
fall-fell-fallen
give-gave-given
forget-forgot-forgotten

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