词类及句子分类详细讲解.doc

词类
英语中有十大词类：
1.名词：n. (Noun) 表示事物或人得名称
1).可数名词cn. 有单数形式和复数形式，可以用a/an来修饰
2）.不可数名词un. 没有复数形式，不可以用a/an来修饰 ，抽象名词：不加s
2.数词：num. (Numeral) 表示数目或顺序
1).基数词： one ,two .three,four
2).序数词：first ,second ,third
3.形容：adj. (Adjective) 表示人或事物的特征或状态
1).表语形容词：asleep ,alive, awake
2).定语形容词：funny , lovely
4.副词：adv. (Adverb) 表示动作的特征或状态的特征
5.动词：v. (Verb) 表示一种动作或状态
1）.及物动词 vt. 可以直接加宾语，而且必须有宾语（可以用于被动语态）
Like ,eat, hit, teach see, watch, know,
2）.不及物动词vi. 不可以直接加宾语，宾语须由介词引出(不可以用于被动语态) ：agree ,arrive,get,go
3).情态动词：modal v. :can,should, will,shall等，其后面直接跟动词原形
4）.助动词： aux v. :do ,have
5) .系动词 : link v. :be ,seem, sound, feel,smell 等，其后加adj.&n.做表语
6.代词：pron. (Pronoun).代替名词，数次等
1）.指示代词：this,that,these,those
2).人称代词：
主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you

they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
形容性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
3).不定代词：
somebody
anybody
everybody
nobody

all
another
any
both
each
someone
anyone
everyone
no one
either
few
little
many
much
something
anything
everything
nothing
neither
none
other
some
---------

4）.关系代词和连接代词：whenever，that,whenever,whoever,
总结：以上六种词是英语中的实词，即能独立充当句子的成分
7.冠词：art. (Article) 用在名词前用于帮助说明其意义
1）.定冠词： the
2).不定冠词：a / an
8. 介词： prep. (Preposition) 用在名词或代词前说明其与其他词的关
例如：at ,in ,of , with ,on , by , to, over, about
9.连词： conj. (Conjunction)用来连接词与词，或句子与句子 例如：and, when, that ,but
10.感叹词：interj. (Interjection)表示说话的感情或口气 例如：ho, ah, yeah
总结：最后这四种词是英语中的虚词，即不能独立在句子中承担句子成分
句子分类
一、 从语法角度，英语句子的分类
主语+谓语(不及物) He smiled.
主语+谓语+宾语 The boy likes the girl.
简单句 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（宾补） He makes me happy.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语 He gave me a book.
主语+系动词+表语 He is a teacher.
表递进
表选择
句子 并列句 表转折
表因果
其他
定语从句
主语从句
宾语从句
复合句 名词性从句 表语从句
同位语从句
状语从句
二、句子的基本成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
句子
成分
意义
充当词类
例句
主语
表示句子说的是什么人或什么事
名，代，数，不定
式，动名词，短语或句子
We study in HuangQiao Middle School.
谓语
说明主语做什么，

是什么或怎么样
动词或动词词组
She is dancing under the tree.
宾语
表示动作行为的对象
同主语
Both of us like English.
表语
与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征
同主语
Her father is a chemist.
His words sound reasonable.
定语
用来修饰名词或代词
形，代，数，名,
副，介词短语或句子
We have eight lessons every day.
状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等
副词，介词短语或句子
He works very hard.
They held a party in Hollywood.
宾语
补足语
逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系
形容词，名词，介词短语等
She always keeps the house clean.
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！

1. 主语: 就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者，一般位于句首。
He likes dancing. I have a book.
The sun rises in the east. He gave me an apple.
2. 谓语: 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，包括实义动词、联系动词、情态动词、助动词。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
He likes dancing. I have a book.
The sun rises in the east. He gave me an apple.
3. 宾语: 表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），记下下面这个句子: give me a book.
一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点, “双”就是两个的意思.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补：补充说明直接宾语，使句意完整。
He likes dancing. I have a book.
He gave me an apple. He makes me happy.
4. 表语: 用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。
He is a teacher.
This pie looks good, but tastes awful.
5.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
I have a story book.
6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。
I have a story book in my bag. The sun rises in the east.
7.补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，
补充宾语叫宾语补足语。
可以用作补足语的词有：名词，形容词，不定式和分词。名词或者代词＋形容词/名词/不定式/分词   
He makes me happy. He was elected monitor.
三、并列句
定义：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。
1.表递进关系
常用的连词有and(同，和), when(=and just at this time就在这时，然后), not only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。
He helps me and I help him.他帮我，我帮他。
2. 表选择关系
常用的连词有or(或者，否则), otherwise(否则), or else(否则), either...or(不是……就是)等。
Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。
3. 表转折关系
常用的连词有but(但是，可是，只是因为), while(而、却), yet(可是),whereas等。
It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。
4. 表因果关系
常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。
I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。
注意： so不能与because连用
按用途分类，英语句子的分类
句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
（一）陈述句：陈述句说明一个事实或是表达说话人的看法。
如：She arrived quite early.
I don't see any point in making another speech on this problem.
（二）疑问句：疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1．一般疑问句一般疑问句通常以助动词开始，要求以yes 或no回答。
如： ---"Will you pass on a message to him?" ---"Yes, what's it?"
---"Do you like sports?" ---"No, I prefer reading in my spare time. "
2．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句以疑问代词开头，后面通常接一般疑问句，
如果疑问词或其修饰的词作句子的主语，后面应用陈述句句序。
如：How much did she charge?
Who is responsible for the accident?（be responsible for 为……负责）
---"______ do you record the temperature in the lab?" ---"Every two hours." A. How soon B. How long C. How often D. How much
(答案 C how often 表示频率，
how soon最快……，
how long 一段延续的时间，
how much 问价钱)
3．选择疑问句：选择疑问句在结构上类似于一般疑问句，选择的两部分由or连接起来。
如： Do you prefer coffee or tea? -Either will do.
Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou?-I'm from Suzhou.
4．反意疑问句：反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个简短的问句。
如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，
前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分主语的人称、时态应保持一致。如：You are going out today, aren't you?
We can't take the books out, can we?
注意：当反意疑问句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no, nothing, never, hardly, seldom等词时，回答时应特别注意。事实上肯定的用yes（不），事实上否定的用no（是的）。
You won't be away for long, will you? ---No, I'll be back in ten minutes.
He is hardly ten, is he? ----Yes, he is ten.
You haven't any objection to the idea, have you? ----No, I haven't.
They have no classes tomorrow, have they?-No, they haven't.
日常用语中有些反意疑问句构成与上述不同，有其独特的方式。
如：Have a cup of tea, will you?
Let's meet at the station, shall we?
What a lovely day, isn't it?
（三）祈使句：祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，主语一般是you，在句子中省略，
谓语动词用原形，否定一般在谓语前加don't 。
如： Let's not waste time arguing about it. (waste time doing)
Be sure to come here before nine.
Don't do that again.
Don't hesitate to turn to me if you are in trouble. (turn to sb.向某人求助)
（四）感叹句：感叹句表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪，一般由what或how引导，
what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。What + n.; How+ adj.
如： What good news it is! How good the news is!
What silly questions you asked! How silly the questions you asked!
What a bad memory I've got! How bad the memory I've got!
针对性练习：
一、指出下列句子句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. His wish is to become a scientist.

11. He managed to finish the work in time.

12. Tom came to ask me for advice.

13. He found it important to master English.

14. Do you have anything else to say?

15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.

课后作业：
单项选择，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个最佳答案。
1. There's ________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.   
A. an, an   B. a, a     C. an, the   D. a, the
2. I ______ you every success in the future.
A. hope B. wish C. expect D. want
3. Beth has a beautiful ______ . Listen! She is singing.
A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound
4. After school we usually play ___ __ basketball for half an hour on ___
playground.
A. the, the B. /, / C. /, the D. the, /
5. It’s ten at night. I’m very tired. I would rather ______ than ______ TV.
A. to sleep, watch B. sleep, to watch C. sleep, watching D. sleep, watch
6.—Have you decided ______ to Wuhan?
—Yes. I’ll go there by train. It’s much cheaper than by plane.
A. when to go B. how to go C. where to go D. with whom to go
7.—What else would you like to eat? —______ I’m full. Thanks.
A. Nothing else. B. Else nothing. C. Something else. D. Else something.
8. When we look up a word in the dictionary, we must pay attention to the way ______ it is used.
A. / B. who C. what D. where
9. It’s difficult to live in a foreign country, ______ if you can’t understand the language there.
A. exactly B. naturally C. usually D. especially
10. When we see Maria off in the airport lounge, we can’t help ______ .
A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries
11.—How do you like the book? —It’s fantastic. I like those ______ in the book.
A. hero B. heroes C. photo D. character
12.—What is your dream?
—I want to be an artist. What do you think ______ the most important things about painting?
A. are B. is C. was D. has
13.—How many people are there in the hall?
—About two ______ people are listening to the speech.
A. hundred of B. hundreds C. hundred D. hundreds of
14.—Why do you like the teacher? —She not only helps us ______ plays with us.
A. and B. or C. but also D. nor
15.—How was your trip? —Very good. We enjoyed ______ .
A. myself B. ourselves C. us D. ours
16.—How long do you spend ______ your homework every night?
—About one and a half hours.
A. do B. did C. does D. doing
17.—Would you like to read the English on the medicine bottle for me? —With pleasure.
A. instructions B. meanings C. pictures D. documents
18. My father feels _________ because he heard from _______ today.
A. happy, an old friend of him B. happy, an old friend of his
C. happily, one of his old friends D. happily, an old friend of him
19. There a wonderful English film next week.
A. is going to have B. will have C. is going to D. is going to be
20. Let’s encourage the boy. He to sing on the stage.
A. dares not B. doesn’t dare C. dare not D. don’t dare

21. Is Li Ming in the classroom? No, he there. I saw him in the reading room just now.
A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. needn’t be D. is
22. It’s great to have robots________ housework for us.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. done
23. More than 3010 people in the traffic accident yesterday.
A. killed B. are killed C. were killed D. have been killed
24. Look, the room is so dirty. It needs .
A. clean B. cleans C. to clean D. cleaning
25. It’s easy to make football fans when they are watching an game.
A excited; excited B. excited; exciting C. exciting; excited D. exciting; exciting
26. I feel worried when I can’t think of anyone _______.
A. to talk B. to talk to C. talk to D. to talk to about
27. It is you that _________ wrong.
A. is B. was C. are D. has been
28. of the students of our school girls.
A. Two-third, are B. Two-thirds, is C. Two-thirds, are D. second-three, are
29. My aunt often talks _______her friends _______the phone ______ weekend.
A. to, with, on B. with, on, at C. about, on, through D. of, by, at
30. He used on the right in China, but he soon got used on the left in England.
A. to drive; to drive B. to drive; driving
C. to driving; to drive D. to drive; to driving
31. I would rather ______ with you than ______ here.
　A. go, stay　　 B. going, stay　　C. go, to stay　　 D. to go, stay
32. I wanted to buy a comic book but there were ______ left at the bookshop.
　A. no one　　　 B. nothing　　　C. anyone　　　 D. none
33. An hour ______ 60 minutes.
　A. divides into　 B. is divided in　 C. is divided into D. is include

34. When I met him in New York, he ______ there for five times.
　A. have gone　　 B. had gone　　 C. have been　　 D. had been
35.―Mum, I’m leaving for the party and I’m not coming back for dinner. ―______, son!
　A. Be careful　　B. Come back early C. Have fun　　D. Don’t make trouble
36. Police confirmed that the murder took place ______ last night.
　A. from 9.30 to 11.30 p.m. B. between 11 p.m. and 3 a.m.
C. from 9.30 p.m. until 1.30 p.m. D. about 11 p.m. and 3 a.m.
37. I agree with most of what you said, but I can’t agree with ______.
　A. something　 B. anything　　 C. nothing　 D. everything
38.―I’m going to Hangzhou for a holiday this weekend.
―______ you are there, could you buy me some green tea?
A. Because　　　B. While　　　 C. After　　　 D. Though
39. The old man _____ live with his wife, but now he _____ alone after she died.
　 A. used to, is used to live B. used to, is used to living
C. was used to, used to live D. did use to, is used to live
40. She was so angry at _____ he was doing _____ she walked out without a word.
　A. what, that　　 B. that, what　　 C. that, that　　 D. what, what
41.―Must I park my car behind the building? ―No, you ___ You ______ park it here.
　A. mustn’t, may　　B. may not, must C. don’t have to, may D. shouldn’t, must
42. I followed him to see ______ he was going and I was surprised when he went into the police station.
　A. how　　　 B. where　　　 C. why　　　 D. whether
43. No one can be sure in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man lik
44.―Is everything ______ we need to do ______? ―Yes. You needn’t worry about it.
　 A. which, has done　 B. which, doing　 C. that, has done 　D. that, done
45. The small girl didn’t know ______ waiting for.
　A. whom they are B. whom are they C. whom they were D. whom were they
46. I think we’ll talk about it ______ after we both think ______.
　 A. farther, it over　B. farther, over it C. further, it over　 D. further, over it
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26~30 BCCBD 31~35 ADCDC 36~40 BDBBA 41~45 CBADC 46C