我国学者对哥伦布的评价大致上有四种意思.docx

我国学者对哥伦布的评价大致上有四种意思：1．哥伦布是历史时代的产物，“应当从历史的角度出发充分肯定其对人类社会发展所做出的贡献；2．哥伦布对印第安人实行种族灭绝，应该全盘否定；3．哥伦布一生有功有过，但功大于过；4．哥伦布功过相当，可以说是功魁祸首。

持第一种观点的人认为，哥伦布对人类社会的贡献是巨大的。首先，他是个伟大的航海家，哥伦布在实施人类历史上第一次主动横渡大西洋时，手中甚至还没有一份如同今天任何一位远洋船长都拥有的关于大西洋航行所必需的、正确详尽的航海资料。他所赖以西航的只是一只托勒密式地球仪，一幅粗略乃至错误的世界地图，以及一张至今尚有争议的据说是托斯卡内里提供的大西洋海图的复制品。实际上，哥伦布是仅凭自己的航海经验和宏观上对地圆学说的信念驶向辽阔的未知水域的，它充分表现了哥伦布的自信与胆识。通过对哥伦布美洲航海技艺的考察，学者们认为：“其计划之严谨，考虑之周密，经验之丰富，即使在今天看来，也不能不令他的同行们拍案叫绝。”西航中，哥伦布对地磁偏差的发现及对这一发现的成功利用，在利用天文定位确定海上经度的尝试，以及他那出类拔萃的帆船操纵技术是他对人类航海业的伟大贡献，充分展示了他作为一名优秀的帆船航海家所应有的大胆而审慎的风格及高超而娴熟的技艺。这一技艺所达到的水准，无论在昨天、今天还是明天，都具有永不褪色的魅力。

学者们认为，在人类航海史上，哥伦布之前，无论是规模庞大的郑和下西洋，还是迪亚士向南航行绕过好望角，人类始终都是沿着近海航行，只有哥伦布才是第一位横跨大西洋的远洋航海家。他是第一个对大西洋作了考察记录的人。他对马藻海、东北信风和海流的认真观测和记录，留下了许多有关大西洋和美洲航海知识的资料，对地理学、海洋学、历史学均有重大影响，他是那些“曾经站在航海历史的门槛上，向前迈进了决定性一步的历史人物之一”，其西航成功的伟大意义 “决不亚于当代人类的登月计划和行动”。

除了从航海的角度肯定哥伦布的功绩外，学者们认为，在哥伦布之前，虽然早已有人到过美洲，但是，“只有哥伦布的航行及其‘发现’才真正打破了美洲大陆的孤立状况，起到了改变世界历史和人类命运的作用”。历史唯物主义认为，决定历史的不是人们的愿望或才能，而是至高无上的经济力量，“哥伦布的功绩恰恰在于他打开了世界市场，而世界市场的建立则大大推进了世界历史发展的进程”。因此，“可以说，哥伦布是第一个走向世界的人”，“将世界联成一个有机的整体是哥伦布的一大功绩，也是对他评价的出发点”。学者们并不否认新大陆的“发现”有着许多消极的动机，其结果给美洲人民带来了种种灾害，但是，“这是地球上的一次伟大革命，也是人类历史上的一次创举”。哥伦布发现新大陆的功绩将永载史册。

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Chinese scholars on the Kolumb evaluation generally have four meanings: 1 Kolumb is a historical product of the times," it should be from a historical perspective on the development of human society fully affirmed its contribution to Indian genocide Kolumb; 2, should be denied; 3 Kolumb life active had, but more than a reactive; 4 Kolumb desert quite, can be said to be the chief culprit.
Those who hold the first opinion thinks, Kolumb to human society's contribution is enormous. First of all, he is a great navigator, Kolumb in the implementation of human history the first active across the Atlantic, hands is not even a like today every shipmaster has about the Atlantic navigation required, accurate and detailed navigation data. He is Ptolemy West is a globe, a rough and even wrong world map, as well as a still controversial is said to be a lining offers the Atlantic chart replica. In fact, Kolumb is only by their own experience of sailing and macroscopically to circle beliefs to the vast unknown waters, which fully demonstrated the confidence and courage kolumb. Based on the investigation of Kolumb American nautical skill, scholars think:" the plan of rigorous, careful consideration, the wealth of experience, even in today's view, is not to be overwhelmed with admiration for his colleagues." In the west, Kolumb on geomagnetic biases were found and the discovery successfully exploited, in the use of astronomical positioning determining longitude attempt at sea, and he that rise above the common herd sailing manipulation technique is his great contribution to human seafaring, show him as an excellent sailing navigator should be bold and cautious style and superb and skilled craftsmanship. This technique achieves the standard, whether yesterday, today or tomorrow, has never faded charm.
Scholars believe that, in the human history of navigation, Kolumb before, whether the large size of the Zheng He West, or DIAS to southern line bypassing Cape of Good Hope, human is always along the offshore navigation, only Kolumb is the first across the Atlantic ocean navigator. He was the first of the Atlantic were investigated the record. He told Ma Zaohai, the northeast trade winds and currents of the careful observation and recording, left a lot about the Atlantic and the American nautical knowledge information on geography, oceanography, history, had a great impact, he is one of those" once stood in the maritime history of the threshold, the decisive step forward historical figures", the successful voyages to the west the great significance of" no less than the contemporary human moon landing plan and action".
Apart from the angle of navigation affirmation Kolumb merit, scholars have argued, in Kolumb before, although already have been to America, but," only Kolumb navigation and its ' discovery ' really broke the American continent in isolation, to change the course of world history and the fate of human action". Historical materialism thinks, determine history not people desire or ability, but the supreme economic power," Kolumb merit is precisely that he opened the world market, and the establishment of the world market has greatly promoted the development of world history course". Therefore," can say, Kolumb is the first to the people in the world"," bring the world together into an organic whole is Kolumb a merit, he is also the starting point for the evaluation". Scholars do not deny the new continent" found" has a lot of negative motivation, its results to the American people to bring all kinds of disaster, however," it is on earth a great revolution, but also a pioneering work in human history". The discovery of the new continent Kolumb merit will go down in history.
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