高考、专升本英语---名词部分.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,2014,专升本英语,Grammar,名,词,(Nouns),1,名词考点分析,1,名词的分类,2,名词的数（复数形式）,3,名词的格（所有格）,4,名词的语法功能,2,一、名词的分类,A:,专有名词,(Proper nouns),B:,普通名词,(Common nouns),3,特指人或事物的名称,首字母必须大写，包括人名、地名、书名、月份、星期、组织结构名称等。,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,Sunday,Janurary,一月,February,二月,March,三月,April,四月,May,五月,June,六月,July,七月,August,八月,September,九月,October,十月,November,十一月,December,十二月,专有名词,4,普通名词,Countable nouns,(,可数名词,),Uncountable nouns,(,不可数名词,),Individual Nouns,（个体名词）,Collective Nouns,（集体名词）,Abstract Nouns,（抽象名词）,Material Nouns,（物质名词）,5,(1),个体名词,表示单个人或事物。,e.g.child street city teacher,(2),集体名词,表示多个人或事物的总称,e.g.police people youth,(3),物质名词,表示物质的名称，包括材料、液体、气体、食物、饮料等,e.g.gold wind food sugar sand,(4),抽象名词,表示抽象概念的名称，包括表示性质、状态、情感等,Happiness knowledge information progress,6,二、名词的数,A:Singular number,(,单数,),B:Plural number,(,复数,),可数名词表示可以用具体数字来计算的人、事物和概念的普通名词，有,单数,和,复数,之分。可数名词的复数形式的构成方法有,规则变化,和,不规则变化,。,规则变化,不规则变化,7,情况,加法,例词,一般情况，包括,元音字母加,y,结尾的词,以,s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音,y,结尾的词,以辅音,+o,结尾的词,以,f,或,fe,结尾的词,加,-s,加,-es,去,y,加,-ies,多数,加,-es,把,f/fe,改成,ves,brothers;boys,buses;watches;,dishes;boxes,ladies;countries,he,r,oes;toma,t,oes,leaf-leaves;,knife-knives,1.,规则名词单复数变化,:,8,2.不规则名词单复数变化,:,（,1,）,单复数同形,:,sheep,deer,fish,works(,工厂,),Chinese,Japanese,（,2,）改变字母：,man-m,e,n,woman-wom,e,n,policeman-policem,e,n,saleswoman-saleswom,e,n,foot-f,ee,t,tooth-t,ee,th,goose-g,ee,se,Mouse-M,ic,e,（,3,）增加字母,:,child-child,ren,ox-ox,en,9,(4),以,o,结尾的词,：,加,s,:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,加,es,:,tomato,potato,hero,Negro,另：,zero,（,zero,s,或,zero,es,）,(5),以,f,或,fe,结尾的词,:,直接加,s,：,proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs;safes,一个首领,(,chief,),带着一个农奴,(,serf,),在海湾,(,gulf,),的悬崖,(,cliff,),上发现一个屋顶,(,roof,),上面有个保险箱,(,safe,),另外：,handkerchief,（,handkerchief,s,或,handkerchie,ves,）,10,3.,名词单复数的特殊情况,:,集体名词：,police,cattle,people,the youth,(2),只有复数形式的名词,:,clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,（指南针）,scissors,（剪刀）,(3),以,s,结尾但不表示复数,:,mathematics,数学,physics,物理学,politics,政治,statistics,统计学,news,新闻，,works(,工厂,),11,(4),有没有,s,结尾意义不同：,cloth(,织物,)clothes(,衣服）,sand(,沙，沙子,sands(,沙漠,),time times(,时代,),paper papers(,论文,),experience(,经验,)experiences(,经历,),custom(,习惯,)-customs(,海关；关税,),green(,绿色,)-greens(,青菜,),(5),姓氏后加,s,并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩,:,the Greens,；,the Chengs,12,4.,关于国籍的单复数变化,(1),单复数同形如：,Chinese,Japanese,等。,当它们与定冠词连用时，表示复数或总称。,a)The Chinese are hard-working.,(2),变,man,为,men,。如：,Englishman,Frenchman,Dutchman,等。,an Englishman-two Englishmen,a Frenchman-two Frenchmen,a Dutchman-two Dutchmen,13,(3),与普通名词变化相同，即词尾加,-s,。如：,American,German,Italian,，,Russian,等。如：,a)He is an American.b)They are Germans.,需要注意的是，如果这些词前面没有加任何冠词，也没有单复数变化时，其词性为形容词，与作名词时含义稍有不同。试比较：,a)He is English.,（指他的国籍是英国。）,b)He is an Englishman.,（指他是英国公民。）,14,名称,总称,(,谓语用复数）,一个人,两个人,中国人,the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese,瑞士人,the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss,澳大利亚人,the Australians,an Australian,two Australians,俄国人,the Russians,a Russian,two Russians,意大利人,the Italians,an Italian,two Italians,希腊人,the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks,15,法国人,the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen,日本人,the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese,美国人,the Americans,an American,two Americans,印度人,the Indians,an Indian,two Indians,加拿大人,the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians,德国人,the Germans,a German,two Germans,英国人,the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen,瑞典人,the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes,16,5.,复合名词的复数形式：,将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数（有名词）,：,looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law,旁观者 过路人 岳母,将最后一部分变为复数（无名词）：,grown-up(s),go-between(s),(,中间人,），,good-for-nothing(s),(,无用之人）,含,boy,girl,lady,等的合成的名词：,它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。,如：,boy students,girl friends,lady drivers,含,man,或,woman,的合成名词它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：,a man doctor,two men doctors,17,6.,名词只能用复数形式的短语：,do exercise,s,（,做操,）,take note,s,(,做笔记）,take turn,s,（轮流）,make repair,s,（搞修理）,change train,s,（,改换火车,）,make friend,s,with,（交朋友）,shake hand,s,with,(,握手）,as follow,s,（如下）,in rag,s,（,衣衫褴褛,）,in dozen,s,（成打的）,18,7.,名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：,make face,s,/,a face,（,做鬼脸,）,Have talk,s,/,a talk,with sb,.,(,与某人交谈）,Play joke,s,/a joke,on,（拿,开玩笑）,Make contribution,s,/,a contribution,to,（为,做贡献）,8.,名词单复数意义不同的短语：,Have,a word,with sb.,（,与,某人说句话,）,Have word,s,with sb.,（与,某人吵架）,Make cloth,(,织布）,Make clothe,s,（制衣）,19,单复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;Chinese;Japanese,以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。,Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing.,A,sheeps B,sheepes C,sheep D,sheepies,20,Mr Smith has two _,both of whom are teachers in a school.,A,brothers-in-lawB,brother-in-laws,C,brothers-in-lawsD,brothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：,fathers-in-law,。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加,s,。如：,grown-ups,。,21,There are only two _ in the hospital.A,boy students B,boys student,C,boys students D,boy student,There are only twelve _ in the hospital.A,woman doctors B,women doctors,C,women doctor D,woman doctor,man,woman,gentleman,等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：,a man worker men workers,a woman teacher women teachers,a gentleman official gentlemen officials,22,It took us quite a long time to get here.It was a_ journey.,A.three-hour B.a three hour,C.a three-hour D.three hours,“,数词,+,名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：,a ten-mile walk,；,a five-year plan,但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。,23,国籍的单复数,Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.,A,GermanB,Germen,C,GermansD,Germens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：,1,、单复数同形：,Chinese;Japanese;Swiss,2,、需要变形：,English-Englishman,3,、加,s,或,-es,：,German Germans,24,三、名词的格,(Case),A:,通格,(Common case):,主格,(Subject case),宾格,(Object case),B:,所有格,(Possessive case),1.,s,属格：,原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如,：,the teachers book;the horses tail,然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、,海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也,可以用,s,属格。,25,用于表时间的名词后：,tomorrows weather,明天的天气,todays newspaper,今天的报纸,比较：,ten minutes break=a ten-minute break,10,分钟的休息,(2),用于表国家、城市的名词后：,Americas policy,美国的政策,the citys population,这个城市的人口,(3),用于某些集合名词,组织机构后：,the governments policy,政府的政策,the stations waiting-room,车站候车室,26,一般的名词，包括不以,s,结尾的复数名词，,在词后加,s,。如：,the childrens book,以,s,或,es,结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加,。,如：,the teachers office,两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用,所有格形式，如,:,Tom and Mikes room,若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用,所有格形式，如,:,Toms and Mikes rooms,1.1,s,属格的构成,27,1,如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则只在最后一个名词上加“,s”,。如：,Lucy and Lilys father is a teacher,露茜和莉莉的爸爸是名教师。,2,如果所指事物不是两人共有，而是各自所有，则应在每一个名词后加“,s”,。如：,Lucys and Marys mothers are teachers,露茜的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈都是医生。,对比翻译：,Lucy and Lilys father is a teacher,Lucys and Marys mothers are teachers,28,2.of,属格：,多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用,of,短语来表示所有关系。,如：,the cover,of,the book;,a toy,of,Li Pings younger brother,3,双重属格：,既有,s,的属格，又有,of,的属格。通常,s,属格表示所有关系，,of,属格表示部分与整体的关系。如,:,a friend,of,my fathers;a book of Toms,4.,表示,“,某人自己的,”,的属格,:,用,of one,s own,表示，不可用,of,反身代词。,例如：,This is the house,of my own,.,29,1,This is,（李雷的家庭）,2,Is that,_,（比尔家的一幅照片）？,3,Whats,（汤姆妹妹的名字）？,4,This is,_,（莉莉和露茜的,)room,5,They are,（格林夫人的儿子）,6,Its my,（,mother,）,bag,Lileis family.,a photo of Bills family?,the name of Toms sister,Lily and Lucys,Mrs.Greens son,mothers bag,30,五、名词在句子中的作用（,Function,),功 能,例 子,主语,Bush,was elected president.,表语,These are not,goats,but,sheep,.,宾语,She was reading a,book,.,同位语,Mr.Smith,the manager,will host the meeting.,定语,You are supposed to gather at the,school,gate.,补语,Marx made London,the base,of revolution.,状语,The couple walked,shoulder to shoulder,.,呼语,Be quiet,children,.,连词,The moment,they saw the tower,they cheered.,31,下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogennaitrdn n.,32,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,mathematics,economics,statistics,architecture,physics,photography,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,33,