雅思作文-犯罪题材-Crime.docx

9. 犯罪题材 Crime

引言
青少年犯罪话题
是否应限制媒体中的犯罪细节
持续犯罪的原因以及解决途径
犯罪后应该被关进监狱还是应该进行社区服务
延长刑期是不是减低犯罪的最有效方法
对待犯罪分子，提高教育和工作的培训是不是比将他们送进监狱的更好办法
出现反社会的原因及解决方法
女性选择步入职场，没时间照看家庭是导致青少年犯罪的原因之一么

犯罪话题真题再现
20080816 There are now detailed reports about crimes on TV and newspapers. Some people say that crime details should be restricted in the media. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
关键词解读：是否限制媒体上的犯罪细节
2009917 Some people think lawbreakers should be sent to prisons while others claim they should be made to work in communities. Discuss both and give your own opinion.
关键词解读：将犯罪分子关进监狱还是进行社区服务
20090613 Research suggests that the majority of criminals who were sent to prison would continue to commit crimes when set free. Why do you think this is the case? What can be done to solve this problem?
关键词解读：持续犯罪的原因
20100130 Today there is a great increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect to others. What are the causes of this? What measures can be taken to reduce this problem？
关键词解读：分析反社会行为的原因
20100805 In many parts of the world children and teenagers are committing more crimes. Why is this case happening? How should children or teenagers be punished?
关键词解读：青少年犯罪

链接机经关键词
◎ 青少年犯罪的原因 (the reasons for the growing number of juvenile delinquency)
青少年犯罪成上升趋势(the increasing number of young offenders/ teenage criminals)
青少年走上犯罪的道路(embark on the criminal road)的原因是多种多样的(manifold)
其一是：例如在单亲家庭(single parent family)，缺乏家庭的关爱及正确的引导(lack of connectedness and lack of parental care)，甚至是有些家庭存在着家庭暴力(domestic violence/ family violence)，不要给孩子贴上消极意义的标签(label)
其二是：社会的原因(be led astray in the complicated society)
其三是：科技的原因，互联网和手机为犯罪提供了新的渠道 (a new avenue for committing crimes)
其四是：学校的原因，学生承受的同伴带来的压力及学业压力、竞争压力(peer pressure and study pressure, the heated competition)
其五是：媒体上包括电视、电影、广告等上面的暴力和血腥的场面(the violent scenes on the media，pornographic or vulgar forms of media)。
其六是：青少年犯罪心理(psychology of juvenile delinquency)
◎ 怎样尽量避免青少年犯罪
为了降低犯罪(crack down youth crime)，在解决减少犯罪方面共同努力(join hands in minimizing the rate of crime)：
教育起着不和或缺的作用(Education has an indispensable role to play)，对于家庭教育(parenting role)，家长要教孩子(respect others，observe the rules and regulations of school)，给孩子树立正确的人生观和世界观(world outlook and a set of decent values)。
学校应该丰富学生们的生活(enrich students’ life)，开设各种各样的活动(various activities)，培养友谊(build up friendship)，树立自信(confidence)和对未来的憧憬(aspiration for the future)。
一个重要的原因可以被归结为新的科技媒介上的信息泛滥(one the of most contributing factors of youth crime could be attributed to the wide access to the technological products like mobile phones and bloody contents on TV), 因此政府部门应该加强对媒体的监管(the supervision of the media)，媒体上的犯罪细节应该加以控制，因为年轻人的世界观和价值观在形成的过程中，有时缺乏辨别是非的能力(distinguish between the right and wrong)；同时加强对网络游戏(computer games)和网吧(cyber café)的管理。

词汇部分

commit crimes 犯罪
【题干原句】Research suggests that the majority of criminals who were sent to prison would continue to commit crimes when set free.
研究表明关进监狱的大部分犯罪分子被释放后还会持续犯罪。
词汇拓展
commit a crime 犯罪
crime prevention 预防犯罪
petty crime 轻微犯罪
crack down crime 打击犯罪
blackmail 勒索
hijack 劫持
kidnap 绑架
plunder 抢劫
shoplift 入店行窃
smuggle 走私
gamble 赌博
pirate 盗版
criminal n. 罪犯 adj. 刑事的，犯罪的，罪恶的
【经典搭配】criminal minds 犯罪心理
criminal motivation 犯罪动机
criminal record [法] 犯罪记录
【题干原句】Habitual criminals threaten the public security to a large degree.
惯犯从很大程度上威胁着公共安全。
crime details 犯罪细节
【题干原句】There are now detailed reports about crimes on TV and newspapers. Some people say that crime details should be restricted in the media.
现在电视、报纸会有犯罪的详细报道。有些人认为媒体应该限制犯罪细节的报道。
思路拓展
限制媒体上的犯罪细节
① Would-be criminals learn how to commit crimes through the crime details reported on TV, and the rate of crime will be hovering at high level. （潜在犯罪分子会学习犯罪细节，犯罪率会继续上升）
② detailed reports of crimes may be the nightmares to the victims, especially of the graphic accounts of crimes. （对于受害者来说不公平，尤其是出现一些关于他们的画面）
juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪
【同义表达】youth crime 青少年犯罪
【经典搭配】prevention of juvenile delinquency 预防青少年违法犯罪
【题干原句】Many of the problems young people now experience, such as juvenile delinquency, arise from the fact that many married women now work and are not at home to care for their children.
现在年轻人面临的像青少年犯罪等问题，是源自于许多已婚女性走进职场，无法在家照看孩子。
词汇拓展
关于“青少年”的几种说法
adolescent
juvenile
teenager
underage
youngster
youth
crime rate 犯罪率
【题干原句】The best way to decrease the crime rate is to extend the period of sentence for criminals.
降低犯罪率最好的方法就是延长罪犯的刑期。
juvenile crime rate 青少年犯罪率
【同义表达】adolescent crime rate 青少年犯罪率
the rate of crime among youth 青少年犯罪率
the rate of youth crime 青少年犯罪率
【即学即用】Juvenile crime rate has aroused great concern in the society.
青少年违法犯罪率问题已经成为社会关注程度最高的问题之一。
思路拓展
Reasons for the rising rate of juvenile delinquency
1学校的压力 Failure in school:
The mounting pressure from school and society gives rise to the youth crime. For one thing, they are confronted with the exam-oriented education and suffer from the study pressure. Failure at school includes poor academic performance, poor attendance, or more likely, dropping out of school. This is an important factor for predicting future criminal behavior. Leaving school early reduces the chance that juveniles will develop their social skills that are gained in school, such as learning to meet deadlines, following instructions, and being able to deal constructively with their peers.
2. 社会影响 Social Factors
Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general. When they enter the society to seek a job, prejudice, misunderstanding and bias are the barriers and may create the alienation.
3. 家庭影响Lack of Parental Supervision
Families have also experienced changes with the last 25 years. More
families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home that was common in the traditional family structure. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
Families are important to consider when trying to explain juvenile delinquency. The family unit is crucial to a child’s development and healthy upbringing, in addition, much of what a child learns is through their family or guardians. A criminal parent can teach their child adverse lessons about life when their child views or witnesses their parents’ delinquent behavior.
Besides, the juvenile delinquency can be attributed to the rising divorce rate and family violence. Children’s psychology may be distorted and have some mental problem.
4. 其他因素Other Factors: drug, child abuse, crime details on media, peer pressure
Other identifiable causes of delinquent acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act
The crime details and violent pictures on the media are vital causes to be considered. Another factor to be considered is the peer pressure.
crime-ridden adj. 犯罪猖獗的，充满犯罪行为的
【同义表达】full of crimes充满犯罪行为的
【即学即用】It is unfriendly, crime-ridden and filled with alcoholics and people who dump trash everywhere.
这是个很不好的地方，犯罪现象频繁，很多人醉酒，垃圾随意丢弃。
would-be criminals 潜在犯罪分子
【同义表达】would-be law offenders 潜在犯罪分子； potential criminals潜在犯罪分子
【即学即用】An ordinance that excludes offenders or would-be criminals in a zone of a city could shift the problem elsewhere.
将犯罪分子或潜在罪犯逐出某一城区的法令，会给其他地区带来问题。
career criminal 职业罪犯
【即学即用】Once the juveniles reach maturation, their socially unacceptable behavior has grown into a life style and they develop into career criminals.
一旦青年人长大后，对社会叛逆的行为就变成了他们的生活方式，进而发展成为职业犯罪。
habitual criminal 【法律】惯犯，屡次犯罪被判刑者
【即学即用】Negative transformation leads to repeated crimes and eventually, the actor becomes a habitual criminal.
负面的转化引发重复犯罪，行为人最后转变成惯犯。
offender n. 罪犯，冒犯者，违法者
【同义表达】violator n. 违背者，违反者； law-breaker n. 违法者
【经典搭配】juvenile offender 青少年罪犯
【即学即用】The compassionate judge gave the young offender a light sentence.
慈悲的法官从轻判处了那个年轻罪犯。
violator n. 违背者，违反者，妨碍者
【同义表达】law-breaker n. 违法者；offender n. 罪犯，违法者
【经典搭配】violate the law 违反法律
【即学即用】If the violator causes any property losses or any other damages, the violator shall bear civil liabilities.
造成财产损失或者其他损害的，依法承担民事责任
law-breaker n. 违法者，犯法的人
【同源词汇】lawbreaking adj. 违反法律的 n. 违反法律
【同义表达】violator n. 违背者，违反者； offender n. 罪犯，违法者
【经典搭配】break the law 违反法律
【题干原句】Some people think lawbreakers should be sent to prisons while others claim they should be made to work in communities.
有些人认为违法者应该关进监狱，而另一些人认为他们应该进行社区服务。
infraction n. 破坏，违犯，违背
【同义表达】delinquency n. 行为不良，违法犯罪；offense n. 犯罪，过错
【经典搭配】infraction of law 违法
infraction of regulations 违反规则
【即学即用】Juveniles, like adults, can be charge with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction.
青少年和成年人一样，被指控为重罪、行为不端或违反。
moral panics 道德恐慌
【即学即用】The level and types of youth crime can be used by commentators as an indicator of the general state of morality and law and order in a country, and consequently youth crime can be the source of ‘moral panics’
评论家们把少年犯罪的层次和类型作为国家道德、法律和秩序的一项总体指标，因此青少年犯罪造成了道德恐慌。
truant n. 旷课者，懒惰的人 adj. 旷课的，偷懒的 vi. 逃学，偷懒
【经典搭配】play truant 逃学
【即学即用】Children who perform poorly at school are also more likely to truant, which is also linked to offending.
在学校成绩差的孩子们更加容易逃学，这也和犯罪有关联。
worthlessness n. 无价值
【同源词汇】worth adj. 值得……的；有……价值的； worthless adj. 无价值的； worthy adj. 值得的，有价值的
【即学即用】The inability to complete assignments and getting bad grades may create self-esteem problems, feelings of alienation or worthlessness.
完不成作业、学习成绩不好就会导致自尊心问题，感觉被疏远或是自己毫无价值。
conduct disorder 品行障碍，行为失常
【即学即用】The aggressive boys had been given a diagnosis of aggressive conduct disorder and had been in trouble for starting fights, using a weapon and stealing from their victims.
这些具有攻击性的男孩已经被诊断为攻击性行为障碍，并且开始制造打架、使用武器和盗窃等麻烦。
show disregard for 不尊重
【同义表达】show disrespect for 不尊重
【即学即用】Juvenile delinquents show a continuous disregard for their own and others’ safety and property.
少年犯对自己和别人的财产和安全都表示出不尊重。
anti-social personality【心理学】反社会人格
【即学即用】In all abnormal personalities, crimes caused by anti-social personality are the most.
在所有的不正常人格中，反社会人格引起的违法犯罪行为最多。
label as 将……称作，把……说成是
【经典搭配】be labeled as 将……称作
【即学即用】According to the labeling theory, once a person is labelled, he will become such a kind of person as the label describes.
标签理论认为，人一旦被贴上某种标签，就会成为标签所标定的那种人。
背景拓展
标签理论(labeling theory)认为，犯罪是社会互动的产物，而个人被有意义的他人——如教师，亲戚，警察等贴上标签，描述为偏差行为或犯罪者，他就逐渐自我修正，而成为偏差行为者或犯罪者。
root cause 根本原因
【同义表达】primary cause 主要原因
【经典搭配】touch the root cause 触及根本原因
potential causes and root cause 潜在原因和根本原因
【即学即用】The root causes of crime are many and diverse. Any hope of addressing those causes successfully requires multi-faceted strategies, which can be implemented by neighborhoods, communities and various levels of government.
犯罪的根本原因是多重的。成功解决问题的希望在于采取多种策略，需要社区、及各级政府的共同努力。
direct cause 直接原因
【考官例句】It is certainly true that the position of women in society has undergone a dramatic change in the past twenty years but I do not feel that this is a direct cause of the indisputable increase in juvenile-related problems during this period.
过去二十年间，女性的地位确实是发生了很大的变化，但是我不认为它是这期间导致与青少年相关问题的原因。
【句架提炼】It is certainly true that… 确实是……
be a direct cause of… ……的直接原因
be vulnerable to易受……的攻击，易受……的侵害
【即学即用】Most parents worry about that their children are vulnerable to the harmful impact in society.
家长最担心的就是孩子容易受到社会的不良影响。
词汇拓展
关于“容易”的几个说法
be liable to
be apt to
be prone to
be vulnerable to
be likely to
propensity n. 倾向，习性，癖好，偏爱
【经典搭配】propensity to consume 消费倾向
propensity to invest 投资倾向
have a propensity for sth. 有……的倾向
【即学即用】These juvenile offenders are in need of treatment because they have a negative disposition and high propensity to continue committing crime.
少年犯需要救治，因为他们性情消极，有极大可能继续犯罪。
deviant adj. 不正常的，离经叛道的 n. 不正常者，偏常者
【同义表达】divergent adj. 相异的，分歧的； aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的
【经典搭配】deviant behavior 异常行为，越轨行为
【即学即用】Once labelled as deviant, a young person may accept that role, and be more likely to associate with others who have been similarly labelled.
一旦年轻人被贴上行为异常的标签，他就会接受这个定位，也就更容易和那些相似的人混在一起。
problematic adj.成问题的，有疑问的
【经典搭配】problematic behavior 有问题的行为
problematic issues 棘手问题
【即学即用】Failure to develop communication skills may lead to more problematic behavior, such as truancy, running away from home, or more serious acts, such as vandalism, petty theft or violence.
没能养成良好的沟通技巧会导致很多的有问题的行为，如逃学、离家出走，或是更严重的行为如故意破坏他人财产、偷窃或是暴力行为。
思路拓展
Teens in trouble （青少年成长过程中遇到的问题）
① Low self-esteem 自尊心
② Sexual problems in youths 两性问题
③ Behavioral issues of teen 怪异行为
④ Drugs and alcohol abuse 毒品与酒精
⑤ Runaways problem of Kids 离家出走
⑥ Play truant 逃学
resist the temptation 抵制诱惑，抵挡住诱惑
【经典搭配】resist the temptation of 抵住……的诱惑
【即学即用】Few people can resist the temptation of drugs.

很少人能抵挡住毒品的诱惑。
distinguish between (among) 区别，分辨
【同义表达】distinguish right from wrong 辨别是非
【经典搭配】distinguish between right and wrong 辨别是非
distinguish between fantasy and reality 明辨虚幻与现实
【即学即用】For young people who are addicted to the computer games, it is rather difficult to distinguish between fantasy and reality.
对于沉迷于网络游戏的年轻人来说，很难明辨虚幻与现实。
breeding ground （某种活动、思想等产生的）温床，发源地
【即学即用】The district was a breeding ground for vice.
那地区是罪恶的滋生地。
community service 社区服务
【经典搭配】community nursing service 社区护理服务
【即学即用】Prisoners can be put to work in community service projects, which can provide the prisoners with valuable training, develop the sense of social responsibility.
可以让囚犯进行社区服务，这样可以对他们进行有意义的培训，培养他们的社会责任感。
penalty n. 罚款，处罚
【同义表达】punishment n. 惩罚； retribution n. 报应，惩罚
【经典搭配】impose heavy penalty on 严惩
pay the penalty 遭受惩罚
the extreme penalty 死刑，极刑
under(或 on)penalty of 受……的处罚
【即学即用】He will receive the penalty for own behavior.
他将为自己的所做所为受到惩罚。
punitive adj. 处罚的，惩罚的
【经典搭配】punitive measure 惩罚措施
punitive sanction 惩罚性制裁
【即学即用】Precise det