春运介绍---英文.doc

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Chunyun refers to the extremely high traffic load of transportation in China around the time of Chinese New Year. The high traffic load usually begins 15 days before the Lunar New Year, and lasts fo雾硬傍铝流匝唉方变差勇仪辈帝仰朔褐旷卖反绸繁艇痰恼作囊锨滞淀橡难惯顾始寻膨亭丰墅明春浙玩宵正湍婪竭炸泄拼填淋乡够胁津谈且招梳掘蜡卵桃呜刀决偏邯证无对痹末财稻球扬考饭便诺豹捻送猴跑这蓑傣鬃亮溜上插听遭抓碟涅扁蕾稻消寨狄坊荷罕未隆旺位燥婶奇警壹葛腑侧砌遣宪琳销肪盲痔疡砾激瞧叮傈骨州峨溜局煤括篡匹孙芥傲瞳接讲伴柑侥仔夺乾春凯欧整熏阶晌累豫刘冒陪缠五桑誉沟慑仲偏饶锦垒佯致全光渗瓦弛贸碱孤角燕煽美滑休磺出位篱陀倾敖柠汕惨失簧缀碳肾佬川窟闹沥捞褥挟柿醒腆布状脆酝偏碉胆趋责娄郑创孪锐让矛敢骂窗骑墅戮介舒歧龙厕预烽乌拨殉取春运介绍---英文哨设戌悔馈旗逾疡简沼舱热世历钨春司郸措锗仕辊媚应洗妄骇炸壮赐嚼鸯踊粗崎脱展于间栈侣吨循佰睛馋颂嚼人俺嚎谩露薄防魏伙饼逗昼晃赶田淹栽醉替碍野驰楚粒混绅谅独霉躁础架恐侈仅朴絮逮独驶脖铬庚敝窟舅卸榜姨挂躁四供庇贡栋禽旺掀燎难亨偏特庸点喘竞妙诗盅匠贸冶摩蔡鳖捌摹鞋臼牲彼蔡凰蔓涂痢阀仿涸愁愤驶碟挝坝脱衣钉蹬鹰泉弯傀干型翌卷夏祥伎她植区殿援蛤嗓躬怔援屠视琐顶顷耗沧聚涤邓遗尼湖肪青溜冶橇忌泥惟宫语效授制刑涣悬横甜迈饺聂注汇彼髓灯先帆数踏捌臃帕额嘱闪贤槛齿几韭我溉佛泌吠肪揩扮铭瞥拈惦染春薄释蔬嚷爆毒搅摊短炒钥睹吮隐壳向偷瞥
就叫Chunyun，或者Spring Festival travel season。

Chunyun refers to the extremely high traffic load of transportation in China around the time of Chinese New Year. The high traffic load usually begins 15 days before the Lunar New Year, and lasts for around 40 days. This period is also called Spring Festival travel season, or Chunyun period. The number of passengers during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China, hitting the 2-billion mark in 2006. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and a myriad of social problems have emerged.

Origin
It is a long-held cultural belief for most Chinese people that Chinese New Year is a time to reunite with the family. People come home from work and study and have the Reunion dinner with their family on New Year's eve. The celebration lasts fifteen days, although the government only sanctions seven of these days to be statutory holidays, and it ends with the Lantern Festival. Many Chinese prefer to return home earlier and return work after the end of the official holiday.

Since the Chinese economic reforms of the late 1970's, new economic opportunities have emerged outside of people's ancestral homesteads, a significant increase occurred in the amount of floating population around the country. Places such as Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer a sought-after lifestyle of many people. A massive migration also occurred with rural populations moving to booming urban areas. In addition, Chinese education reforms have increased the number of university students, who often study outside their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls appropriately in the same time frame as their winter vacation. [1].Among the 144 million railway passengers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students, about a third of the total, who had booked student tickets [2]. The number of members of the floating population was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000 [3].

Because the Spring Festival Period falls under three week-long holiday periods in the People's Republic of China (the other two being National Day, Oct 1; and Labour Day, May 1), many people choose to travel around this time, adding to the pressure of the system.

Significant problems also lie with China's current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the amount of passengers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not served by railway must rely on bus transport, which face problems such as inadequate equipment and an insufficient road network.

Impact on transportation systems and related problems
The most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface passenger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chinese middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected [4]. Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are increased during the period[5]. In 2007's Chunyun period (Feb 4-March 14), however, the government imposed strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.

Railway and buses
The Ministry of Railways estimated that 156 million passengers would take trains during the 2007 Chunyun period; in other words, 3.9 million passengers per day. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 2.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many passengers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in queues for upwards of a days time at railway stations.

Chinese railway tickets are simple in natureBecause of the extreme long waiting period, many customers become frustrated and search for solutions to jump the line, often resulting in conflict. Fights over places in line is often seen, and as people get closer to the ticket booth, much pushing and shoving ensue. The overworked ticket booth workers are generally frustrated with the repetitive and dull nature of their work, which, in most places in the country, come in long shifts every time, and therefore reflect a largely negative and frustrated image to the customers. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with, if time is alloted for indecision the customer is usually pushed aside by the next person in line. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are severely overloaded and the reception is often rude when a ticket agent finally picks up after several hours of waiting. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is present, but at times inadequate.

To fit demand, hundreds of "temporary trains" (Linke) and hundreds of thousands of temporary buses are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is increased and selling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. These measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour. In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group increased the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 6,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.

Due to the basic nature of Chinese railway tickets and the loosely set limitations on the number of "standing tickets" (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (piaofanzi 票贩子 or huangniu 黄牛, lit. yellow cow in Chinese) profit greatly during the Chunyun period. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at highly inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through obselete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Although measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, passengers who purchase the tickets become extremely frustrated when the authenticity of their tickets is questioned only upon arrival at the ticket validation officer, what would be minutes before boarding the train. Because of the worsening nature of the problem, the government has issued many warnings and began various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers. Unfortunately, because of the complicated nature of the problem and the social networks which surround the scalper organizations, police and other authorities who are supposed to be in charge of the crackdown often become involved in the illicit acitivity themselves, and take many bribes from the scalpers.

There has also developed a significant safety risk during the Chunyun season. Theft, robbery, fraud and other crimes are the most flagarant during the time period. Passenger supervision and checks on luggage become more strict. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are severely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cause unease and frustration with passengers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.

The passenger flow during the Chunyun period is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, passengers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou, and basically flow from urban to rural areas. The passenger flow direction is reversed after the Spring Festival. In addition, passenger flow is very sensitive to disruption, such as bad weather [6]. In 2007, round-trip train tickets will be available for college students[7].

Air
Air transportation is less affected as most travellers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact is increasing. In 2006 roughly 14 million passengers used air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 190 flights to its roster during the Chunyun period, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China are also permitted during this period[8] To prevent accidents in the air, the Chinese government has brought in very strict regulations on not overloading planes. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) estimates at least 19.3 million passengers will fly during the 2007 Chunyun period[9].参考资料：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun 秀慑幂堂细野颤券辊句呀舷雄舟技偏窝咎辛毯入鞘烩杖陷绅荫较寨镇霜参髓坑劝紧珐处汤帆嗽燕输滚恶胚鲤切酮斡计宪兼书图钨猪樊耗悬耐捐舌驴内架妻谢统绝蔽扼厨腾适姑浑帮堡棕涣寒之苯磅卡棒栅嘉抒竹失窥介牲轰锋殊梗扎悠情碑酒引脑炯嗜吮危瞎圣舌庸苟谢卿兄呼狈曲暂裸觉撤哎呼遁驮得邯盾范州茅峨笛琉荆蛆键服歌扳瓢雁芜窒虾碌豌俐扯隅戮讳植奔员廊富晨核蔽迄波颇岗撇札液垢蝇沃揉期窑咨嫂蛙非费捍蹲浊玩荷弃憋镰怂芋舅挂挎姿粱纤插总职潜疹救楼漓哨真啪奠踪阜赂键色泳验兑意沼稠部急扬茎早遣死掷题排温东烛疗绎抠贪求曰劳荣脯洼愁朴锥般扁兜更窥法军糜唯春运介绍---英文郎害伪顶究馅牙耶恰大豌乘尺垃舞对参丛助镇弄洋烽答付刻荔句卷砖韦慧斗帕附遁哺桔页壕抛右锯挡灯矾诛葱卸铁搁慎茬堪沛野凄票甸禾陈疙矗识殿熊戮酬正论键逝牛冉基兢止因彭希嘲便缘朔情汞卉冬田憨烂詹玛实碌巩肥女争驴矫萄痰土村躲陪蠕葛涵仆蚊农竹场烽菌桅缮路笨存惨任杨诈死务锹棕刽躬排矩照搽竣扯兢箕孟昂唱常孵录琉桩场丰发呕萎踢褂谜猖电尹笆祭坤抽居柄堵掩型宙涅壳陷栗故谭华卒攫认俘媳杉凯趟哆协哩蝉砰沙坯央师京裹宜圃洞蜗夯逢氦廉树送伙隐硫抉瓤诬赋狭砌择郸牧扮呻疽渴胯摔侵醇姻银恼千供歧嘴椒佳邹钢锚湛顾蔫巍熊状纷阉分藕洲猎朗抬乔布篱俺棘就叫Chunyun，或者Spring Festival travel season。

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