!新GRE作文Argument提纲详细整理word版.doc

1 （考古/论断/大并列小递进）Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad(3), and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat(1), but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river(5)—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game(4). It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea(2). ★★★★★33
1. The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through other means. (I.T) ★★★★
2. The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, or boats possessed by other culture. (I.T) ★★★★
3. In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P) ★★★
4. The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources also existed in Palean times. (C→P) ★★★
5. Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E) ★★★

2
3 227, 城市，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper.
"In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former glory(5), the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park(2). At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive(1). In a recent survey of downtown merchants(3), the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation(4,6)." ★★★
1. The author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the current situation of the plaza. (confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★
2. There may be some negative impacts of allowing skateboarders to use part of Monroe Park. (adv:disadv) ★★★
3. The survey was based only on data from downtown merchants, thus could not be representative of all citizens. (selective sample) ★★★★
4. The author unfairly assumes that banning skateboarding in Central Plaza would suffice to make the plaza an attractive place. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
5. The author fails to consider other possible means to regain the plaza’s prosperity. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
6. Skateboarding may actually be helpful for achieving the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. (adv:disadv) ★★★

4 （商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★
1. The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C) ★★★
2. The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( ex parte information) ★★
3. Last year’s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample) ★★★
4. The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms, such as serving area and location.(NCR) ★★★★
5. For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate the actual performance of agents in the two firms.(V.D) ★★
6. The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price of a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. (NCR) ★★★★
7. The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change through the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F) ★★★★★

5 （交通安全/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
"The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians(4), the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies(5) from 50 per day to 30 per day(6) during the summer season(7). By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents(1,4) that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau(3), when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals(2)." ★★★★
1. The author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted. (P→F) ★★★
2. The author fails to consider other possible explanations for the 50% decline in Torseau's moped accident rate last year. (NCR) ★★★★
3. Balmer Island and Torseau may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★
4. The author provides no evidence that the same restrictions that served to reduce the incidence of all "moped accidents" by 50% would also serve to reduce the incidence of accidents involving "mopeds and pedestrians" by 50%. (U.C) ★★★
5. We do not know what percentage of mopeds in Balmer Island is rented by the six companies. (V.D) ★★★
6. The author fails to provide accurate data about the current number of mopeds rented by the six companies per day. (I.I) ★★
7. The proposed regulation may not be necessary for the author’s purpose. (necessity of the solution) ★★★

6 45, （动物/推测/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters(1), the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)." ★★★★★
1. The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample) ★★★★
2. The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by the editorial. (C.S) ★★★★
3. Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR) ★★★★
4. The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deer may adapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR) ★★★★

7 44, （经营/决策/大并列小递进）The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books.
"Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). Monarch, which has been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the café would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★
1. The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A) ★★
2. We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of Regal Books after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I) ★★★★
3. No evidence could guarantee that opening a café at Monarch will attract substantially more customers.(I.E) ★★★
4. The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children’s book section and opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
5. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★

6. The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S) ★★★★
7. Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number of children may increase. (V.D) ★★★
8. Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensure that the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children’s book will also decline. (NCR) ★★★
(chong98) (chong99)
8 （学校建设/提议/并列）The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new dormitory(4). Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends(1), should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased(3) in recent years(2). Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham(5,6)." ★★★24,100,226
1. The dean assumes without justification that the trends of increasing enrollment will continue in the future. (C→F) ★★★
2. The dean unfairly assumes that the rent for off-campus apartment will continue to increase in the following years. (C→F) ★★★
3. We do not know if the average rent for off-campus apartment has increased to an extent that students cannot afford. (I.I/confusing comparison with variation) ★★★
4. The dean fails to illustrate that current dormitories in Buckingham could not meet students’ housing needs. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. A new dormitory would be neither sufficient nor necessary for attracting prospective students. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★
6. The dean’s assumption that more prospective students will enroll at Buckingham conflicts the dean’s purpose of solving the housing problem. (negative evidence) ★★★

9 (chong88) (chong90)
10 （人类学/论断、预言/——）The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago(5) Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia(2) show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents(1) than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid(3). Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.(4)" ★★★★
1. Talking more about their biological parents does not indicate that those children were reared by their parents. (U.C) ★★★★★
2. We do not know how many of the children interviewed by Dr. Karp were actually from island of Tertia. (I.I ) ★★★
3. The facts cited by Dr. Karp do not necessarily prove that the observation-centered method used by Dr. Field is invalid. (I.E) ★★★★
4. No evidence could guarantee that Dr. Karp’s team will establish a more accurate understanding of island cultures just because they are using the interview-centered method. (I.E) ★★★★★
5. There may have been dramatic changes in nurturing patterns of Teria children during the past 20 years. (P→F) ★★★

11
12（教育/提议/递进）The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.
"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors(1). Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)"
★★★211, 238
1. The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. (V.D) ★★
2. The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure—rather than some other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
3. The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. (NCR) ★★★★
4. The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega’s graduates to secure better jobs. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
6. The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
7. The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★

13（道路交通/提议/大并列小类比小递进）The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.
"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently(1) lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit(4) and the acci