逻辑大全笔记Text-A.doc

写在前面：粉色是正确答案，黄色是我做得答案，如果题目中只有黄色，说明那个是正确答案。

1. Mr. Janeck: I don’t believe Stevenson will win the election for governor. Few voters are willing to elect a businessman with no political experience to such a responsible public office.
Ms. Siuzdak: You’re wrong. The experience of running a major corporation is a valuable preparation for the task of running a state government.
M. Siuzdak’s response shows that she has interpreted Mr. Janeck’s remark to imply which of the following?
(A) Mr. Janeck considers Stevenson unqualified for the office of governor.
(B) No candidate without political experience has ever been elected governor of a state.
(C) Mr. Janeck believes that political leadership and business leadership are closely analogous.（这正是J先生所不同意的）
(D) A career spent in the pursuit of profit can be an impediment to one’s ability to run a state government fairly.（这正是S女士支持的）（A）
(E) Voters generally overestimate the value of political experience when selecting a candidate.
思路：1.A选项，J先生说S先生不能当选（unqualified）是因为他缺少政治经验。
所以S女士反驳他说，经营一家企业的经验是一个对政治经验很好的补充，所以S先生qualified
2.B选项，出现极端词NO，需要慎重考虑，关键是S女士并没有反驳B选项所说的情况。
3.E选项（争议选项）

2. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
One tax-reform proposal that has gained increasing support in recent years is the flat tax, which would impose a uniform tax rate on incomes at every level. Opponents of the flat tax say that a progressive tax system, which levies a higher rate of taxes on higher-income taxpayers, is fairer, placing the greater burden on those better able to bear it. However, the present crazy quilt of tax deductions, exemptions, credits, and loopholes benefits primarily the high-income taxpayer, who is consequently able to reduce his or her effective tax rate, often to a level below that paid by the lower-income taxpayer. Therefore, ______
(A) higher-income taxpayers are likely to lend their support to the flat-tax proposal now being considered by Congress
(B) a flat-tax system that allowed no deductions or exemptions would substantially increase actual government revenues
（段落中没有说flat system allowed no deductions or exemptions，没有支持）
(C) the lower-income taxpayer might well be penalized by the institution of a flat-tax system in this country
（文中也没有支持这句话，他只是说progressive对higher-income的人会受益）
(D) the progressive nature of our present tax system is more illusory than real
（文中说，反对者认为，progressive tax is fairer，但其实不一定）（D）
(E) the flat tax would actually be fairer to the lower-income taxpayer than any progressive tax system could be
（段落中只是说，progressive tax产生了对lower-income taxpayer的不公平，但是没有说flat tax就比any progressive tax 公平，出现没有支持的极端词）
思路：反对者的意思是累进税公平一点，因为让收入高的人承担更高的税。而统一税的支持者就说，因为各种个样的deduction, exemption, credit 等等，使得累进税高的人实际交的税率低于低收入的人。而D就是后面这句话的改写。By wangsiwei

3. As part of our program to halt the influx of illegal immigrants, the administration is proposing the creation of a national identity card. The card would be available only to U.S. citizens and to registered aliens, and all persons would be required to produce the card before they could be given a job. Of course, such a system holds the potential, however slight, for the abuse of civil liberties. Therefore, all personal information gathered through this system would be held strictly confidential, to be released only by authorized personnel under appropriate circumstances. Those who are in compliance with U.S. laws would have nothing to fear from the identity card system.
In evaluating the above proposal, a person concerned about the misuse of confidential information would be most interested in having the author clarify the meaning of which of the following phrases?
(A) “all persons” (line 5)
(B) “however slight” (line 7)
(C) “civil liberties” (line 8)
(D) “appropriate circumstances” (line 11)（D）
(E) “U.S. laws” (line 2)
思路： 1.题干问句“a person concerned about the misuse of…”，亮点动词misuse，负面感情色彩，关注类似负面动词，信息release会造成misuse，原文中讲到在appropriate circumstances情况下release信息，所以“appropriate circumstances”的应关注 Byellie78

4. At one time, European and Japanese companies tried to imitate their American rivals. Today, American appliance manufacturers import European scientists to lead their research staffs; American automakers design cars that mimic the styling of German, Italian, and French imports; and American electronics firms boast in their advertising of “Japanese-style” devotion to quality and reliability. In the world of high technology, America has lost the battle for international prestige.
Each of the following statements, if true, would help to support the claim above EXCEPT:
(A) An American camera company claims in its promotional literature to produce cameras “as fine as the best Swiss imports.”
(B) An American maker of stereo components designs its products to resemble those of a popular Japanese firm.
(C) An American manufacturer of video games uses a brand name chosen because it sounds like a Japanese word.
(D) An American maker of televisions studies German-made televisions in order to adopt German manufacturing techniques.（E）

(E) An American maker of frozen foods advertises its dinners as “Real European-style entrees prepared by fine French and Italian chefs.”
题外话:这题乃陷阱题= =！
思路： 1. 题干说欧洲和日本原先都喜欢模仿美国的产品。现在分水轮流转了，然后举了一些例子。最后结论说在高科技领域，美国已经失去了它原有的特别地位。题目问哪个选项不支持这个结论。 E说的是食品方面的东西，和科技产品是不同的。所以E为答案。而C说的正是美国在电子产品方面造成一个日本商标的假象这正是支持了题干结论。By dansy 大NN！~
2.我觉得不仅仅是因为是food还是tech这个层面，而是本质上在于E中直接指明是出自非American之手,而无论题中还是其他选项只是说像其他国家的产品一样质优（我：看题目和题干的红字部分）还有，以后EXCEPT题最好从E看起哦 By jtcoffeebean 大NN！~

5. Johnson is on firm ground when he asserts that the early editors of Dickinson’s poetry often distorted her intentions. Yet Johnson’s own, more faithful, text is still guilty of its own forms of distortion. To standardize Dickinson’s often indecipherable handwritten punctuation by the use of the dash is to render permanent a casual mode of poetic phrasing that Dickinson surely never expected to see in print. It implies that Dickinson chose the dash as her typical mark of punctuation when, in fact, she apparently never made any definitive choice at all.
Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main point?
(A) Although Johnson is right in criticizing Dickinson’s early editors for their distortion of her work, his own text is guilty of equally serious distortions.
(B) Johnson’s use of the dash in his text of Dickinson’s poetry misleads readers about the poet’s intentions.（红字部分明确的告知了答案）
(C) Because Dickinson never expected her poetry to be published, virtually any attempt at editing it must run counter to her intentions.
(D) Although Johnson’s attempt to produce a more faithful text of Dickinson’s poetry is well-meaning, his study of the material lacks sufficient thoroughness.（B）
(E) Dickinson’s editors, including Johnson, have failed to deal adequately with the problem of deciphering Dickinson’s handwritten manuscripts.
这题的题干实在是费解的恐怖！
思路： IMO，为了标准化standardize D的诗歌，经常把不可辨认的标点符号用dash来替代（这种行为使一种casual mode成为了永恒）…it implies D…但是in fact，never made…所以是distort了D的原意。

6. A law requiring companies to offer employees unpaid time off to care for their children will harm the economic competitiveness of our nation’s businesses. Companies must be free to set their own employment policies without mandated parental-leave regulations.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion of the argument above?
(A) A parental-leave law will serve to strengthen the family as a social institution in this country.
(B) Many businesses in this country already offer employees some form of parental leave.
(C) Some of the countries with the most economically competitive businesses have strong parental-leave regulations.
(D) Only companies with one hundred or more employees would be subject to the proposed parental-leave law.（C）
(E) In most polls, a majority of citizens say they favor passage of a parental-leave law.
思路：原文说，companies offer employees time of too take care of children will harm the economic competitiveness.(即，parental-leave会导致竞争力下降)
C选项，一些高竞争力的国家有很强的parental-leave法规（即，parental-leave不会导致竞争力下降=削弱原文）

7. If A, then B.
If B, then C.
If C, then D.
If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) If D, then A. 逆命题，不一定成立
(B) If not B, then not C. 否命题，不一定成立
(C) If not D, then not A. 逆否命题，成立
(D) If D, then E. 原文没有E（C）
(E) If not A, then not D. 否命题，不一定成立
思路：原命题，A→B→C→D

8. Dear Applicant:
Thank you for your application. Unfortunately, we are unable to offer you a position in our local government office for the summer. As you know, funding for summer jobs is limited, and it is impossible for us to offer jobs to all those who want them. Consequently, we are forced to reject many highly qualified applicants.
Which of the following can be inferred from the letter?
(A) The number of applicants for summer jobs in the government office exceeded the number of summer jobs available.
B) The applicant who received the letter was considered highly qualified.
（we are forced to reject many highly qualified…不是all。）
(C) Very little funding was available for summer jobs in the government office.
（Limited不等于very little）
(D) The application of the person who received the letter was considered carefully before being rejected.
（文中没有提及）（A）
(E) Most of those who applied for summer jobs were considered qualified for the available positions.
（无关）

9. Studies of fatal automobile accidents reveal that, in the majority of cases in which one occupant of an automobile is killed while another survives, it is the passenger, not the driver, who is killed. It is ironic that the innocent passenger should suffer for the driver’s carelessness, while the driver often suffers only minor injuries or none at all.
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the reasoning in the passage above?
(A) In most fatal automobile accidents, the driver of a car in which an occupant is killed is at fault.
（文中认为是driver’s carelessness导致的accidents，passenger是innocent的。那么，假设就是，出车祸的的主要原因是司机at fault）
(B) Drivers of automobiles are rarely killed in auto accidents.
(C) Most deaths in fatal automobile accidents are suffered by occupants of cars rather than by pedestrians.
(D) Auto safety experts should increase their efforts to provide protection for those in the passenger seats of automobiles.（A）
(E) Automobile passengers sometimes play a contributing role in causing auto accidents.

Questions 10-11 are based on the following
As one who has always believed that truth is our nation’s surest weapon in the propaganda war against our foes, I am distressed by reports of “disinformation” campaigns by American intelligence agents in Western Europe. In a disinformation campaign, untruths are disseminated through gullible local journalists in order to damage the interests of our enemies and protect our own. Those who defend this practice say that lying is necessary to counter Soviet disinformation campaigns aimed at damaging America’s political interests. These apologists contend that one must fight fire with fire. I would point out to the apologists that the fire department finds water more effective.
10. The author of the passage above bases his conclusion on which of the following?
(A) A circular definition of “disinformation”
(B) An example of the ineffectiveness of lying as a weapon in the propaganda war
(C) An analogy between truth and water
(disinformation campaigns就是火，用来fight with propaganda war（fire），truth就是水，也是用来fight fire)
(D) An appeal to the authority of the fire department（C）
(E) An attack on the character of American intelligence agents in Western Europe
11. The author’s main point is that
(A) although disinformation campaigns may be effective, they are unacceptable on ethical grounds(文中没有说may be effective)
(B) America’s moral standing in the world depends on its adherence to the truth
(C) the temporary political gains produced by disinformation campaigns generally give way to long-term losses
（文中没有提到gain和loss的问题）
(D) Soviet disinformation campaigns have done little to damage America’s standing in Europe（E）
(E) disinformation campaigns do not effectively serve the political interests of the United States
（E选项是最后一句话的改写，water is more effective;所以disinformation=fire do not effectively…）

12. Are you still reading the other newspaper in town? Did you know that the Daily Bugle is owned by an out-of-town business syndicate that couldn’t care less about the people of Gotham City? Read the Daily Clarion the only real voice of the people of Gotham City!
Which of the following most directly refutes the argument raised in the advertisement above?
(A) Over half of the advertising revenues of the Daily Clarion come from firms whose headquarters are located outside of Gotham City.
(B) The Daily Clarion usually devotes more of its pages to out-of-town news than does the Daily Bugle.
(文中的argument是这样的，Bugle根本不在乎G city的人民是因为…；如果想refutes结论，最好还是从Bugle入手来反驳)而且real voice和版面关系不大
(C) Nearly 40 percent of the readers of the Daily Clarion reside outside the limits of Gotham City.
(D) The editor-in-chief and all the other members of the editorial staff of the Daily Bugle have lived and worked in Gotham City for ten years or more.（D）
(E) The Daily Bugle has been published in Gotham City for a longer time than has the Daily Clarion.
思路： 上NN意见：D. Real voice basically means whose opinion matters. So if the whole pages are dedicated to out of town news, it could still be the voice of the people in town. mindfree
这份报纸代表people of G-City的观点

Questions 13-14 are based on the following.
The earth’s resources are being depleted much too fast. To correct this, the United States must keep its resource consumption at present levels for many years to come.
13. The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Per capita resource consumption in the United States is at an all-time high.
(B) The United States wastes resources.
(C) The United States uses more resources than any other country.
(D) The United States imports most of the resources it uses.（E）
(E) Curbing U.S. resource consumption will significantly retard world resource depletion.
(问题：地球资源消耗太快；解决方法：美国把这几年的资源消耗量控制住；假设就是美国控制资源能显著的减少资源消耗量)
14. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
(A) New resource deposits are constantly being discovered.
(B) The United States consumes one-third of all resources used in the world.
（取非：美国资源消耗量占世界不到1/3,结论就不成立了，所以他是成立的假设）
(C) Other countries need economic development more than the United States does.
(D) Other countries have agreed to hold their resource consumption at present levels.（B）
(E) The United States has been conserving resources for several years.

15. Alba: I don’t intend to vote for Senator Frank in the next election. She is not a strong supporter of the war against crime.
Tam: But Senator Frank spons