八下四单元词汇语法笔记.doc

Unit Four He said I was hard-working
Grammar
直接引语和间接引语
1.陈述句. 用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”
He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday. (不可说told that)
2.疑问句. 疑问句语序改为陈述句语序, 句末用句号, 主语的人称,时态和状语也要作相应的变化.
(1)一般疑问句: 用连词whether或if 引导.主句中的谓语动词是said 时,要改为asked.没有间接宾语的,可以加一个间接宾语 (me,him或us等).
He said, “Are you interested in English?”
He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.
He said, “Did you see him last nigh?”
He asked (me) if/whether I had seen him the night before.
(2)特殊疑问句: 仍用原来的疑问句引导.
“What can I do for you?” he asked me.
He asked (me) what he could do for me.
(3)选择疑问句:直接引语如果是选择疑问句, 用whether引导.
She asked, “Are you going there or not?”
She asked me whether I was going there or not.
3. 祈使句: 改为tell,ask,order sb (not) to do sth 句型，表示命令。
如："Don't make any noise," the teacher said to the students.
------The teacher told the students not to make any noise.
"Open the door,please," she said .----She asked him to open the door.
4. Let's开头的祈使句，变为用“suggest +doing或+从句。如：
He said:"Let's go to the movies."-----He suggested going to the movies.
He suggested that they should go to see the movies.
5. 感叹句, 用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”
She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.
三. 间接引语中的呼应.
时态变化
例 句
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时→
一般过去时
He said, “I’m afraid I can’t
finish the work.
He said that he was afraid
he couldn’t finish the work.
现在进行时→
过去进行时
He said, “I’m using the knife.”

He said that he was using the knife.
现在完成时→
过去完成时
She said, “I’ve not heard
from him since May.”
She said that she had not
heard from him since May.

一般过去时→
过去完成时
He said, “I came to help you.”
He said that he had
come to help me.
过去完成时→
过去完成时
He said, “I had finished
my homework before supper.”
He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
一般将来时→
过去将来时
She said, “I’ll do it after class.”
She said that she would
do it after class.

1.人称的呼应
He said, “I like it very much.”
He said that he liked it very much.
He said to me, “I broke your CD player.”
He told me that he had broken my CD player.
2.时态的一致.
3.指示代词, 时间状语, 地点状语及动词的一致.
变化
例 句
直接引语
间接引语
this→that
She said, “I’ll finish
the work this morning.”
She said that she would
finish the work that morning.
these→those
He said, These books
are mine.”
He said that those books
were his.
now→then
He said, “It’s nine
o’clock now.”
He said that it was
nine o’clock then.
today→
that day
He said, “I haven’t
seen her today.”
He said that he hadn’t seen
her that day.
yesterday→
the day before
She said, “I went
there yesterday.”
She said that she
had gone there the day before.
Tomorrow
the next/day
She said, “I’ll go
there tomorrow.”
She said that she would go
there the next day.

ago→before
She said, “He
left 30minutes ago.”
She told me that he had
left 30minutes before.
here→there

He said, “My sister
was here one week ago.”
He said that his sister had
been there one week before.
come→go
She said, “I’ll come
here this evening.”
She said that she would go
there that evening.

注意以下几种情况：时态不变
1.直接引语是客观真理。
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun."
------ The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
2. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。
Jack said:"I was doing chores when Tom came in."
----Jack said he was doing chores when Tom came in.
3. 直接引语中有具体的过去的某年某月某日，变间接引语时，时态不变。
Jack said:"I was born on April 21,1980"-------- Jack said he was born on April 21,1980.
4. 直接引语是一般现在时，表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作时，变间接引语，时态不变。
He said:"I get up at six every morning."
----- He said he gets up at six every morning.
5.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式或已经是过去时的形式，不用变。
The doctor said ,"You should stay in bed for 2 days."
----- The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.
3. 如何变状语。
时间状语由现在”变为“原来”
直  接  引  语
间  接  引  语
now             
then             
today            
that day         
this evening       
that evening     
yesterday         
the day before    
yesterday morning      
the morning before       
last night             
the night before           
two days ago          
two days before              
next week            
the next week/the following week
tomorrow            
the next day/the following day   
the day before yesterday
two days before               
the day after tomorrow 
in two days` time/two days after  

Words and expressions :
Section A
1. anymore adv.
My father doesn’t live here anymore. （该词可拆开为any more,意思相同！！！）
辨析 not …any more与not…any longer
not…any longer/no longer 一般强调时间和动作不再延续,常与状态动词和连续动词连用,
如wait, stay, be等.例如:I am no longer living in this city.
not…any more/no more则强调数量,次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,常与名词、瞬
间性动词连用,如:hear, see, leave等.例如:There is no more water no the floor.
2. mad adj.
be mad at = be angry with.
例如：My teacher is often mad at me, because I don’t work hard.
My mother is mad at me for watching TV too much.
You must be mad to say so.
常见的搭配有：get mad疯狂，变得恼怒
　　　　　　　be mad about…对．．．．．．着迷
be crazy about ---- 更贴近一种主观爱好。
3. message
message是可数名词，意为＂消息，信息，口信＂．
(1) take a message for sb. 帮。。。给。。。捎一个口信
e.g. Do you need me to take a message for you?
(2) give sb. a message 为某人捎个口信
(3) leave a message to/for sb. 给某人留个口信
e.g. He left a message for us saying that he would come late.
4. suppose
(1)suppose+that从句
e.g. We suppose that the situation will improve.
特别提醒suppose后面接宾语从句时，如果从句是表示否定意义的句子，要否定主句．（ think, believe, suppose, expect 是I/We 为主语的否定前置。）
e.g. I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again.
(2)suppose+宾语＋宾补（不定式，形容词或介词短语）
e.g. I suppose him in the office.
(3)be (not) supposed to 意为＂应当．．．．．．＂ ---- should(n’t) do…
e.g. You’re not supposed to play football in the classroom.
Everyone is supposed to obey the traffic rules and there will be fewer accidents.
(4) I suppose so/ not.
(5) (用于祈使语气)让...[+(that)]
Suppose we set out at six.
我们六点动身吧。
(6) 假定[+(that)][O2]
Suppose the car should break down
5. First of all, Marin told Ben she was having a surprise party for Lana.
强调重要性，用于说明事物排列顺序时的＂首先，第一＂，近义的短语还有to begin with

辨析：at first与first
At first也为＂首先＂，但更强调＂起初＂，一般暗示在事情发生后会渐有变化．例如：
e.g. At first, they didn’t believe us.
First 为＂首先＂，常用于列举做事的顺序＂第一＂，有时可与first of all 替换，例如：
First, cut up three apples.
6.You want B to pass this message to C.
(1)pass sb.sth. = pass sth. to sb.
He passed a book to me.=He passed me a book.
(2)pass along/by/through
A bus passed by just a moment ago.
They passed through the village yesterday.
(3)pass
How shall we pass the summer holiday? = spend
A week passed quickly.
One and half a year has passed since we went to middle school.
7.You are at B’s house working on a homework project.
work on 有两种含义，一是＂继续工作＂，此时on是副词，二是＂从事于．．．．．．＂，此时on是介词．
例如：He is working on a computer.他正在操作一台电脑．
They worked on till sunset.他们一直工作到日落．
拓展：work at意为＂从事于，致力于＂，可以分开使用．例如：He’s working at a new invention.他正致力于一项新发明．

Section B
1.nervous ---- more nervous, most nervous.
---- nerve n. 神经 ---- nervousness n. 神经紧张，不安

be nervous of/about 意为＂对．．．．．．感到紧张＂
get nervous 变得紧张，焦虑
例如：a nervous woman 一个神经质的女人
　　 Bob was nervous when he stood in the front of the classroom.
2.true (adj.) ---- truth n. ---- truly adv.
a true story　
e.g. It is true that he went to Brazil．
(1) come true
e.g. One day my dream will come true.
(2)truly (adv.)
e.g. Please speak truly.
That’s a truly wonderful plan.
(3)truth (n.) 真实;真理;
e.g. My father says that the truth will come out in the end.
Have you done it? Tell me the truth.
3. I always get nervous when I see the envelope from school in the mail,…
作连系动词,意为 “变成,变得”,其后接形容词.get nervous意为 “变得紧张”. 例如:
It’s getting darker and darker outside. 外面变得越来越暗.
I’m getting ready.我准备得差不多了.
You’d better take an umbrella with you if you don’t want to get wet.
4. have a hard time 为固定短语,意为 “费事,费劲”,
have a +adj. + time with sth.
have a adj. + time doing sth.
I had a hard time passing the English test.
He had a hard time with the noisy children.
5. It’s just that I find science really difficult.
It’s just that…意为 “这只是(因为)……”,其中that引出一种原因,有时还可以直接以just that引起一个独立的句子.例如:
e.g. Nothing important. It’s just that he’s a bit upset about losing the game.
It’s nothing, really. Just that she didn’t do well in the match as she had expected.
6. disappoint v. 。。。使。。。失望 ---- disappointed adj.
---- disappointing adj.
人+ be disappointed at sb/sth.
It’s disappointing that + 从句。。。

What disappointing exam results!
e.g. Your homework disappointed me.
Mike is quite disappointed at his disappointing achievements in final exams.
It’s disappointing that Liu Xiang quit his match in the 2008 Olympic Games.
7. luck n. --- lucky adj. ---luckier/ luckiest --- luckily adv.
Good luck!/ Bad luck!
Good luck to sb. with sth.
be lucky to do…
Luckily/ Unluckily , ….(做状语修饰整个句子)
--- 近义词 Fortunately ,/ Unfortunately,
8. own ---- owner n. 拥有者
(1) adj. 与物主代词连用 my/his/our own…
my own book = the book of my own
(2) v. --- have e.g. He owns a big house with a lovely rose garden.
(3) n. do sth. on one’s own = do sth. by oneself
9. copy v. & n.
e.g. You are not supposed to copy anyone else’s homework.
She copies everything I do.
The painting is only a copy =( a fake one ) ,not the original one.
10 get over the difficulties 克服困难 ( 动词+介词 的结构)
e.g. Although the job is hard, I believe I can get over it.
其它的动词+介词结构： get on it / work on it

Self Check
1.if 与whether
(1)if 与whether都有＂是否＂之意．在一些情况下可以互换．例如：
I don’t know if /whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否会来．
 (2)在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if:
①在带to的不定式前．例如：
I haven’t decided whether to walk there or not.
②在介词后面．例如：
We are thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
③直接与or not 连用时．例如：
I’m not sure whether or not he will come.
④在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中．例如：
We discussed whether we had a meeting next week.
⑤宾语从句提前时只能用whether.　例如：
Whether the news is true or not, I don’t know.
⑥引导主语从句或表语从句时.例如:
Whether it is right or not is not important.
The problem is whether she can finish the task on time.
(3)在下面三种情况下用if不用whether:
①引导条件状语从句, “如果”时.例如:
The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.
②引导宾语从句,表示 “是否” 时,一般用if.例如:
She asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
③引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好像)中的if,不能用whether来替代.例如:
We’ll send for you even if you don’t come.
The young man talks as if he has known all about it.
2.I said that was OK and that I was sure she would get over it.
be sure确信;一定.常见的结构有:
be sure of…对……有把握 例如: I am sure of the exam.
be sure to do sth. 有把握去做某事. 例如: I am sure to pass the exam.
be sure that 确信…….例如: I am sure that I can pass the exam.
Reading
1.However, it changed the life of Yang Lei from Beijing.
change
(1)改变;变更;变换.例如:
e.g. She has changed her mind.
Change water into ice.
(2)兑换(钱);换零钱.例如:
e.g. Can I change pounds into dollars here?
I’d like to change a ten-dollar bill.
(3)改变;变化(名词).复数为changes 例如:
e.g. Did you notice the change of his expression?
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.
(4)零钱；找头。例如：
e.g. I have no change with about me.
Here is your change.
2.The Peking University graduate first went there as a volunteer on a one-year program.
as 的用法
(!)作为。 He works in the restaurant as a waiter.
(2)像……一样 The work is not so easy as you imagine.
(3)(表示方式)按照;如同. Please throw the ball as I do
(4)(表示时间)当……时. As a young man, he joined the Army. 他年轻时就参军了.
(5)(表示原因)因为;由于.
As he wasn’t well, I decided to go without him. 由于他身体不好, 我决定独自去了.
(6)用在such as , the same as 等结构中.
I study many subjects such as Chinese, English, Physics and so on.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was. 我的家乡和过去不一样了.
3.Her village was 2.000 meters above sea level, and at first the thin air made her feel sick.
make sb. do sth. make a promise 许诺
make a decision 决定 make friends with… 与……交朋友
make up one’s mind 下决心;拿定主意 make progress 进步
make a mistake犯错误 make money 赚钱
make up 编造;配制;组成;弥补 make sure确信;弄清
4. influence v. & n. ---- 名词的近义词 effect ---- 动词的近义词 affect
have an influence on sb./ sth.
e.g. The principle’s words had a great influence on the students’ thoughts and growth.
He used his influence to get a job for his son.
under the influence of…
e.g. Under the influence of the headteacher, all the kids became active in class.
influence sb. to do…
e.g. The bad weather influences the crops.(庄稼)
Don't let me influence your decision.
5. open up: 打开 open up one’s eyes to the outside world / mind
6. graduate n. 毕业生 & v. --- graduation n. 毕业
a Pecking University graduate
a graduate in + 专业/系 a graduate in law from Yale
graduate from + 学校
e.g. She has been a volunteer teacher since she graduated from university.
She has no working experience before graduation.
6. volunteer n. & v. ---- adj. voluntary
e.g. She volunteers her free time to work in Old People’s Home as a volunteer nurse.
He volunteers to be a teacher in a poor mountain village.
7. fortune n. --- fortunate adj. --- fortunately adv.
--- unfortunate --- unfortunately
8. decide v. --- decision n.
decide to do… = make up one’s mind to do… = determine to do...
make a decision to do…/ on sth.
9. start v. & n. = beginning
at the start / beginning of…
at the end of…
start a car / the computer 启动。。。（begin没有这个用法）
10. poor
E.g. That country is poor in natural resources.
He's still in poor health after his illness.
How's your poor father?
10.rural adj.
in the rural areas
11.care for 照顾；照料；喜欢
care about 在乎；关心
take care of 照顾；照看
e.g. He's old enough to take care of himself.
He doesn't care for fish.
I don't care about the price, so long as the car is in good condition.
Would you care for a drink?

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