英语语法----句子成分和基本句型.doc

英语语法----句子成分和基本句型
什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？ ！
I am a teacher.
Are you a student?
How beautiful the girl is !
句子包括哪些成分？
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
１．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．
The girl is pretty.
Reading is useful.
To see is to believe.
They are good friends.
2．谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
3．表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
Seeing is believing.
4．宾语：宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is good guy.
5．宾语补足语：在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．
If you let me go, I’ll make you king
Leave the door open.
We found John out when we arrived.
Make yourself at home.
I saw him enter the hall.
The boss keeps them working all day.
I heard my name called.
6. 状语：状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．
He did it carefully.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.
He is writing with a pen.
7．定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．
The black bike is mine. What’s your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do.
It is a swimming pool.
有那几种常见的句型结构？
种类
类型
主语S
谓语动词
v
表语/宾语
p
宾语
0
宾补oc
第1种
S+V
We
work.

第２种
Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０
He
plays
the violin.

第３种
Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐ
We
are
students.

第４种
S+v+IO+DO
she
gave
me
a pen.

第５种
S+V+O+OC
He
made
me

laugh
基本句型 一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
4. Who │cares? 管它呢？
5. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
6. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。
如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. So they had to travel by air or boat.
3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.
4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.
5. He came back when we were eating.
6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.
基本句型 二：Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │felt │well. 他感觉神清气爽。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。

系动词的分类：
常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 　　
第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be, look, feel, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 　　
You’ll be all right soon. 　　 You don’t look very well. 　　
I feel rather cold. He seems to be ill. 　　
It appears that he is unhappy. 　　 The roses smell sweet. 　　
The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds!
The day turned out (to be) a fine one.
第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become, get, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等。
He became a world-famous scientist. 　　 It is getting warmer and warmer. 　　
It grew dark. 　　 The food has turned bad.
Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. 　 Mary’s face went red. 　　
His dream has come true. 　 The boy’s blood ran cold.
第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep, remain, continue, stay等。 　　
Keep quiet, children! 　The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved.
系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。
The news was surprising.（分词）　　 His job is teaching English.（动名词）　　
The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式） 　　 I must be off now.（副词） 　　
The bridge is under construction.（介词短语） That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组） 　
This is why he was late.（从句）
所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。 　　
Our future will be beautiful. 　　
She looks unhappy today. 　　 　
Do you feel cold? 　　
You seem/appear ill. 　　
The food tastes delicious.　　
The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. 　　 　　
He often went hungry.
能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear, seem, prove, remain, turn out等。　　
She appears/ seems to be very young. 　　
He appears/ seems to have caught cold. 　　
The meeting turned out to be successful. 　　
The theory proved to be right. 　　
Much remains to be done.
能接从句的有：be, seem, appear, sound, look等。 　　
That’s why he fell ill.　　
My idea is that we should help him.　　
It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong. 　　
It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. 　　
Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
能接介词短语的有：be, feel, look, sound, taste, remain等。 　　
be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。 　　
He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ on holiday.　They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. 　　
The road is under repair.
其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如： It feels like a rain.　It looks like a rain. 　　
　It sounds like a train going under my room. 　　
It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。） 　　
　The concert remains in my memory.
能接分词的系动词有：be, become, get, grow, seem, appear等。 　　
　His report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing… 　　
　The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished. 　　
　He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics.　　 He seems/ appears drunk.
系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。
基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
6. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：
He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war| made| him |a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I |often find| him |at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher| ask |the students |to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
英语基本句型6 There be 句型
说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
现在有 there is/are …
过去有 there was/were…
将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be...
现在已经有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …
句子成分练习题( 一 )
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟）
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟）
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music

⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B.did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟）
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟）
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分， 5分钟）
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分练习题( 二 )
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .
2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .
3. That was how they were defeated.
4.The nursery takes good care of our children .
5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .
6.We are sure that we shall succeed .
7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film that I’d like to see.
9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?
10.I have a lot of work to do .
11.Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .
12.I said it in fun .
13.We can send a car over to fetch you .
14.She had to work standing up .
15.Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .
16.Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .
17.The bus arrived ten minutes late .
18.We should serve the people heart and soul.
19.Spring coming on , the tree turned green .
20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .
22.It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .
23.It was in the library that I come today .
24.He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .
25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.